Bibliographie
Primary sources
Bentham, Jeremy, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (London : T. Payne, 1789).
Bentham, Jeremy, Panopticon; or, The Inspection-House (Dublin : T. Payne, 1791).
Bentham, Jeremy, Panopticon versus New South Wales (London: R. Baldwin, 1812).
Bentham, Jeremy, Rationale of Punishment, trans. Richard Smith, (London : Robert Heward, 1830).
Bentham, Jeremy, Writings on Australia, I. New Wales, ed. T. Causer and P. Schofield, pre-publication version, (The Bentham Project, 2018).
Bentham, Jeremy, Writings on Australia, III. Letter to Lord Pelham, ed. T. Causer and P. Schofield, pre-publication version, (The Bentham Project, 2018).
Bentham, Jeremy, Writings on Australia, IV. Second Letter to Lord Pelham, ed. T. Causer and P. Schofield, prepublication version (The Bentham Project, 2018).
Bentham, Jeremy, Writings on Australia, V. Third Letter to Lord Pelham, ed. T. Causer and P. Schofield, pre-publication version (The Bentham Project, 2018).
Bentham, Jeremy, Writings on Australia, VI. A Plea for the Constitution, ed. T. Causer and P. Schofield, pre-publication version (The Bentham Project, 2018).
Bentham, Jeremy, Writings on Political Economy, Volume III : Preventive Police, ed. Michael Quinn, pre-publication version (The Bentham Project, 2018).
Bladen, F. M., Historical Records of New South Wales (Sydney : Government Printer, 1893-1901).
Collins, David, An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales, 2 vols. (London: T. Cadell Jr.
& W. Davies, 1798-1802).
Colquhoun, Patrick, A Treatise on the Police of the Metropolis (London : C. Dilly, 1796).
House of Commons, Report of the Select Committee … Relative to the Establishment of a New Police in the Metropolis, &c and the Convict Establishment (London : R. Shaw, 1799).
Howe, Robert, ed., New South Wales General Standing Orders (Sydney : Government Press, 1802).
Johnson, Samuel, A Dictionary of the English Language (London : J. Knapton [etc.], 1756).
Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser (Sydney : Robert and George Howe, 1803-1842).
Tench, Watkin, A Complete Account of the Settlement at Port Jackson (London : G. Nicol & J. Sewell, 1793).
Secondary sources
Australian Dictionary of Biography (National Centre of Biography: Australian National University, 1966-).
Allen, Matthew, ‘Alcohol and Authority in Early New South Wales : The Symbolic Significance of the Spirit Trade, 1788-1808,’ History Australia 9, no. 3 (August 2012) : 7–26.
Allen, Matthew, ‘Distilling Liberty: Reconsidering the Politics of Alcohol in Early New South
Wales,’ Australian Historical Studies 50, no. 3 (2019): 1–15.
Allen, Matthew, ‘Convict Police and the Enforcement of British Order : Policing the Rum Economy in Early New South Wales,’ Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, online prepublication (2020)
Atkinson, Alan, ‘Jeremy Bentham and the Rum Rebellion,’ Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society 64, no. 1 (1978): 1–13.
Atkinson, Alan, The Europeans in Australia: A History. Volume One: The Beginning (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997).
Beattie, J. M., Policing and Punishment in London 1660-1750 : Urban Crime and the Limits of Terror (Oxford New York : Oxford University Press, 2001).
Bedau, Hugh, ‘Bentham’s Theory of Punishment : Origin and Content,’ Journal of Bentham Studies 7 (2004).
Benton, Lauren and Lisa Ford, Rage for Order: The British Empire and the Origins of International
Law, 1800–1850 (Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press, 2016).
Bozzo-Rey, M., Brunon-Ernst, A., and Quinn, M., ‘Special Issue : Indirect Legislation : Jeremy Bentham’s Regulatory Revolution. Introduction,’ History Of European Ideas 43, no. 1 (2017) : 1–10.
Brunon-Ernst, Anne, ‘Introduction,’ in Beyond Foucault : New Perspectives on Bentham’s Panopticon, ed. Anne Brunon-Ernst (Routledge, 2016), pp. 1–13.
Brunon-Ernst, Anne, ‘Deconstructing Panopticism into the Plural Panopticons,’ in Beyond Foucault: New Perspectives on Bentham’s Panopticon, ed. Anne Brunon-Ernst (Routledge, 2016), pp. 17–41.
Causer, Tim, ‘”The evacuation of that scene of wickedness and wretchedness”: Jeremy Bentham and the panopticon prison versus New South Wales, 1802-3,’ Journal of Australian Colonial History 21 (2019): 1–25.
Dandeker, Christopher, Surveillance, Power and Modernity : Bureaucracy and Discipline from 1700 to the Present Day (Cambridge : Polity, 1990).
Dodsworth, F. M., ‘The Idea of Police in Eighteenth-Century England : Discipline, Reformation, Superintendence, c. 1780–1800,’ Journal of the History of Ideas 69, no. 4 (2008) : 583–604.
Eastwood, David, Government and Community in the English Provinces, 1700-1870 (Basingstoke : Macmillan, 1997).
Emsley, Clive, The English Police : A Political and Social History, 2nd ed. (London : Longman, 1996).
Engelmann, Stephen G., ‘”Indirect Legislation” : Bentham’s Liberal Government,’ Polity 35, no. 3 (2003) : 369–88.
Finnane, Mark, Punishment in Australian Society (Melbourne : Oxford University Press, 1997).
Foucault, Michel, Discipline and Punish : The Birth of the Prison (New York: Peregrine Books, 1979)
Giddens, Anthony, The Nation-State and Violence : Volume Two of A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism (London : Polity Press, 1985).
Hay, Douglas, ‘England, 1562-1875. The Law and Its Uses,’ in Masters, Servants, and Magistrates in
Britain and the Empire, 1562-1955, ed. Douglas Hay and Paul Craven (Chapel Hill : University of
North Carolina Press, 2014), pp. 59–116.
Higgs, Edward, The Information State in England : The Central Collection of Information on Citizens since 1500 (Basingstoke, Hampshire : Palgrave, 2003).
Hitchcock, Tim, ‘Vagrancy in Law and Practice under the Old Poor Law,’ Social History 38, no. 4 (2013) : 518–20.
Ignatieff, Michael, A Just Measure of Pain : The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution, 1750-1850 (London: Pantheon Books, 1978).
Innes, Joanna and Burns, Arthur, ‘Introduction,’ in Rethinking the Age of Reform : Britain 1780-1850, ed. Joanna Innes and Arthur Burns, (New York : Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 1–70.
Jackson, R. V., ‘Theory and Evidence: Bentham, Collins, and the New South Wales Penal Settlement,’ Australian Journal of Politics and History 39, no. 3 (1993): 318–329.
Karskens, Grace , ‘”This Spirit of Emigration” : The Nature and Meanings of Escape in Early New South Wales,’ Journal of Australian Colonial History 7 (2005) : 1–34.
Karskens, Grace, ‘Nefarious Geographies : Convicts and the Sydney Environment in the Early Colonial Period,’ Tasmanian Historical Studies 11 (2006) : 15-27.
Karskens, Grace, The Colony : A History of Early Sydney (Crows Nest, NSW : Allen & Unwin, 2009).
Karskens, Grace and Waterhouse, Richard, ‘”Too Sacred to Be Taken Away”: Property, Liberty, Tyranny and the “Rum Rebellion,”’ Journal of Australian Colonial History 12 (2010): 1–22.
Kass, Terry, Liston, Carol, and McClymont, John, Parramatta : A Past Revealed (Parramatta : Parramatta City Council, 1996).
Laval, Christian, ‘From Discipline and Punish to the Birth of Biopolitics,’ in Beyond Foucault : New Perspectives on Bentham’s Panopticon, ed. Anne Brunon-Ernst (Routledge, 2016), pp. 43–60.
Lyon, David, Surveillance Studies : An Overview (Cambridge : Polity, 2007).
McGowen, Randall, ‘The Problem of Punishment in Eighteenth-Century England,’ in Penal Practice and Culture, 1500-1900 : Punishing the English, ed. Paul Griffiths and Simon Devereaux (New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), pp. 210–31.
McMullan, John L., ‘The Arresting Eye : Discourse, Surveillance and Disciplinary Administration in Early English Police Thinking,’ Social & Legal Studies 7, no. 1 (March 1998) : 97–128.
Paley, Ruth and Reynolds, Elaine A., ‘Politicians, Parishes and Police : The Failure of the 1812 Night Watch Bill,’ Parliamentary History 28, no. 3 (2009) : 375–91.
Phillips, David, ‘”A New Engine of Power and Authority” : The Institutionalisation of Law-Enforcement in England, 1780-1830,’ in Crime and the Law : The Social History of Crime in Western Europe since 1500, ed. Geoffrey Parker, Bruce Lenman, and V. A. C. Gatrell (London : Europa Publications, 1980), pp. 155–89.
Proudfoot, Helen, ‘Fixing the Settlement upon a Savage Shore : Planning and Building,’ in A Difficult Infant : Sydney Before Macquarie, ed. Graeme Aplin (Sydney : NSW University Press, 1988), pp. 55–71.
Quinn, Michael, ‘Bentham on Preventive Police : The Calendar of Delinquency in Evaluation of Policy and the Police Gazette in Manipulation of Opinion,’ International Criminal Justice Review (In Press, 2019) : unpaginated.
Robbins, William M., ‘Management and Resistance in the Convict Work Gangs, 1788–1830,’ Journal of Industrial Relations 45, no. 3 (2003) : 360–77.
Rodman, Barbee-Sue, ‘Bentham and the Paradox of Penal Reform,’ Journal of the History of Ideas 29, no. 2 (1968): 197–210.
Rose, Nikolas, O’Malley, Pat and Valverde, Mariana, ‘Governmentality,’ Annual Review of Law and Social Science 2, no. 1 (2006): 83–104.
Schofield, Philip, Utility and Democracy: The Political Thought of Jeremy Bentham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009)
Semple, Janet, Bentham’s Prison: A Study of the Panopticon Penitentiary (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993).
Walker, R. B., The Newspaper Press in New South Wales, 1803-1920 (Sydney: Sydney University Press, 1976).
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Notes
Bentham, Jeremy, Panopticon ; or, The Inspection-House (Dublin : T. Payne, 1791), pp. 1-2. For more on the panopticon as a reformatory see below.
Bentham, J., Panopticon, p.iii.
Bentham, J., Panopticon, pp. 2-3.
Anne Brunon-Ernst identifies ‘four distinct Panopticons’ that Bentham discussed between 1786 and 1830 : ‘the “prison-Panopticon”, the “pauper-Panopticon”, the “chrestomathic-Panopticon” and the “constitutional-panopticon.”’ See : Brunon-Ernst, Anne, ‘Deconstructing Panopticism into the Plural Panopticons,’ in Beyond Foucault : New Perspectives on Bentham’s Panopticon, ed. Anne Brunon-Ernst (Routledge, 2016), pp. 17–41, p. 21. In this chapter I am only concerned with the first of these since it is the only one which aims at convict reform.
Semple, Janet, Bentham’s Prison : A Study of the Panopticon Penitentiary (Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1993).
These letters were written, printed and privately circulated in 1802 but only published in 1812 as : Bentham, Jeremy, Panopticon versus New South Wales (London : R. Baldwin, 1812). The Bentham Project at University College, London, has recently produced comprehensive editions, based on Bentham’s original manuscripts, which contain additional material that is significant for my argument. They also provide editorial introductions which explain the complex history of these writings, their circulation and publication. See : Bentham, Jeremy, Writings on Australia, III. Letter to Lord Pelham, ed. T. Causer and P. Schofield, pre-publication version, (The Bentham Project, 2018) ; Writings on Australia, IV. Second Letter to Lord Pelham, ed. T. Causer and P. Schofield, pre-publication version (The Bentham Project, 2018) ; Writings on Australia, V. Third Letter to Lord Pelham, ed. T. Causer and P. Schofield, pre-publication version (The Bentham Project, 2018) ; Writings on Australia, VI. A Plea for the Constitution, ed. T. Causer and P. Schofield, pre-publication version (The Bentham Project, 2018).
Atkinson, Alan, ‘Jeremy Bentham and the Rum Rebellion,’ Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society 64, no. 1 (1978) : 1–13. For more on Bentham’s significance to the rebellion see : Atkinson, Alan, The Europeans in Australia : A History. Volume One : The Beginning (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1997), ch. 13 ; Karskens, Grace and Waterhouse, Richard, ‘”Too Sacred to Be Taken Away” : Property, Liberty, Tyranny and the “Rum Rebellion,”’ Journal of Australian Colonial History 12 (2010) : 1–22 ; Benton, Lauren and Lisa Ford, Rage for Order : The British Empire and the Origins of International Law, 1800–1850 (Cambridge, MA. : Harvard University Press, 2016), pp. 31–43 ; Allen, Matthew , ‘Distilling Liberty : Reconsidering the Politics of Alcohol in Early New South Wales,’ Australian Historical Studies 50, no. 3 (2019) : 1–15.
Schofield, Philip, Utility and Democracy : The Political Thought of Jeremy Bentham (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 344-6.
Bentham, J., [First] Letter to Pelham, p. 5. For more on the context of the letter see : Semple, J., Bentham’s Prison, pp. 230-41 ; Causer, Tim, ‘”The evacuation of that scene of wickedness and wretchedness” : Jeremy Bentham and the panopticon prison versus New South Wales, 1802-3,’ Journal of Australian Colonial History 21 (2019) : 1–25.
Bentham, J., [First] Letter to Pelham, pp. 7-8.
Bentham, J., [First] Letter to Pelham, pp. 10-11.
Bentham, J., [First] Letter to Pelham, pp. 9-11.
Collins, David, An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales, 2 vols. (London : T. Cadell Jr. & W. Davies, 1798-1802). For more on Bentham’s reliance on Collins, see : Jackson, R. V., ‘Theory and Evidence : Bentham, Collins, and the New South Wales Penal Settlement,’ Australian Journal of Politics and History 39, no. 3 (1993) : 318–329. For Collins’ own history see : ‘Collins, David (1756–1810),’ in Australian Dictionary of Biography (National Centre of Biography : Australian National University, 1966).
Bentham, J., [First] Letter to Pelham, pp. 19-20.
For his evidence, drawn from Collins, see : [First] Letter to Pelham, pp. 20-24 ; Second Letter to Pelham, pp. 8-16, pp. 21-39, pp. 62-73. Re colonial drunkenness and its significance for Bentham’s critique see : Allen, Matthew, ‘Alcohol and Authority in Early New South Wales : The Symbolic Significance of the Spirit Trade, 1788-1808,’ History Australia 9, no. 3 (August 2012) : 7–26.
For historical surveys of theories and practices of punishment in the period see : Ignatieff, Michael, A Just Measure of Pain : The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution, 1750-1850 (London : Pantheon Books, 1978) ; Randall McGowen, ‘The Problem of Punishment in Eighteenth-Century England,’ in Penal Practice and Culture, 1500-1900 : Punishing the English, ed. Paul Griffiths and Simon Devereaux (New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), pp. 210–31. For Bentham’s position in these debates see : Rodman, Barbee-Sue, ‘Bentham and the Paradox of Penal Reform,’ Journal of the History of Ideas 29, no. 2 (1968) : 197–210 ; Bedau, Hugh, ‘Bentham’s Theory of Punishment : Origin and Content,’ Journal of Bentham Studies 7 (2004).
Bentham, J., Third Letter to Pelham, pp. 5-8.
Semple, J., Bentham’s Prison, 220 ; Causer, ‘Panopticon Prison.’
Lyon, David, Surveillance Studies : An Overview (Cambridge : Polity, 2007), pp. 48-50.
Dandeker, Christopher, Surveillance, Power and Modernity : Bureaucracy and Discipline from 1700 to the Present Day (Cambridge : Polity, 1990), p. 37.
Giddens, Anthony, The Nation-State and Violence : Volume Two of A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism (London : Polity Press, 1985), pp. 178-80 ; Higgs, Edward, The Information State in England : The Central Collection of Information on Citizens since 1500 (Basingstoke, Hampshire : Palgrave, 2003). Higgs criticises Giddens for his schematic view of Western modernity as sharply distinguished from its past, notably in relation to the capacity for information-gathering, arguing that the English information state developed steadily over a much longer period, but largely at a local level until the late nineteenth-century, a view I endorse (ch. 2).
Brunon-Ernst, Anne, ‘Introduction,’ in Beyond Foucault : New Perspectives on Bentham’s Panopticon, ed. Anne Brunon-Ernst (Routledge, 2016), pp. 1–13 ;
The scholarly debate is best summarised in : Semple, J., Bentham’s Prison, pp. 2-13.
Bentham, J., Panopticon, pp. 29-30.
Bentham, J., [First] Letter to Pelham, p. 43. But on unconstitutionality see especially : Bentham, J., Plea for the Constitution.
This useful distinction between Bentham’s panopticon and Foucault’s panopticism is adopted from Brunon-Ernst, A., ‘Deconstructing Panopticism,’ pp. 19-20.
Foucault, Michel, Discipline and Punish : The Birth of the Prison (New York, 1979), pp. 200-9. Quotation on p. 204.
Laval, Christian, ‘From Discipline and Punish to the Birth of Biopolitics,’ in Beyond Foucault : New Perspectives on Bentham’s Panopticon, ed. Anne Brunon-Ernst (Routledge, 2016), pp. 43–60. On governmentality see : Rose, Nikolas, O’Malley, Pat and Valverde, Mariana, ‘Governmentality,’ Annual Review of Law and Social Science 2, no. 1 (2006) : 83–104. Quotation from Foucault, on p. 43.
On convict punishment see : Finnane, Mark, ‘Punishing the Body. Corporal Punishment and Changing Sensibilities. Execution,’ in Punishment in Australian Society (Melbourne : Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 108–39.
Higgs, Information State, ch. 3, quotation on p. 36. For a summary of efforts at centralised reform and resistance to them see : Innes, Joanna and Burns, Arthur, ‘Introduction,’ in Rethinking the Age of Reform : Britain 1780-1850, ed. Joanna Innes and Arthur Burns, (New York : Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 1–70.
Quotation from : Samuel Johnson, A Dictionary of the English Language (London : J. Knapton [etc.], 1756), vol. 2, [unpaginated]. On the effectiveness of local government surveillance see : Higgs, E., Information State, pp. 40-4 ; Eastwood, David, Government and Community in the English Provinces, 1700-1870 (Basingstoke : Macmillan, 1997).
Dodsworth, F. M., ‘The Idea of Police in Eighteenth-Century England : Discipline, Reformation, Superintendence, c. 1780–1800,’ Journal of the History of Ideas 69, no. 4 (2008) : 583–604 ; McMullan, John L., ‘The Arresting Eye : Discourse, Surveillance and Disciplinary Administration in Early English Police Thinking,’ Social & Legal Studies 7, no. 1 (March 1998) : 97–128.
There is a vast literature on the modernisation of British police but see for example : Beattie, J. M., Policing and Punishment in London 1660-1750 : Urban Crime and the Limits of Terror (Oxford New York : Oxford University Press, 2001) ; Emsley, Clive, The English Police : A Political and Social History, 2nd ed. (London : Longman, 1996) ; Dodsworth, F.M., ‘Idea of Police.’
On vagrancy and the control of the poor see : Hitchcock, Tim, ‘Vagrancy in Law and Practice under the Old Poor Law,’ Social History 38, no. 4 (2013) : 518–20. On Masters and Servants law see : Hay, Douglas, ‘England, 1562-1875. The Law and Its Uses,’ in Masters, Servants, and Magistrates in Britain and the Empire, 1562-1955, ed. Douglas Hay and Paul Craven (Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press, 2014), pp. 59–116.
Semple, J., Bentham’s Prison, ch. 2.
Bentham, Jeremy, Rationale of Punishment, trans. Richard Smith, (London : Robert Heward, 1830), I, pp. 19-22. This work, originally published in French by Etienne Dumont (in 1811) and then retranslated into English (in 1830) was largely based on Bentham’s manuscripts from the 1770s and 1780s, but included some later materials to fill out gaps. I will only cite the sections drawn from these early manuscripts and not the discussion of transportation or the panopticon, which Dumont largely drew from the Panopticon and the ‘Letters to Lord Pelham’, discussed elsewhere. For more detail on this publication history see : Semple, J., Bentham’s Prison, ch. 2. For a briefer statement of these ideas, published at the time see : Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (London : T. Payne, 1789), p. 198.
Bentham, J., Punishment, p. 48.
Bentham, J., Punishment, pp. 163-4.
Bentham, J., Punishment, pp. 114-7.
Bentham, J., Punishment, pp. 122-8.
Bentham, J., Panopticon, p. 3, pp. 21-2, pp. 25-30.
Bentham, J., Panopticon, pp. 48-9, pp. 67-8. On the importance of industriousness to reformation see : Semple, J., Bentham’s Prison, pp. 153-6.
Bentham, J., Panopticon, pp. 35-6.
Bentham, J., Panopticon, pp. 141-61. Quotations on p. 141, p. 142, p. 151.
Bentham, J., Panopticon, p. 424. These comments probably originated in an unpublished manuscript of 1791 : Bentham, Jeremy, Writings on Australia, I. New Wales, ed. T. Causer and P. Schofield, pre-publication version, The Bentham Project, 2018 ; Causer, T., ‘Panoptical Prison’.
Bentham, J., Panopticon, pp. 526-33. Quotation on p. 526.
Bentham, J., Panopticon, pp. 534-9. On Betham’s understanding of the balance between liberty and security see : Stephen G. Engelmann, ‘”Indirect Legislation” : Bentham’s Liberal Government,’ Polity 35, no. 3 (2003) : 369–88. Bentham was wrong about support for emancipists in early NSW. They often received land grants and sometimes even convict servants.
For the details of Bentham’s campaign for a government contract to build a panopticon see : Semple, J., chs. 6-11.
Semple, J., Bentham’s Prison, pp. 177-87. On tattooing cf Bentham’s earlier proposal for identifying tattoos in the unpublished manuscript ‘Indirect Legislation’ (1782) on which see : Bozzo-Rey, M., Brunon-Ernst, A., and Quinn, M., ‘Special Issue : Indirect Legislation : Jeremy Bentham’s Regulatory Revolution. Introduction,’ History Of European Ideas 43, no. 1 (2017) : 1–10.
On the broader meaning of the term ‘police’ at this time see : Dodsworth, F. M., ‘The Idea of Police in Eighteenth-Century England : Discipline, Reformation, Superintendence, c. 1780–1800,’ Journal of the History of Ideas 69, no. 4 (2008) : 583–604.
For more on Colquhoun’s proposals for police see : Colquhoun, Patrick, A Treatise on the Police of the Metropolis (London : C. Dilly, 1796) ; Dodsworth, F. M., ‘The Idea of Police in Eighteenth-Century England : Discipline, Reformation, Superintendence, c. 1780–1800,’ Journal of the History of Ideas 69, no. 4 (2008) : 583–604.
House of Commons, Report of the Select Committee … Relative to the Establishment of a New Police in the Metropolis, &c and the Convict Establishment (London : R. Shaw, 1799), pp. 82-3.
Report, p. 68.
Report, p. 78.
Report, pp. 23-4.
Bentham, Jeremy, Writings on Political Economy, Volume III : Preventive Police, ed. Michael Quinn, pre-publication version (The Bentham Project, 2018). Michael Quinn has explained the significance of this work, and argued, convincingly, that the key ideas originated with Bentham and not Colquhoun : Quinn, Michael, ‘Bentham on Preventive Police : The Calendar of Delinquency in Evaluation of Policy and the Police Gazette in Manipulation of Opinion,’ International Criminal Justice Review (In Press, 2019) : unpaginated.
Bentham, J., Police, pp. 89-90.
Bentham, J., Police, p. 133.
Bentham, J., Police, p. 136. Quinn discusses the originality of these proposals noting precedents for each, but stressing Bentham’s innovations. Quinn, M., ‘Preventative Police’.
Bentham, J., Police, pp. 194-6.
Bentham, J., Police, pp. 321-30. Bentham’s authoritarian argument here was that propaganda was more effective than direct repression in preserving national security.
Bentham, J., Police, pp. 334-5.
As Quinn points out, they also clash with his later commitment to transparency and a free press, hypocrisy he explains in relation to Bentham’s fears of French and English Jacobins during the 1790s. Quinn, M., ‘Preventative Police’.
Colquhoun, P., Police. For more on the legislative impasse around police reform see : Phillips, David, ‘”A New Engine of Power and Authority” : The Institutionalisation of Law-Enforcement in England, 1780-1830,’ in Crime and the Law : The Social History of Crime in Western Europe since 1500, ed. Geoffrey Parker, Bruce Lenman, and V. A. C. Gatrell (London : Europa Publications, 1980), pp. 155–89 ; Paley, Ruth and Reynolds, Elaine A., ‘Politicians, Parishes and Police : The Failure of the 1812 Night Watch Bill,’ Parliamentary History 28, no. 3 (2009) : 375–91 ; Eastwood, D., Government and Community, 139-47.
Bentham, J., Panopticon, 2-3.
Collins, D., Account, vol. 1, 501-2.
‘Phillip’s Instructions,’ 25 Apr. 1787, Historical Records of New South Wales (Hereafter HRNSW), edited by F. M. Bladen (Sydney : Government Printer, 1893-1901) vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 87.
‘Phillip’s Commission,’ HRNSW (Sydney : Government Printer, 1893-1901), vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 63.
‘Phillip to Lord Sydney,’ 15 May 1788, HRNSW, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 123
‘Phillip to Lord Sydney,’ 16 May 1788, HRNSW, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 138.
For more on early policing in NSW see my : ‘Convict Police and the Enforcement of British Order : Policing the Rum Economy in Early New South Wales,’ Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, online prepublication (2020). Similar expedients (employing trusted convicts as managers) seem to have been used in supervising convict workers on which see : William M. Robbins, ‘Management and Resistance in the Convict Work Gangs, 1788–1830,’ Journal of Industrial Relations 45, no. 3 (2003) : 360–77.
‘Regulations,’ 9 Nov. 1789, HRNSW, vol. 1, pt. 2, pp. 292-3.
‘General Order,’ 9 Nov. 1796, HRNSW, vol. 3, pp. 165-6.
‘General Order,’ 2 Nov. 1795, HRNSW, vol. 2, p. 322 ; ‘General Order,’ 30 Nov. 1796 ; ‘General Order,’ 20 Mar. 1797, HRNSW, vol. 3, pp. 182-3, pp. 198-9 ; Collins, D., Account, vol. 1, p. 229, p. 487 ; vol. 2, p. 26.
‘Hunter to Portland,’ 12 Nov. 1796, HRNSW, vol. 3, pp. 174-6 ; Collins, D., Account, vol. 1, p. 450.
‘General Order,’ 27 Aug 1798, HRNSW, vol. 3, pp. 472-3 ; ‘Hunter to Portland’, 1 Nov 1798, HRNSW, vol. 3, p. 505. For more on compulsory attendance at church see : Atkinson, A., The Europeans in Australia : A History. Volume One : The Beginning (Melbourne : Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 179-80.
‘Hunter to Portland,’ 10 June 1797, HRNSW, vol. 3, pp. 216-7 ; Atkinson, A., Europeans, p. 264-5, p. 307.
Howe, Robert, ed., New South Wales General Standing Orders (Sydney : Government Press, 1802) ; Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser (Sydney : George Howe, 1803-1842) ; Byrnes, J. V., ‘Howe, George (1769–1821)’, in Australian Dictionary of Biography ; Walker, R. B., The Newspaper Press in New South Wales, 1803-1920 (Sydney : Sydney University Press, 1976), pp. 1-5.
‘General Order,’ 20 Mar 1797, HRNSW, vol. 3, pp. 198-9. On the failure to control movement see : Karskens, Grace , ‘”This Spirit of Emigration” : The Nature and Meanings of Escape in Early New South Wales,’ Journal of Australian Colonial History 7 (2005) : 1–34.
‘Portland to Hunter,’ 18 Sep. 1798, HRNSW, vol. 3, pp. 489-90.
For more on the political symbolism of cleared land in NSW see : Karskens, Grace, ‘Nefarious Geographies : Convicts and the Sydney Environment in the Early Colonial Period,’ Tasmanian Historical Studies 11 (2006) : 15-27.
Karskens, Grace, The Colony : A History of Early Sydney (Crows Nest, NSW : Allen & Unwin, 2009), pp. 72-4. For more on Phillip’s town planning see : Proudfoot, Helen, ‘Fixing the Settlement upon a Savage Shore : Planning and Building,’ in A Difficult Infant : Sydney Before Macquarie, ed. Graeme Aplin (Sydney : NSW University Press, 1988), pp. 55–71.
Karskens, G., The Colony, pp79-82 ; ‘Phillip to Grenville,’ 17 Jul. 1790, HRNSW, vol. 1, pt. 2, pp. 362-3 ; Tench, Watkin, A Complete Account of the Settlement at Port Jackson (London : G. Nicol & J. Sewell, 1793), pp. 78-9 ; Kass, Terry, Liston, Carol, and McClymont, John, Parramatta : A Past Revealed (Parramatta : Parramatta City Council, 1996), ch. 2.
Bentham, J., 2nd Letter to Pelham, pp. 26-7, p. 41, p. 50, pp. 60-1.
Bentham, J., 2nd Letter to Pelham, pp. 24-5.
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