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Hellenistic Amphora Stamps From Elaiussa

H. Asena Kızılarslanoğlu et Erkan Alkaç
p. 45-68

Notes de l’auteur

The Munsell Color Chart (1998) was used to determine the clay color of the hands. A chronology of Rhodian and Knidian amphora stamps was created through examining the layers, contexts, deposits, historical events and some characteristics revealed within the stamps. This chronology was divided into Periods. In this article, the chronology of Rhodian amphora stamps was grounded on Finkielsztejn 2001 and that of Knidian amphora stamps on Cankardeş-Şenol 2006 publication.

Texte intégral

  • 1 Kızılarslanoğlu and Alkaç 2014.

1Elaiussa is situated on the coastal strip of the Olba region, which extends between the Kalykadnos and Lamos Rivers (Map 1). The city was part of the Eastern Mediterranean trading community from the 2nd century B.C. to the 7th century A.D., due to its location on the coastal road, as well as to its access to rich natural and agricultural sources. The finds from the excavations since 1995 furnish insight into the built environment and city life in Elaiussa, especially during the Roman and Late Roman-Early Byzantine periods. On the other hand, our knowledge about the Hellenistic period is inadequate for us to comment in detail about the early periods of the city. The archaeological finds dated to the Hellenistic period in the excavations up to now include some amphora stamps pertaining to different production sites. The first article on Rhodian amphorae and amphora stamps from Elaiussa was published in 20141. Thirty more stamped amphora handles were recorded during the storage rooms works in 2015-2016. Most of the stamps were obtained from the excavations conducted on the peninsula. The purpose of this second study of Rhodian amphora stamps at Elaiussa is to reveal the production centers with which Elaiussa forged trade links during the Hellenistic period, and the important information that they furnish about the commercial ties of Elaiussa in the Hellenistic period. In addition, we will attempt to classify and to date the stamps according to their production origins. In the discussion that follows, comparanda bearing the same patterns as the amphora stamps recovered at Elaiussa will be specified, as will the dates assigned to the administrator and/or fabricant names that are recorded in the stamps. The dates of unreadable stamps, meanwhile, will be specified according to the morphology of the handles and the rims. The resulting data will be evaluated in the conclusion.

A. Rhodian Amphora Stamps

The Stamps of Administrators

  • 2 Badaliants 1980: 163.
  • 3 Nicolaou 1969: 164, no 38, fig. 4.
  • 4 Breccia 1921: 27, no 51.
  • 5 Badaliants 1980: 164.
  • 6 Jöhrens 2001: 375, no 1 a-c, Abb. 5.
  • 7 Schkorpil 1935: 35, no 84-85; Mircev 1958: 26, no 88-89; Empereur and Guimier-Sorbets 1986: 130.
  • 8 Cankardeş-Şenol 2015: 462.
  • 9 Badaliants 1980: 164.
  • 10 Finkielsztejn 2001: 109.
  • 11 Grace 1985: 8.
  • 12 Börker and Burow 1998: 24-25, no 113-130. For the period, See Finkielsztejn 2001: 197.
  • 13 Finkielsztejn 2001: 192, tab. 19.
  • 14 Grace 1934: 229, no 55.
  • 15 Schmaltz 2016: 180, KA 432-433.
  • 16 Grace 1950: 142, no 36.
  • 17 Ariel 1990: 47, no 153-154.
  • 18 Cankardeş-Şenol 2015: 462-468; Sztetyllo 1978: 273, no 21.
  • 19 Börker 1974: 36, no 7.
  • 20 Calvet 1986: 77, A.
  • 21 Nicolaou 1969: 164, no 38, fig. 4.
  • 22 Jöhrens 1999: 55, no 139-140.

21. Earlier scholars established a connection of eponym Άρίστων II to the fabricants Ἀμύντας,2 Ἀντίμαχος,3 Ἀριστοκλῆς II,4 Δαμοκράτης I,5 Δῖος,6 Ἕρμων II,7 Ἰάσων I,8 Ἱπποκράτης,9 and Μαρσύας.10 Grace dated the stamp naming Άρίστων II to ca. 183 ca. 175 B.C.,11 based on its context in the fill beneath the Middle Stoa in the Athenian Agora. The tenure of Άρίστων II is further elucidated from stamps recovered from deposits assigned to Period III (ca. 198ca. 161 B.C.)12 at Pergamon. Most recently, Finkielsztejn proposes ca. 167/165 B.C. for this particular eponyms term of office.13 The stamps bearing this name are found in Athens,14 Kaunos,15 Tarsus,16 Jerusalem,17 Alexandria,18 Hrouda,19 Mleiha,20 Museum of Paphos21 and the National Museum of Athens.22 The stamp in Elaiussa presents a different pattern from the samples mentioned above.

  • 23 Cankardeş-Şenol 2016: 313.
  • 24 Finkielsztejn 2001: 193.
  • 25 Jöhrens 2001: 400, no 109.
  • 26 Grace 1952: 529.
  • 27 Jöhrens 2014: 201, no 121.
  • 28 Schmaltz 2016: 253-254, KA 600-601.
  • 29 Nicolaou 2005: 107, no 246; 300, no 130; 385, p4a; 421, no 83a; 436, no 133a.
  • 30 Nilsson 1909: 477, no 367/3-7, 9-10.
  • 31 Sztetyllo 2010: 69-70, no 54.
  • 32 Ariel 1990: 65, S 318-320.
  • 33 Rosenthal Heginbottom 1995: 191, no 70.
  • 34 Cankardeş-Şenol 2016: 322-323.
  • 35 Kawanishi and Suto 2005: 67, no 82.
  • 36 Pridik 1917: 17, no 344-345.

32. Previous scholars established a connection between the eponym Πυθόδωρος and the fabricants Βρόμιως, Διόκλεια, Ζήνων II, Θεύμναστος, Ἴμας, Ἱπποκράτης, and ᾿Ἰσίδωρος.23 Finkielsztejn proposes ca. 150 B.C. for the tenure of Πυθόδωρος.24 The stamps with this eponym are found in Tanais,25 Delos,26 Miletos,27 Kaunos,28 Paphos,29 Lindos,30 Nea Paphos,31 Jerusalem,32 Dor,33 Alexandria,34 Akoris35 and the State Hermitage Museum.36 The stamp in Elaiussa again furnishes a different pattern from the mentioned samples.

  • 37 Nicolaou and Empereur 1986: 527, no 12, fig. 11 a-d.
  • 38 Coulson et al. 1997: 54-55, no 24.
  • 39 Finkielsztejn 2001: 195, tab. 21.
  • 40 Börker and Burow 1998: 100, no 354, Taf. 30.
  • 41 Finkielsztejn 2000b: 136, ARh 5.
  • 42 Ariel and Finkielsztejn 1994: 219, SAH 89-90.
  • 43 Empereur 1977a: 168, no 567-570.
  • 44 Cankardeş-Şenol 2000: 87, no 24; 214-215, no 134-135; http://www.amphoralex.org/timbres/eponymes/ac (...)
  • 45 Nicolaou and Empereur 1986: 527, no 12, fig. 11 a-d.
  • 46 Sztetyllo 1983: 99, no 87.

43. Previous scholars demonstrated the connection of eponym Τεισάμενος to the fabricants Μίδας37 and Δαμόφιλος.38 Finkielsztejn proposes ca. 125-121 B.C. for the tenure of Τεισάμενος. 39The stamps naming Τεισάμενος are found in Pergamon,40 Akko,41 Tell Anafa,42 Arsinoe,43 Alexandria,44 Museum of Nicosia45 and Museum of Warsaw.46 Again, the stamp in Elaiussa forms a different pattern from the earlier samples.

  • 47 Cankardeş-Şenol 2000: 145-147, no 15 ve 18.
  • 48 Finkielsztejn 2001: 156, tab. 12.2.
  • 49 Paris 1914: 323.
  • 50 Jöhrens 2001: 430, no 259.
  • 51 Ariel and Finkielsztejn 1994: 198, SAH 28.
  • 52 Grace and Savvatianou-Petropoulakou 1970: 312, E 33.
  • 53 Cankardeş-Şenol 2015: 511.
  • 54 Finkielsztejn 2001: 195, tab. 21.
  • 55 Jöhrens 2001: 385, no 31.
  • 56 Schmaltz 2016: 286, KA 675.
  • 57 Dündar 2012: 166, Rh. 85.
  • 58 Nicolaou 2005: 55-56, no 107-108.
  • 59 Ariel and Finkielsztejn 1994: 198, SAH 28-29.
  • 60 Cankardeş-Şenol 2015: 511-523.
  • 61 Fort he stamp in the collection, see Cankardeş-Şenol 2015: 522, RE-ΑΡΧΙΒΙΟΣ-ΠΑΝΑΜΟΣ-004.

54. Earlier scholarship established a connection between the eponym Ἀρχίβιος and the fabricants Ἀνδρόνικος,47 Εἰρηναῖος,48 Μενέστρατος,49 Πολυάρατος ,50 Σώταιρος,51 Φιλοστέφανος II52 and Φιλώτας.53 Ca. 115 B.C. is the date proposed for the tenure of this eponym54. Stamps recording Ἀρχίβιος have been found in Tanais55, Kaunos56, Patara57, Paphos58, Tell Anafa59 and Alexandria60. The stamp recovered at Elaiussa exhibits the same pattern as the example from the Alexandria Benaki Collection61.

The Stamps of Fabricants

65. One stamp at Elaiussa records the name of the fabricant Κάρπος. The name is accompanied by a reversed symbol of a herm. This symbol is not present on the stamps by that fabricant in the Benaki Collection62 and Histria.63 The stamp at Elaiussa has the same pattern as RF- ΚΑΡΠΟΣ-004 in the Benaki Collection and the examples in Can Taco.64 The fabricant is thought to have been active in Period III.

  • 65 Cankardeş-Şenol 2000: 424-426, no 49.
  • 66 Porro 1916: 177, no 113-4; Nilsson 1909: 437, no 255, 1-2.
  • 67 Cankardeş-Şenol 2017: 248.
  • 68 Grace 1985: 46, no 3, a-b, pl. I.
  • 69 Grace 1985: 10.
  • 70 Nicolaou 2005: 182.
  • 71 Grace 1934: 219, fig. 2.
  • 72 Hall 1882-1885: 391, no 5041.
  • 73 Grace 1965: 7, footnote 8.
  • 74 Nicolaou 2005: 182.
  • 75 Nicolaou 2005: 181-182, no 462.
  • 76 Nicolaou 2005: 182.
  • 77 Cankardeş-Şenol 2017: 248; Finkielsztejn 2001: 192-195, tab. 19-212.
  • 78 Cankardeş-Şenol 2017: 248.
  • 79 Grace 1934: 239-240, no 93-94.
  • 80 Grace 1952: 527.
  • 81 Börker and Burow 1998: 48, no 462-463, Taf. 17.
  • 82 Schmaltz 2016: 271, KA 639-640.
  • 83 Nicolaou 2005: 181-182, no 462; Sztetyllo 1991: 75, no 128.
  • 84 Calvet 1982: 26, 58.
  • 85 Ariel and Finkielsztejn 1994: 219, SAH 88.
  • 86 Cankardeş-Şenol 2000: 424-426, no 49.
  • 87 Kawanishi and Suto 2005: 123-126, no 202-209
  • 88 Nicolaou and Empereur 1986: 520, no 6, fig. 5, a-d.

76. The motif of a small rose together with secondary stamps bearing monograms of Α Β Κ and Σ (lunate sigma) appear on the amphorae of Ἱπποκράτης. These same monograms and the rose motif appear on the amphorae of Δαμοκράτης as well. Only the monogram of B is peculiar to Ἱπποκράτης, who is a brother and contemporary of Ἀριστοκλῆς II. This fabricant produced amphorae for Rhodos and Knidos. The combinations of secondary stamps with double or single letters like IC, KA and Δ likewise occur65. Some of the secondary stamps also exhibit symbols such as a seahorse and the head of Helios66. The fabricant Ἱπποκράτης is associated with the eponyms Ἰέρων I (ca. 186 B.C.)67, Θεαίδητος68 (ca. 171/169 B.C.), Ἀθανόδατος69 (ca. 170/168 B.C.), Ἀρατοφάνης I70 (ca. 169/167 B.C.), Ἀρίστων II (ca. 167/165 B.C.), Ἀριστόδαμος II71 (ca. 166/164 B.C.), Ἀγέστρατος II (ca. 161 B.C.), Παυσανίας III (ca. 152 B.C.), Ξενόφαντος II72 (ca. 151 B.C.), Πυθογένης73 (ca. 150 147 B.C.), Πυθόδωρος (ca. 150 147 B.C.), Ἀλεξίμαχος (ca.150/147 B.C.), Αὐτοκράτης I (ca. 146 B.C.),74 Τιμόδικος75 (ca. 145 B.C.), Ἀριστόγειτος (ca. 140/138 B.C.), Ἀλεξίάδας (ca. 140 138 B.C.), Θέρσανδος (ca. 137/136 ca. 135 B.C.), ᾿ Ἀρχέμβροτος I (ca. 134/133) B.C.), Ἀνδρόνικος (ca. 132 B.C.) and Ἀρίστρατος76 (ca. 124 122 B.C.).77 The duty periods of these eponyms show that the producer carried out the activities between the years 186/124/122 B.C.78 The stamps of this fabricant are recorded at Athens,79 Delos,80 Pergamon,81 Kaunos,82 Paphos,83 Kition,84 Tell Anafa,85 Alexandria,86 Akoris87 and Museum of Nicosia.88

  • 89 Barker 2004: 81, no 10.
  • 90 Jöhrens 2001: 376, no 2, fig. 6.
  • 91 Nicolaou and Empereur 1986: 526, 529, no 11, 14.
  • 92 Hall 1882-1885: 392, no 5057; Nicolaou 2005: 408, no 17.
  • 93 Nicolaou 2005: no 387, P 8.
  • 94 Grace 1962: 116, no 7.
  • 95 Macalister 1912: 357, no 216; Grace 1962: 116; Ariel 2001: 158, no 12.
  • 96 Nicolaou 2005: 169, no 422.
  • 97 Nicolaou 2005: 169, no 422.
  • 98 Lawall et al. 2010: 391, L-219, pl. 282.
  • 99 Nilsson 1909: 422-423, no 1-17.
  • 100 Lodi 2014: 120, Inv. No 154.
  • 101 Grace 1952: 526.
  • 102 Nilsson 1909: 422-423, no 1-17.
  • 103 Schmaltz 2016: 309-310, KA 724-727.
  • 104 Dündar 2012: 258-259, Rh. 218-219.
  • 105 Calvet 1972: 33-34, np. 63-64.
  • 106 Nicolaou 2005: 168-170, no 422-431; Sztetyllo 1991: 69-70, no 114-119.
  • 107 Römer 1983: 266, Nr. 3.
  • 108 Landau andTzaferis 1979: 154, no 6.
  • 109 Coulson et al. 1997: no 52, no 16.
  • 110 Ariel 2001: 157-158, no 12.
  • 111 Cankardeş-Şenol 2000: 79-80, no 13-14; 2003: 223, 30-32; Sztetyllo 1978: 282-283, no 40-43; 1992: 1 (...)
  • 112 Kawanishi and Suto 2005: 107-108, no 165-167.
  • 113 Diez 1980: 24, Tag. 35, pl. V. 6.
  • 114 Bevilacqua 1980: 26, no 6.
  • 115 Gentili 1958: 61, no 97, 1-2.
  • 116 Sztetyllo 1983: 95-96, no 76-77.
  • 117 Jöhrens 1999: 89, no 237.
  • 118 Dündar 2012: 258-259, Rh. 219.
  • 119 Nicolaou 2005: 170, no 429-431; Barker 2004: 81, no 10.
  • 120 Cankardeş-Şenol 2000: 79-80, no 13; Sztetyllo 1978: 282, no 40.

87. The fabricant Εὔκλειτος is associated with the eponyms Ἀνδρόνικος89 (ca. 132 B.C.), Ἀστυμήδης II90 (ca. 144), Θέρσανδος91 (ca. 137/136 B.C.), Ἀρίστακος92 (ca. 137/136 – ca. 134/133 B.C.), Ἀνδρίας93 (ca. 137/136 – ca. 134/133 B.C.), Νικασαγόρας II94 (ca. 131 B.C.), Τιμόθεος95 (ca. 128 B.C.), Τεισαγόρας I (ca. 125 121 B.C.), Ἀγέστρατος II (ca. 161 B.C.), Ἀλεξίμαχος (ca. 157 B.C.) and Ἡραγόρας96 (ca. 159/158 ca. 154/153 B.C.). The tenures of these eponyms show that the fabricant was active in Period IV and V.97 The stamps of Εὔκλειτος are found in Olbia,98 Nessena,99 Iasos,100 Delos,101 Lindos,102 Kaunos,103 Patara,104 Salamis,105 Paphos,106 Taposiris Magna,107 Tell Istabah,108 Tel Beersheba,109 Magharat Ijliliya,110 Alexandria,111 Akoris,112 Alba Fucens,113 Monte Vairano,114 Siracusa Museum,115 Warsaw Museum116 and the National Museum of Athens,117 The stamp in Elaiussa and the examples in Nessena, Patara,118 Paphos,119 Alexandria,120 Alba Fucens and the National Museum of Athens bear the same pattern.

98. For the stamp obtained from the same pattern, see Cat. No 7.

109. Beta appears as a secondary stamp121 on the stamps of Σώταιρος in the Benaki Collection122 and Paphos.123 The fabricant generally used the symbol of a bunch of grapes. The stamps of this fabricant, who was active in Period V, are recorded at Delos124 and Alexandria.125 The pattern of the stamp found at Elaiussa differs from the examples found at Paphos, Delos and Alexandria.

  • 126 Cankardeş-Şenol 2000: 83-84, 19.
  • 127 Hall 1882-1885: 392, 5063.
  • 128 Grace and Savvatianou-Petropoulakou 1970: 316, E 45.
  • 129 Nicolaou and Empereur 1986: 527, no 12.
  • 130 Sztetyllo 2010: 115-117, no 103-105.
  • 131 For their years of office, see Finkielsztejn 2001: 195, tab. 21.
  • 132 Jöhrens 1999: 90, no 240-241.
  • 133 Jöhrens 2001: 425, no 232-233.
  • 134 Akamatis 2000: 96-97, P 106-108.
  • 135 Grace 1952: 527.
  • 136 Schmaltz 2016: 316-318, KA 739-744.
  • 137 Börker and Burow 1998: 95, no 270, Taf. 28.
  • 138 Lodi 2014: 132-133, Inv. 3289; 5619.
  • 139 Dündar 2012: 263-264, Rh. 225-226.
  • 140 Nilsson 1909: 457, no 314, 1-20.
  • 141 Calvet 1972: 35, 68-69.
  • 142 Sztetyllo 1976: 66, no 194; Nicolaou 2005: 193-195, no 498-505.
  • 143 Macalister 1912: 359, no 321-322.
  • 144 Coulson et al.1997: 54, no 24.
  • 145 Ariel 1990: 66, no 327.
  • 146 Empereur 1977b: 223-224, no 70-71.
  • 147 Cankardeş-Şenol 2000: 83-84, no 19; 2003: 230, no 54-55.
  • 148 Chaby 2009: 20, no 38.
  • 149 Kawanishi and Suto 2005: 130-132, no 218-223.
  • 150 Engemann 2016: 26-27, no 25-26, Fototaf. 3.
  • 151 Römer-Strehl et al. 2011: 160, no 14.
  • 152 Sztetyllo 1983: 98-99, no 84-85.
  • 153 Jöhrens 1999: 90, no 240-241.

1110. The fabricant Μίδας used the symbols of a caduceus and a bunch of grapes.126 The eponyms Ἀριστογένης127 (ca. 129 B.C.), Κληνόστρατος128 (ca. 126 B.C.), Τεισαμενός129 (ca. 124/122 B.C.), Ἀναξίβουλος (ca. 142/141ca. 137/136 B.C.), Ἀρίστρατος (ca. 125/121 B.C.), Τεισάμενος (ca. 125/121 B.C.) and Ἀλεξιάδας130 (ca. 140/138 B.C.) correspond to the period of activity of Μίδας,131 and thus indicate that Μίδας was active in Period V (ca. 145ca. 108 B.C.).132 The stamps of Μίδας are found in Tanais,133 Pella,134 Delos,135 Kaunos,136 Pergamon,137 Iasos,138 Patara,139 Lindos,140 Salamis,141 Paphos,142 Gezer,143 Tel Beersheba,144 Jerusalem,145 Crocodilopolis-Arsinoe,146 Alexandria,147 Tanis,148 Akoris,149 Abū Mīnā,150 the Museum of Bonn,151 the Museum of Warsaw152 and the National Museum of Athens.153

1211. The thyrsos appears on the stamps of the fabricant Μενεδάμος in the Benaki Collection154 and at Alba Fucens.155 The production of the Μενεδάμος stamps thus occurred during Periods V-VI. This stamp has the same pattern as the example in the Benaki Collection.156

1312. For this item the inscription cannot be read. Considering the form of the handle, we may date the stamp to the second half of the second century B.C.

1413. The inscription cannot be deciphered, because the handle is broken. We can read only the name of the month Ἀρταμίτιος in the lowermost line. Considering the form of the handle, we would date the stamp to the second half of the second century B.C.

1514. The inscription cannot be read, because the handle is broken. Considering the form of the handle, we would date the stamp to the second half of the second century B.C.

1615. The letters in the stamps cannot be identified clearly. In view of its form, the handle must be dated to Period V-VI.

1716. Only a few letters of the stamp are discernable. Given its form, the handle must be dated to the second half of the second century B.C.

B. Knidos Amphora Stamps

  • 157 Grace 1985: 32.
  • 158 Jöhrens 1999: 124, no 355.

1817. Eponym Ἀγέστρατος officiated in Period IVA (188167 B.C.).157 This eponym was apparently connected to the fabricant Δημήτριος.158

  • 159 Jöhrens 1999: 114, no 314-315; 124, no 355. Karia, Lykia and Knidos peninsula went under the domina (...)
  • 160 Jöhrens 1999: 158, no 489.
  • 161 Grace 1950: 147, no 97.
  • 162 TD 6903; TD 4374.The amphora stamps discovered in Delos are examined under the presidency of Prof. (...)

19The name of Ἀγέστρατος appears with the title of φρούραρχος (garrison commander) on stamps recorded at the National Museum of Athens.159 The fabricant Ἰάσων was evidently associated with the eponym Θευδορίδας who held office in Period IVB.160 Stamps presenting the same pattern as this example have been identified in Tarsus161 and at Delos.162

  • 163 Grace 1985: 33.
  • 164 Attula 2006: 149, no 320, Taf. 81,4.
  • 165 Grace 1934: 262-263, no 177.
  • 166 Grace and Savvatianou-Petropoulakou 1970: 325, E 54; Delorme 1949: 257, no 2.

2018. Φρούραρχος Ἀσπάσιος officiated in Period IVA (188167 B.C.).163 This stamp bears the same pattern as examples recorded at the Emecik Apollon Sanctuary at Knidos,164 the Athenian Agora165 and Delos.166

  • 167 Grace 1985: 32.
  • 168 Jöhrens 1999: 116, no 318.
  • 169 Grace and Savvatianou-Petropoulakou 1970: 325, E 53.
  • 170 Jöhrens 1999:104-105, no 275-277;125-126, no 358-360; 155, no 473; 184-185, no 584-587; 216, no 714 (...)
  • 171 TD 1448.
  • 172 Dumont 1871: 156, no 89.
  • 173 Jöhrens 1999: 125, no 358.

2119. The eponym Ἀπολλωνίδας officiated at Knidos during the Period IVA (ca. 187–167 B.C.).167 His name is recorded on amphorae bearing stamps of several fabricants, including Ἀνδροσθένης, Ἀπολλώνιος, Ἀριστίων and Σωτίων. The name of Ἀπολλωνίδας appears with the title of φρούραρχος on one example recorded at the National Museum of Athens.168 This title appears as well on the stamps found at Delos and the Athenian Agora.169 A good number of eponym names were identified on the amphorae bearing the stamps of Διονύσιος, thus, indicating that the so-named fabricant produced amphorae for many years. Administrators associated with this fabricant include Λέων, Λυσάνιος and Πολίτης in Period III, Ἀπολλονίδας, Ἀπολλώνιος and Τάχιππος in Period IVA, Ἀμοτέλης in Period IVB, Δίων, Ἐπινικίδας, Νικόμαχος and Φίλιππος in Period V, Δαμόκριτος, Στρατοκλῆς, Σωσίφρων and Ἵππαρχος in Period VIA-C.170 Stamps bearing the same pattern are recorded at Delos,171 Athens172 and the National Museum of Athens.173

  • 174 Grace 1985: 34.
  • 175 Jöhrens 1999: 181, no 571.
  • 176 Jöhrens 1999: 153-154, no 467-468; 179-181, no 567-572.
  • 177 TD 0924; TD 0936; TD 1756; TD 3073; TD 4783.
  • 178 Jöhrens 1999: 181, no 571.

2220. The eponym Νικόμαχος officiated in Period V (ca. 145108 B.C.).174 The name of this eponym appears on amphorae stamped by the fabricants Διονύσιος and Θευκλῆς.175 The fabricant Ἀσκληπίοδωρος was associated with the eponyms Ἀμοτέλης and Ἑρμόφαντος in Period IVB and ᾿Αγαθοκλῆς, ᾿Απολλόδωρος, Διονύσιος, Θαλιμβροτίδας, Κυδοκλῆς and Φίλιππος in Period V.176 Similar stamps are found at Delos177 and at the National Museum of Athens.178

  • 179 Grace 1985: 34.
  • 180 TD 4354.
  • 181 Dumont 1871: 214, no 426.
  • 182 Pridik 1896: 166, no 203-204, 206-207; Grace 1934: 259, no 165; 1956: 162, no 178, pl. 70; Rotroff (...)
  • 183 Etienne 1986: 243, no 85; 245, no 113 ; 246, no 127.
  • 184 Wells 1982: 124, no 15.
  • 185 Neroutsos 1875: 447, no 60.
  • 186 Jöhrens 1999: 175-176, no 553; 183-184, no 581; 194, no 625-626; 197, no 642.

2321. The stamps of two different administrators named Μενεκράτης appear on Knidian amphorae. Μενεκράτης I officiated in Period IVA and Μενεκράτης II in Period V.179 The administrator in this stamp must be Μενεκράτης II because the name of Μενεκράτης II occurs together with a symbol of star. This same symbol is found on a rectangular stamp found at Delos.180 The names of Μενεκράτης II and the fabricant Κιλαιος are observed on the leaf-shaped amphora.181 The stamps related to this eponym have been identified in Athens,182 Tenos,183 Asine,184 Alexandria185 and the National Museum of Athens.186

  • 187 For the tenure of this administrator, see Grace 1985: 33; Jöhrens 1999: 225, no 752; Grace 1934: 26 (...)

2422. The fabricant Καρνεάδας, Κνιδίον ethnikon and a double-axe appear together on this stamp. The name of the administrator could not be identified. The name of Ἑρμόφαντος who is thought to have officiated in Period VB (?) was identified on other amphorae bearing the stamp of Καρνεάδας.187

  • 188 Grace 1985: 32.
  • 189 Jöhrens 1999: 174-177, no 548-556.
  • 190 TD 3361.
  • 191 Jöhrens 1999: 174-175, no 549.

2523. The stamp bears the names of the administrator ᾿Απολλόδωρος and the fabricant ᾿Αναξάνδρος. Scholars have determined that the so-named administrator held office in Period V.188 Elsewhere, the fabricant, ᾿Αναξάνδρος was associated with the fabricants ᾿Ασκλαπιάδας, ᾿Ασκλαπιόδωρος, Τέχνων, Διονύσιος and Μένης. He was also connected to the administrators ᾿Αγαθοκλῆς, Διονύσιος, Καλλιδάμας, Μενεκράτης, Τιμακσικράτης and Φιλίππος, all of whom officiated in Period V.189 Stamps bearing the same pattern as the Elaiussa find are recorded at Delos190 and the National Museum of Athens.191

2624. We would assign this handle to the second half of the second century B.C.

2725. The edge of the amphora mouth is partly preserved. We assign this handle to the second half of the second century B.C.

2826. As the handle is broken, only the letters of eta, nu and omega in the lowermost line were visible. Given the design of the rim and the handle, we would date this amphora to the second century B.C.

C. The Chios Amphora Stamp

  • 192 Alkaç 2012: 96.
  • 193 Tsaravopoulos et al. 2013: 113, fig. 18, second picture.
  • 194 Börker and Burow 1998: 121, no 564, Taf. 36.
  • 195 TD 572.
  • 196 SS 4921. From the archive of V. Grace.
  • 197 X EM 20.
  • 198 Alkaç 2012: 121-122, no 64-65.
  • 199 Picard and Plassart 1913: 221, no 29; Fraser and Matthews 1987: 184.
  • 200 Börker and Burow 1998: 121, no 561-564, Taf. 36.
  • 201 Tsaravopoulos et al. 2013: 113, fig. 18, first and second pictures.
  • 202 TD 1137; TD 572 ve TD 6222 (http://www.amphoralex.org/timbres_delos/delos_affiche_timbre_chios.php)
  • 203 Ariel and Finkielsztejn 1994: 230, SAH 132.
  • 204 Römer 1983: 269, no 10.
  • 205 Finkielsztejn 2000a: 210, pin. 110–b.
  • 206 Tsaravopoulos et al. 2013: 113, fig. 19.
  • 207 Börker and Burow 1998: 121, no 565, Taf. 36.

2927. Abbreviating a name by dividing it by certain letters was common practice in the amphora stamping system at Chios.192 The abbreviation Εὐρυκρά(, for example, is recorded at Chios,193 Pergamon,194 Delos,195 Athens196 and the National Museum of Athens.197 This abbreviation is supplemented by additional stamps recording Εὐρυκράτης at Chios and Pergamon. The abbreviations Εὐρυκ( or Εὐρυκρ( detected in the Benaki Collection are likewise associated with this name.198 The name Εὐρυκράτης has appeared elsewhere in Chian inscriptions.199 The stamps bearing this name have been recorded at Pergamon,200 Chios,201 Delos,202 Tell Anafa203 and Soknopaiounesos.204 Εὐρυκράτης is accompanied by the name Μαχίος on stamps recorded at Marissa,205 Chios206 and Pergamon.207

  • 208 Tsaravopoulos et al. 2013: 112-113, fig. 18.1-3.
  • 209 Alkaç 2011: 132; 2012: 90.
  • 210 Tsaravopoulos et al. 2013: 122-124.

30Scholars generally assign the Εὐρυκράτης stamps to the second and first centuries B.C.208 This places the Εὐρυκράτης amphora stamps among latest recorded examples for Khian stamps of the Hellenistic era.209 Although some stamp examples pertaining to the first and the third centuries A.D. have emerged at Chios,210 the high period of Khian amphora stamping ended in the late second and early first century B.C. The stamp found at Elaiussa must accord with this dating.

D.The Kos Amphora Stamp

  • 211 Börker and Burow 1998: 114, no 518.
  • 212 Lawall 2007: 54, AH 67 a, c-d Taf. 12; AH 67 b, Taf. 12 for retrograd stamp.
  • 213 Gramatopol and Bordea 1969: 257, no 1075.
  • 214 Finkielsztejn 2004: 159.
  • 215 Börker and Burow 1998: 114, no 518.
  • 216 Lawall 2007: 54, AH 67.
  • 217 Vanderpool et al. 1962: 48, no 82.
  • 218 Jöhrens 2004: 160, A 31.
  • 219 Schmaltz 2016: 375, KA 874.
  • 220 Lodi 2004: 53, fig. 13, no 14.
  • 221 The amphora stamps found in Knidos have been studied by Dr. Erkan Alkaç. We kindly thank to Prof. D (...)
  • 222 Lawall 2007: 54, AH 67 a, c-d Taf. 12; for retrograd stamp, see AH 67 b, Taf. 12.

3128. The abbreviation Ζώπυ( was detected in excavations undertaken at Pergamon,211 Ephesos,212 Kallatis,213 Akko and Jerusalem.214 According to Börker and Burow, the abbreviation may be associated with Ζώπυρίς, Ζώπυρίων and Ζώπυρος in Koan inscriptions.215 Ζώπυrος stamps are also recorded at Kos,216 Koroni,217 Didyma,218 Kaunos219 and Iasos.220 The example found at Iasos has been identified as an eponym. The stamp of Ζώπυ( is accompanied by a club on an example found at Knidos.221 At Koroni, the stamps of Ζώπυ( are dated to the late 270 or early 260 B.C. As Mark Lawall suggests, the abbreviation demonstrates long-term use as the workshops name.222 We would assign this example to the second century B.C., given the chronology of Elaiussa and the date of the other stamps found here. The Ζώπυ stamp at Elaiussa exhibits a different pattern than the examples recorded at Pergamon, Ephesos, Kaunos and Kallatis.

The Amphora Stamp of Pamphylia Region

  • 223 Brixe 2011: 104-105, no 185-188.
  • 224 Cankardeş-Şenol 2006: 77-78.

3229. The name Fεχίᾶτυς is observed on four stamps in the Graeco-Roman Museum in Alexandria.223 The design of the example found at Elaiussa differs from that of the stamps recorded at this museum. During the Hellenistic era, a regularized procedure of stamping never took hold with Pamphylian amphorae. Despite the fact that researchers have yet to identify workshops or strata of amphora waste to substantiate the locations of amphora production sites in Pamphylia, dialectic reliance on letters such as digamma in Pamphylian inscriptions as well as on amphora stamps help to identify the stamps of this region. Pamphylian stamps tend to have a rectangular form, while exhibiting one or two names. The names may appear stamped in full or abridged. In addition, Pamphylian stamps omit prepositions and symbols. The amphorae themselves are generally believed to have transported wine and olive oil. Pamphylian stamps have been recorded at Delos, Nessana, Athens, Rhodos and Antiokhos. They are dated from the second quarter of the second century B.C. to the end of the first century B.C.224 The stamp bearing Fεχίᾶτυς at Elaiussa must fall within these dates.

The Types of Amphorae with Unspecified Origins

3330. The name Σίμος can be read on the stamp.

Conclusion

34The settlement at Elaiussa was restricted mainly to the “Island” during the Hellenistic period. During the Roman period the city expanded to the mainland opposite and began to prosper. It assumed the title of “metropolis” sometime during the 2nd century B.C., and underwent large scale monumental improvements through the construction of a temple, a theatre, an agora, a public cistern and bath, and numerous temple tombs, much like neighbouring Roman-era communities at Soli-Pompeiopolis and Tarsos. The dating and sheer abundance of amphora and other ceramic finds from the excavations furnish compelling evidence for large-scale develop ment, population rise, and an expanding production and commercial capacity for the city.

35Amphora stamps of Rhodos, Knidos, Kos, Chios, Pamphylia and still others of unspecified origin have been recorded in the excavations thus far at Elaiussa. These stamps furnish important information about the trade relations of the settlement during the Hellenistic period (Map 2). The stamp data proves, for example, that commercial relations between Elaiussa and Rhodos occurred by the mid-

  • 225 Kızılarslanoğlu and Alkaç 2014: 57, Res. 3.
  • 226 Kızılarslanoğlu 2016: 312, Kat. No 6.

362nd century B.C.,225 and continued until the 1st century B.C, something that was already indicated by the recovery of a nearly complete, Late Hellenistic Rhodian amphora226 during the excavations on the “Island”. With the publication of these new stamps, we can demonstrate that Rhodian trade relations with Elauissa occurred much earlier. The administrator ᾿Αρίστων II (167/165 B.C.) and the fabricants Κάρπος (ca. 198 ca. 161 B.C.),πποκράτης (ca. 198/ca. 161 ca. 145/ca. 108 B.C.), Εὔκλειτος (ca. 160/ca. 146 ca. 145/ca. 108 B.C.) help to assign these trade relations date at least as far back as the first half of the 2nd century B.C.

  • 227 Pipere 2015.
  • 228 Amphorae of Chios in the Cilicia region were detected in the cities of Nagidos and Soloi. The earli (...)

37The stamps bearing the names of Ἀγέστρατος, Ἀσπάσιος and Ἀπολλωνίδας, who officiated between 188 and 167 B.C., furnish the earliest evidence for trade relations between Elaiussa and Knidos. These stamps show that Elaiussa carried out commercial activities with Knidos as early as the second quarter of the 2nd century B.C. A nearly intact Late Knidian amphora227 found during underwater research that was conducted at the port indicates that this trade persisted into the 1st century B.C. Examples of stamps from Chios,228 Kos and Pamphylia at Elaiussa are also dated to the 2nd –1st centuries B.C. Their limited quantity prevents us from drawing any conclusions regarding the likely duration of these trading relationships for now. Notwithstanding this, finds at Elaiussa of a nearly intact DR 2-4 amphora produced at Kos (dated to the 1st century B.C.1st century A.D.), a large number of additional amphora fragments preliminarily identified as Koan, and still other fragments of DR 5 amphorae, all speak to the sustained continuity of trade relations that transpired between Elaiussa and Aegean amphora production centres during the Roman period. In addition to our research with the amphora stamps recovered during excavations conducted on the “Island” and the mainland at Elaiussa, our datasets incorporate the classification of a vast number of handles, bases, rims, and other body parts identified with amphorae originating from the same production centres as the stamped handles themselves.

38Even though the details on Sebastes Hellenistic period are scarce when compared to the Late Antiquity, the city is thought to have been characteristically open to development in terms of commercial activities in the Hellenistic period, given the location of the city at a critical commercial center and the fact that urban development requires a certain level of infrastructure. Based on the statistical data obtained from the amphora stamps and the other ceramic finds, we can conclude that with respect to trade, the settlement at Elaiussa Sebaste looked increasingly toward the west during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. The community imported amphorae produced in the Aegean region, Italy, Spain, Africa, and Cyprus; cookware produced in the Aegean region and Cyprus; and high quality African and Italian sigillata wares. The present study furnishes a significant contribution to our knowledge of the circulation of eastern Mediterranean amphorae in Rough Cilicia during the Hellenistic period. In addition to this article, we will soon present additional data concerning the transition between the Hellenistic, Roman, Late Roman and Early Byzantine periods at Elaiussa Sebaste. Our research is examining the continuity of fabrication, importation and exportation, by way of reorganising the typology and chronology of various ceramic categories, particularly the common ceramics, through detailed analysis of inventoried finds and stratigraphical records obtained during the on-going excavations. Improvements in the typological and statistical data for the ceramic materials recovered at Elaiussa Sebaste should enable us to demonstrate more precisely the citys place in the history and economy of the region. The results of the on-going excavations at Elaiussa Sebaste should enable us to test the hypotheses put forward in this study with fresh data as additional ceramic materials become unearthed.

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Sztetyllo, Z., 1978: “Timbres céramiques des fouilles polonaises à Alexandrie (1973-1974)”, Etudes et Travaux X, Travaux du Centre d’archéologie méditerranéenne de l’Academie polonaise des Sciences, Tome 20: 260-316.

Sztetyllo, Z., 1983: Les Timbres céramiques dans les collections du Musée National de Varsovie, Varsovie.

Sztetyllo, Z., 1991: Pottery Stamps (1975-1989), Nea Paphos IV, Varsovie.

Sztetyllo, Z., 1992: “Timbres céramiques des fouilles polonaises à Alexandrie (1979-1982)”, Etudes et Travaux XVI, Travaux du Centre d’archéologie méditerranéenne de l’Academie polonaise des Sciences, Varsovie: 152-223.

Sztetyllo, Z., 2010: Pottery Stamps from Nea Paphos (Excavatations in 1990-2006), Nea Paphos VI, Varsovie.

Şenol, A.K. and Aşkın, E., 2007: “Amphoralar Işığında Kentin Ticari İlişkileri”, in S. Durugönül (ed.), Dağlık Kilikia’da Bir Antik Kent Kazısının Sonuçları: Nagidos, Adalya Ekyayın Dizisi 6, Antalya: 241-297.

Tasaravopoulos, A., Opait, A. and Fragou, G., 2013: “Stamps on Amphorae and Lagynoi Handles from the Island of Chios”, in L. Buzoianu, P. Dupont, V. Lungu (eds.), PATABS III: 107-143.

Vanderpool, E., McCredie, J.R. and Steinberg, A., 1962: “Koroni: A Ptolemaic Camp on the East Coast of Attica”, Hesperia 31/1: 26-61.

Visscher, F. and Ruyt, F.1955: “Les fouilles d’Alba Fucens (Italie Centrale) de 1951 à 1953”, Antiquité Classique 24: 83-93.

Wells, B., 1982: “Stamped, Amphora Handles From Asine”, Opuscula Atheniensia XIV.9: 119-128.

Yağcı, R., 2004: “Soli/Pompeipolis 2002 Yılı Kazıları”, KST 25-2: 49-60.

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Annexe

Personal Names

Ἀγέστρατος, Kni. Eponym, 17

Ἀναξάνδρος, Kni. Fabricant, 23

᾿Aπολλωνίδας, Kni. Eponym, 19

᾿Απολλόδωρος, Kni. Eponym, 23

᾿Arίstwn II, Rh. Eponym, 1

᾿Arcίbiος, Rh. Eponym, 4

᾿Aσπάσιος, Kni. Eponym, 18

Ἀσκληπίοδωρος, Kni. Fabricant, 20

Διονύσιος, Kni. Fabricant, 19

Eὔκλειτος, Rh. Fabricant, 7-8

Εὐρυκρά(, Kh. Fabricant, 27

Ζώπυ(, Kos, Eponym, 28

Ἰάσων, Kni. Fabricant, 17

Ἱπποκράτης, Rh. Fabricant, 6

Καρνεάδας, Kni. Fabricant, 22

Κάρπος, Rh. Fabricant, 5

Μενεδάμος, Rh. Fabricant, 11

Μενεκράτης, Kni. Eponym, 21

Μίδας, Rh. Fabricant, 10

Νικόμαχος, Kni. Eponym, 20

Τεισάμενος, Rh. Eponym, 3

Πυθόδωρος, Rh. Eponym, 2

Σωταίρος, Rh. Fabricant, 9

Fεχίᾶτυς, Pamph., 25

Name of the Month

᾿Artamίtiος, 13

Δάλιος, 1

Πάναμος, 4

Symbols

Herme, 5

Caduceus, 7-8, 10, 19

Bunch of Grapes, 9-10

Head of Helios, 11

Trident, 17

Bucranion, 20, 24

Star, 21

Lobut, 23

Rose, 6

Axe, 22

Title

φρούραρχος, 18

ίερέως, 3

Ethnikon

Κνί, 17

Κνίδιον, 19-20, 22-23

Preposition

᾿Επί, 1-4, 13, 17, 19-23

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Notes

1 Kızılarslanoğlu and Alkaç 2014.

2 Badaliants 1980: 163.

3 Nicolaou 1969: 164, no 38, fig. 4.

4 Breccia 1921: 27, no 51.

5 Badaliants 1980: 164.

6 Jöhrens 2001: 375, no 1 a-c, Abb. 5.

7 Schkorpil 1935: 35, no 84-85; Mircev 1958: 26, no 88-89; Empereur and Guimier-Sorbets 1986: 130.

8 Cankardeş-Şenol 2015: 462.

9 Badaliants 1980: 164.

10 Finkielsztejn 2001: 109.

11 Grace 1985: 8.

12 Börker and Burow 1998: 24-25, no 113-130. For the period, See Finkielsztejn 2001: 197.

13 Finkielsztejn 2001: 192, tab. 19.

14 Grace 1934: 229, no 55.

15 Schmaltz 2016: 180, KA 432-433.

16 Grace 1950: 142, no 36.

17 Ariel 1990: 47, no 153-154.

18 Cankardeş-Şenol 2015: 462-468; Sztetyllo 1978: 273, no 21.

19 Börker 1974: 36, no 7.

20 Calvet 1986: 77, A.

21 Nicolaou 1969: 164, no 38, fig. 4.

22 Jöhrens 1999: 55, no 139-140.

23 Cankardeş-Şenol 2016: 313.

24 Finkielsztejn 2001: 193.

25 Jöhrens 2001: 400, no 109.

26 Grace 1952: 529.

27 Jöhrens 2014: 201, no 121.

28 Schmaltz 2016: 253-254, KA 600-601.

29 Nicolaou 2005: 107, no 246; 300, no 130; 385, p4a; 421, no 83a; 436, no 133a.

30 Nilsson 1909: 477, no 367/3-7, 9-10.

31 Sztetyllo 2010: 69-70, no 54.

32 Ariel 1990: 65, S 318-320.

33 Rosenthal Heginbottom 1995: 191, no 70.

34 Cankardeş-Şenol 2016: 322-323.

35 Kawanishi and Suto 2005: 67, no 82.

36 Pridik 1917: 17, no 344-345.

37 Nicolaou and Empereur 1986: 527, no 12, fig. 11 a-d.

38 Coulson et al. 1997: 54-55, no 24.

39 Finkielsztejn 2001: 195, tab. 21.

40 Börker and Burow 1998: 100, no 354, Taf. 30.

41 Finkielsztejn 2000b: 136, ARh 5.

42 Ariel and Finkielsztejn 1994: 219, SAH 89-90.

43 Empereur 1977a: 168, no 567-570.

44 Cankardeş-Şenol 2000: 87, no 24; 214-215, no 134-135; http://www.amphoralex.org/timbres/eponymes/accueil_epon/affiche_L_un-nom.php; Sztetyllo 1975: 204, no 157.

45 Nicolaou and Empereur 1986: 527, no 12, fig. 11 a-d.

46 Sztetyllo 1983: 99, no 87.

47 Cankardeş-Şenol 2000: 145-147, no 15 ve 18.

48 Finkielsztejn 2001: 156, tab. 12.2.

49 Paris 1914: 323.

50 Jöhrens 2001: 430, no 259.

51 Ariel and Finkielsztejn 1994: 198, SAH 28.

52 Grace and Savvatianou-Petropoulakou 1970: 312, E 33.

53 Cankardeş-Şenol 2015: 511.

54 Finkielsztejn 2001: 195, tab. 21.

55 Jöhrens 2001: 385, no 31.

56 Schmaltz 2016: 286, KA 675.

57 Dündar 2012: 166, Rh. 85.

58 Nicolaou 2005: 55-56, no 107-108.

59 Ariel and Finkielsztejn 1994: 198, SAH 28-29.

60 Cankardeş-Şenol 2015: 511-523.

61 Fort he stamp in the collection, see Cankardeş-Şenol 2015: 522, RE-ΑΡΧΙΒΙΟΣ-ΠΑΝΑΜΟΣ-004.

62 RF-ΚΑΡΠΟΣ-001 and 005. (http://www.amphoralex.org/timbres/eponymes/accueil_epon/affiche_LRF_un-nom.php).

63 Canarache 1957: 263, no 637.

64 Rodrigo et al. 2015: 40-41.

65 Cankardeş-Şenol 2000: 424-426, no 49.

66 Porro 1916: 177, no 113-4; Nilsson 1909: 437, no 255, 1-2.

67 Cankardeş-Şenol 2017: 248.

68 Grace 1985: 46, no 3, a-b, pl. I.

69 Grace 1985: 10.

70 Nicolaou 2005: 182.

71 Grace 1934: 219, fig. 2.

72 Hall 1882-1885: 391, no 5041.

73 Grace 1965: 7, footnote 8.

74 Nicolaou 2005: 182.

75 Nicolaou 2005: 181-182, no 462.

76 Nicolaou 2005: 182.

77 Cankardeş-Şenol 2017: 248; Finkielsztejn 2001: 192-195, tab. 19-212.

78 Cankardeş-Şenol 2017: 248.

79 Grace 1934: 239-240, no 93-94.

80 Grace 1952: 527.

81 Börker and Burow 1998: 48, no 462-463, Taf. 17.

82 Schmaltz 2016: 271, KA 639-640.

83 Nicolaou 2005: 181-182, no 462; Sztetyllo 1991: 75, no 128.

84 Calvet 1982: 26, 58.

85 Ariel and Finkielsztejn 1994: 219, SAH 88.

86 Cankardeş-Şenol 2000: 424-426, no 49.

87 Kawanishi and Suto 2005: 123-126, no 202-209

88 Nicolaou and Empereur 1986: 520, no 6, fig. 5, a-d.

89 Barker 2004: 81, no 10.

90 Jöhrens 2001: 376, no 2, fig. 6.

91 Nicolaou and Empereur 1986: 526, 529, no 11, 14.

92 Hall 1882-1885: 392, no 5057; Nicolaou 2005: 408, no 17.

93 Nicolaou 2005: no 387, P 8.

94 Grace 1962: 116, no 7.

95 Macalister 1912: 357, no 216; Grace 1962: 116; Ariel 2001: 158, no 12.

96 Nicolaou 2005: 169, no 422.

97 Nicolaou 2005: 169, no 422.

98 Lawall et al. 2010: 391, L-219, pl. 282.

99 Nilsson 1909: 422-423, no 1-17.

100 Lodi 2014: 120, Inv. No 154.

101 Grace 1952: 526.

102 Nilsson 1909: 422-423, no 1-17.

103 Schmaltz 2016: 309-310, KA 724-727.

104 Dündar 2012: 258-259, Rh. 218-219.

105 Calvet 1972: 33-34, np. 63-64.

106 Nicolaou 2005: 168-170, no 422-431; Sztetyllo 1991: 69-70, no 114-119.

107 Römer 1983: 266, Nr. 3.

108 Landau andTzaferis 1979: 154, no 6.

109 Coulson et al. 1997: no 52, no 16.

110 Ariel 2001: 157-158, no 12.

111 Cankardeş-Şenol 2000: 79-80, no 13-14; 2003: 223, 30-32; Sztetyllo 1978: 282-283, no 40-43; 1992: 167, no 24.

112 Kawanishi and Suto 2005: 107-108, no 165-167.

113 Diez 1980: 24, Tag. 35, pl. V. 6.

114 Bevilacqua 1980: 26, no 6.

115 Gentili 1958: 61, no 97, 1-2.

116 Sztetyllo 1983: 95-96, no 76-77.

117 Jöhrens 1999: 89, no 237.

118 Dündar 2012: 258-259, Rh. 219.

119 Nicolaou 2005: 170, no 429-431; Barker 2004: 81, no 10.

120 Cankardeş-Şenol 2000: 79-80, no 13; Sztetyllo 1978: 282, no 40.

121 Secondary stamps were impressed underneath or alongside the handle, in addition to the fabricant and administrator stamps constituting the main stamps in Rhodian amphoras.This application started in Period III and continued in Period VI according to the Rhodian stamp chronology. The use of secondary stamps is thought to be associated with an increasing amphora production as a result of the increasing wine production and an additional control mechanism due to this increase. Cankardeş-Şenol 2006: 107-108; Cankardeş-Şenol 2000: 34.They are usually made up of monograms, ligatures, various symbols as well as letter-symbol combinations. Palaczyk 1999: 66-83.

122 RF-ΣΩΤΑΙΡΟΣ-001. (http://www.amphoralex.org/timbres/eponymes/accueil_epon/affiche_LRF_un-nom.php)

123 Nicolaou 2005: 212, no 560.

124 Grace 1952: 537, no 24.

125 Cankardeş-Şenol 2000: 108, no 7.

126 Cankardeş-Şenol 2000: 83-84, 19.

127 Hall 1882-1885: 392, 5063.

128 Grace and Savvatianou-Petropoulakou 1970: 316, E 45.

129 Nicolaou and Empereur 1986: 527, no 12.

130 Sztetyllo 2010: 115-117, no 103-105.

131 For their years of office, see Finkielsztejn 2001: 195, tab. 21.

132 Jöhrens 1999: 90, no 240-241.

133 Jöhrens 2001: 425, no 232-233.

134 Akamatis 2000: 96-97, P 106-108.

135 Grace 1952: 527.

136 Schmaltz 2016: 316-318, KA 739-744.

137 Börker and Burow 1998: 95, no 270, Taf. 28.

138 Lodi 2014: 132-133, Inv. 3289; 5619.

139 Dündar 2012: 263-264, Rh. 225-226.

140 Nilsson 1909: 457, no 314, 1-20.

141 Calvet 1972: 35, 68-69.

142 Sztetyllo 1976: 66, no 194; Nicolaou 2005: 193-195, no 498-505.

143 Macalister 1912: 359, no 321-322.

144 Coulson et al.1997: 54, no 24.

145 Ariel 1990: 66, no 327.

146 Empereur 1977b: 223-224, no 70-71.

147 Cankardeş-Şenol 2000: 83-84, no 19; 2003: 230, no 54-55.

148 Chaby 2009: 20, no 38.

149 Kawanishi and Suto 2005: 130-132, no 218-223.

150 Engemann 2016: 26-27, no 25-26, Fototaf. 3.

151 Römer-Strehl et al. 2011: 160, no 14.

152 Sztetyllo 1983: 98-99, no 84-85.

153 Jöhrens 1999: 90, no 240-241.

154 RF-ΜΕΝΕΝΔΑΜΟΣ-001. (http://www.amphoralex.org/timbres/eponymes/accueil_epon/affiche_LRF_un-nom.php).

155 Visscher et Ruyt 1955: 87, no 13; Diez 1980: 7, no 6.

156 RF-ΜΕΝΕΝΔΑΜΟΣ-002.

157 Grace 1985: 32.

158 Jöhrens 1999: 124, no 355.

159 Jöhrens 1999: 114, no 314-315; 124, no 355. Karia, Lykia and Knidos peninsula went under the domination of Rhodos following the Apemeia Agreement signed in 188 B.C. between Seleucids and Rome. Rhodos governed Knidos through Phrourarchs whose term of office was four months. This period corresponds to 188-167 B.C. in Period IVA in the Knidos stamp chronology. In 167 B.C., Karia revolted against the unwelcome Rhodian domination which lasted for 20 years. Karia and Lykia gained their independence after this revolt. Cankardeş-Şenol 2006: 74-75.

160 Jöhrens 1999: 158, no 489.

161 Grace 1950: 147, no 97.

162 TD 6903; TD 4374.The amphora stamps discovered in Delos are examined under the presidency of Prof. Dr. Gonca Cankardeş-Şenol from the Ege University Faculty of Arts Department of Archaeology. We kindly thank to dear Cankardeş-Şenol for this information.

163 Grace 1985: 33.

164 Attula 2006: 149, no 320, Taf. 81,4.

165 Grace 1934: 262-263, no 177.

166 Grace and Savvatianou-Petropoulakou 1970: 325, E 54; Delorme 1949: 257, no 2.

167 Grace 1985: 32.

168 Jöhrens 1999: 116, no 318.

169 Grace and Savvatianou-Petropoulakou 1970: 325, E 53.

170 Jöhrens 1999:104-105, no 275-277;125-126, no 358-360; 155, no 473; 184-185, no 584-587; 216, no 714-716; 286, AS 64.

171 TD 1448.

172 Dumont 1871: 156, no 89.

173 Jöhrens 1999: 125, no 358.

174 Grace 1985: 34.

175 Jöhrens 1999: 181, no 571.

176 Jöhrens 1999: 153-154, no 467-468; 179-181, no 567-572.

177 TD 0924; TD 0936; TD 1756; TD 3073; TD 4783.

178 Jöhrens 1999: 181, no 571.

179 Grace 1985: 34.

180 TD 4354.

181 Dumont 1871: 214, no 426.

182 Pridik 1896: 166, no 203-204, 206-207; Grace 1934: 259, no 165; 1956: 162, no 178, pl. 70; Rotroff 1982: 434, A-B 19-20:2.

183 Etienne 1986: 243, no 85; 245, no 113 ; 246, no 127.

184 Wells 1982: 124, no 15.

185 Neroutsos 1875: 447, no 60.

186 Jöhrens 1999: 175-176, no 553; 183-184, no 581; 194, no 625-626; 197, no 642.

187 For the tenure of this administrator, see Grace 1985: 33; Jöhrens 1999: 225, no 752; Grace 1934: 265, no 188.

188 Grace 1985: 32.

189 Jöhrens 1999: 174-177, no 548-556.

190 TD 3361.

191 Jöhrens 1999: 174-175, no 549.

192 Alkaç 2012: 96.

193 Tsaravopoulos et al. 2013: 113, fig. 18, second picture.

194 Börker and Burow 1998: 121, no 564, Taf. 36.

195 TD 572.

196 SS 4921. From the archive of V. Grace.

197 X EM 20.

198 Alkaç 2012: 121-122, no 64-65.

199 Picard and Plassart 1913: 221, no 29; Fraser and Matthews 1987: 184.

200 Börker and Burow 1998: 121, no 561-564, Taf. 36.

201 Tsaravopoulos et al. 2013: 113, fig. 18, first and second pictures.

202 TD 1137; TD 572 ve TD 6222 (http://www.amphoralex.org/timbres_delos/delos_affiche_timbre_chios.php).

203 Ariel and Finkielsztejn 1994: 230, SAH 132.

204 Römer 1983: 269, no 10.

205 Finkielsztejn 2000a: 210, pin. 110–b.

206 Tsaravopoulos et al. 2013: 113, fig. 19.

207 Börker and Burow 1998: 121, no 565, Taf. 36.

208 Tsaravopoulos et al. 2013: 112-113, fig. 18.1-3.

209 Alkaç 2011: 132; 2012: 90.

210 Tsaravopoulos et al. 2013: 122-124.

211 Börker and Burow 1998: 114, no 518.

212 Lawall 2007: 54, AH 67 a, c-d Taf. 12; AH 67 b, Taf. 12 for retrograd stamp.

213 Gramatopol and Bordea 1969: 257, no 1075.

214 Finkielsztejn 2004: 159.

215 Börker and Burow 1998: 114, no 518.

216 Lawall 2007: 54, AH 67.

217 Vanderpool et al. 1962: 48, no 82.

218 Jöhrens 2004: 160, A 31.

219 Schmaltz 2016: 375, KA 874.

220 Lodi 2004: 53, fig. 13, no 14.

221 The amphora stamps found in Knidos have been studied by Dr. Erkan Alkaç. We kindly thank to Prof. Dr. Ertekin Doksanaltı, the Head of Knidos City Excavations, from the Selçuk University Faculty of Arts Department of Arcaheology for letting us to use this information.

222 Lawall 2007: 54, AH 67 a, c-d Taf. 12; for retrograd stamp, see AH 67 b, Taf. 12.

223 Brixe 2011: 104-105, no 185-188.

224 Cankardeş-Şenol 2006: 77-78.

225 Kızılarslanoğlu and Alkaç 2014: 57, Res. 3.

226 Kızılarslanoğlu 2016: 312, Kat. No 6.

227 Pipere 2015.

228 Amphorae of Chios in the Cilicia region were detected in the cities of Nagidos and Soloi. The earliest amphorae in Nagidos from the mentioned island are dated to the third quarter of the 6th century B.C. and the latest examples are dated to the early 4th and the mid-3th century B.C.Şenol and Aşkın 2007: 252-254, no 21-28. The amphorae of Chios pertaining to the 4th century B.C. were found in Soloi. Yağcı 2004: 51.

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Pour citer cet article

Référence papier

H. Asena Kızılarslanoğlu et Erkan Alkaç, « Hellenistic Amphora Stamps From Elaiussa »Anatolia Antiqua, XXVI | 2018, 45-68.

Référence électronique

H. Asena Kızılarslanoğlu et Erkan Alkaç, « Hellenistic Amphora Stamps From Elaiussa »Anatolia Antiqua [En ligne], XXVI | 2018, mis en ligne le 03 septembre 2021, consulté le 29 mars 2024. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/anatoliaantiqua/557 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/anatoliaantiqua.557

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Auteurs

H. Asena Kızılarslanoğlu

Kastamonu University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Archaeology, Kastamonu
asenakizilarslan@hotmail.com

Erkan Alkaç

Mersin University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Archaeology, Çiftlikköy Kampusu, Mersin
ealkac77@gmail.com

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