Bibliography
Archives
Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, Belfast trades council balance sheets, 1899-1928, D/1050/6/F1.
Ulster University, Magee College, library, ITUC, Annual Reports, 1894-1921; Belfast trades council minutes, 1908, 1911, 1913-14; Dublin trades council minutes, 1912, 1914.
Newspapers
Belfast News-Letter, 1893.
Irish News, 1912.
Secondary sources
Black, Boyd, ‘Reassessing Irish industrial relations and labour history: the north-east of Ireland up to 1921’, Historical Studies in Industrial Relations, 14 (autumn 2002), pp. 45-98.
Boyle, John W., The Irish Labor Movement in the Nineteenth Century (Washington DC, Catholic University of America Press, 1988).
Clarkson, L.A., ‘Population change and urbanization, 1821-1911’, in Liam Kennedy and Ollerenshaw (eds), An Economic History of Ulster, 1820-1939 (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1985), pp. 137-157.
Collins, Peter Gerard, ‘Belfast trades council, 1881-1921’ (D.Phil, University of Ulster, 1988).
Cullen, L.M., An Economic History of Ireland Since 1660 (London, Batsford, 1987).
Farrell, Michael, Northern Ireland: The Orange State (London, Pluto Press, 1976).
Hepburn, Anthony C., ‘Work, class, and religion in Belfast, 1871-1911’, Irish Economic and Social History, X (1983), pp. 33-50.
Hirst, Catherine, ‘Politics, sectarianism, and the working class in nineteenth century Belfast’, in Fintan Lane and Dónal Ó Drisceoil, Politics and the Irish Working Class, 1830-1945 (London, Palgrave, 2005), pp. 62-86.
Keogh, Dermot, ‘Foundation and early years of the Irish TUC, 1894-1912’, in Donal Nevin (ed.), Trade Union Century (Cork, Mercier Press, 1994), pp. 19-32.
McCarthy, Charles, Trade Unions in Ireland, 1894-1960 (Dublin, IPA, 1977).
Mitchell, Arthur, Labour in Irish Politics, 1890-1930: The Irish Labour Movement in an Age of Revolution (Dublin, Irish University Press, 1974).
Morgan, Austen, Labour and Partition: the Belfast Working Class, 1905-23 (London, Pluto Press, 1991).
Munck, Ronnie, ‘The formation of the working class in Belfast, 1788-1881, Saothar, 11 (1986), pp. 75-89.
Nevin, Donal (ed.), Trade Union Century (Cork, Mercier Press, 1994).
O’Connor, Emmet and Trevor Parkhill (eds), Loyalism and Labour in Belfast: The Autobiography of Robert McElborough, 1884-1945 (Cork, Cork University Press, 2002).
O’Connor, Emmet, ‘Problems of reform in the Irish Trades Union Congress, 1894-1914’, Historical Studies in Industrial Relations, no.23/24, (spring/autumn 2007), pp. 37-59.
O’Connor, Emmet, Big Jim Larkin: Hero or Wrecker? (Dublin, UCD Press, 2015).
Patterson, Henry, Class Conflict and Sectarianism: The Protestant Working Class and the Belfast Labour Movement, 1868-1920 (Belfast, Blackstaff Press, 1980).
Patterson, Henry, ‘Industrial labour and the labour movement, 1820-1914’, in Liam Kennedy & Philip Ollerenshaw (eds), An Economic History of Ulster, 1820-1939, (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1985), pp. 158-183.
Purdie, Bob ‘Riotous customs: the breaking up of socialist meetings in Belfast, 1893-1896’, Saothar 20 (1995), pp. 32-40.
Thorne, Will, My Life’s Battles (London, George Newnes, 1927).
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Notes
Labour refers to trade union organizations and socialist parties, and labour to all waged labour. Similarly, to distinguish them from trade unionists, supporters of the Union with Britain will be referred to as Unionists, whether members of the Unionist party or not.
See L.A. Clarkson, “Population change and urbanization, 1821-1911”, in Liam Kennedy and Ollerenshaw (eds), An Economic History of Ulster, 1820-1939 (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1985), pp. 137-54; Michael Farrell, Northern Ireland: The Orange State (London, Pluto Press, 1976), p. 18; L.M. Cullen, An Economic History of Ireland Since 1660 (London, Batsford, 1987), pp. 16-62.
Ulster University, Magee College, library (UUMC), ITUC, Annual Report (1894), pp. 3-5, Annual Report (1895), p. 12.
UUMC, ITUC, Annual Report (1900), p.14.
The two histories of the ITUC, Charles McCarthy, Trade Unions in Ireland, 1894-1960 (Dublin, IPA, 1977) and Donal Nevin (ed), Trade Union Century (Cork, Mercier Press, 1994), say little on Home Rule. Austen Morgan, Labour and Partition: the Belfast Working Class, 1905-23 (London, Pluto Press, 1991); Henry Patterson, Class Conflict and Sectarianism: The Protestant Working Class and the Belfast Labour Movement, 1868-1920 (Belfast, Blackstaff Press, 1980); Boyd Black, “Reassessing Irish industrial relations and labour history: the north-east of Ireland up to 1921”, Historical Studies in Industrial Relations, 14 (autumn, 2002), pp. 45-85; and Peter Gerard Collins, “Belfast trades council, 1881-1921” (D.Phil, University of Ulster, 1988) are all highly critical of Connolly and nationalism.
Patterson, Class Conflict and Sectarianism, p. 40.
Catherine Hirst, “Politics, sectarianism, and the working class in nineteenth century Belfast”, in Fintan Lane and Dónal Ó Drisceoil, Politics and The Irish Working Class, 1830-1945 (London, Palgrave, 2005), pp. 62-86; A.C. Hepburn, “Work, class, and religion in Belfast, 1871-1911”, Irish Economic and Social History, X (1983), p. 50.
Patterson, Class Conflict and Sectarianism, pp. 88-9; Henry Patterson, ‘Industrial labour and the labour movement, 1820-1914’, in Liam Kennedy & Philip Ollerenshaw (eds), An Economic History of Ulster, 1820-1939, (Manchester, 1985), p. 178; and Ronnie Munck, “The formation of the working class in Belfast, 1788-1881”, Saothar, 11 (1986), p. 84.
For the composition of the city’s workforce see Black, “Reassessing Irish industrial relations and labour history: the northeast of Ireland up to 1921”, pp. 45-97.
Collins, “Belfast trades council, 1881-1921” p. 42; John W. Boyle, The Irish Labor Movement in the Nineteenth Century (Washington DC, Catholic University of America Press, 1988), p. 157.
Will Thorne, My Life’s Battles (London, George Newnes, 1927), pp. 158-159; Belfast News-Letter, 11 September 1893, and Bob Purdie, “Riotous customs: the breaking up of socialist meetings in Belfast, 1893-1896”, Saothar, 20, pp. 32-40; Emmet O’Connor and Trevor Parkhill (eds), Loyalism and Labour in Belfast: The Autobiography of Robert McElborough, 1884-1945 (Cork, Cork University Press, 2002), pp. 9, 36, 42.
Boyle, The Irish Labor Movement in the Nineteenth Century, p. 168. A trades council is an organisation gathering local trade unions; the number of affiliations asseses the number of unions which had joined the council.
Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, Belfast trades council balance sheets, 1899-1928, D/1050/6/F1.
Arthur Mitchell, Labour in Irish Politics, 1890-1930: The Irish Labour Movement in an Age of Revolution (Dublin, Irish University Press, 1974), p. 17. See also Dermot Keogh, “Foundation and early years of the Irish TUC, 1894-1912”, in Donal Nevin (ed.), Trade Union Century (Cork, Mercier Press, 1994), pp. 19-32, for a defence of the ITUC against criticisms of the present author.
Boyle, The Irish Labor Movement in the Nineteenth Century, pp. 125-6. On the anglicization of Labour see Emmet O’Connor, “Problems of reform in the Irish Trades Union Congress, 1894-1914” Historical Studies in Industrial Relations, no.23/24, spring/autumn (2007), pp. 37-59.
UUMC, ITUC, Annual Report (1900), p. 6.
UUMC, ITUC, Annual Report (1903), p. 54.
UUMC, ITUC, Annual Report (1902), pp. 24-5; Annual Report (1903), p. 31; Annual Report (1911), p. 18.
Based on ITUC Annual Reports (1894-1921).
Emmet O’Connor, Big Jim Larkin: Hero or Wrecker? (Dublin, UCD Press, 2015), p. 45.
UUMC, ITUC, Annual Report (1910), pp. 48-9.
UUMC, ITUC, Annual Report (1911), pp. 39-42.
UUMC, ITUC, Annual Report (1912), pp. 61, 77-9.
UUMC, Dublin trades council minutes, 22 April, 17 June 1912.
UUMC, ITUC, Annual Report (1912), pp. 12-19.
UUMC, ITUC, Annual Report (1914), pp. 27-30.
UUMC, ITUC, Annual Report (1912), pp. 51-3.
UUMC, Dublin trades council minutes, 20 April 1914; ITUC, Annual Report (1913), pp. 64-9; Annual Report (1914), pp. 63-4.
UUMC, ITUC, Annual Report (1913), pp. 3-12.
Ibid., pp. 22-3.
UUMC, ITUC, Annual Report (1914), pp. 1-4.
UUMC, Belfast trades council minutes, 7 December 1911.
UUMC, ITUC, Annual Report (1914), pp. 5-6.
O’Connor, Big Jim Larkin, pp. 135-8.
UUMC, ITUC and Labour Party, Annual Report (1916), p.13.
UUMC, Belfast trades council minutes, 2 April 1914.
UUMC, ITUC, Annual Report (1914), p. 18.
UUMC, Belfast trades council minutes, 18 April, 7 May 1908.
UUMC, Belfast trades council minutes, 7 March 1912; Irish News, 8 March 1912.
Morgan, Labour and Partition, pp. 127-39 provides the most detailed account of the expulsions.
UUMC, ITUC, Annual Report (1912), pp. 12-19.
UUMC, Belfast trades council minutes, 14 March & 3 April 1913.
Morgan, Labour and Partition, p. 164.
UUMC, Belfast trades council minutes, 2 April 1914; Collins, “Belfast trades council, 1881-1921”, p. 194.
UUMC, Annual Report (1914), p. 72.
UUMC, ITUC, Annual Report (1914), pp. 70-3, 108-10.
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