1The presence of Greek people in Asia became massive after Alexander’s conquest of the Achaemenid empire, since he founded a network of settlements in which veterans and mercenaries of his army were installed. At his death, even the Seleucids, the dynasts who succeeded him in the government of Asia, followed Alexander’s policy and attracted many Greeks and Macedonians to the eastern satrapies. Historical sources attest that some Greeks, deported or settled down in the major Achaemenid centres, lived in Iran and Central Asia prior to the Hellenistic era however. This article deals with the communities of Greek peoples that inhabited Iran and Central Asia and their civic organization, apparently following Mediterranean standards and traditional cultural and linguistic environments. According to the Author, contacts between these communities and the Mediterranean world remained persistent, for the latter remained an ideal and mentally reconstructed world for many individuals, namely that of their ancestors. However, these communities also adapted themselves to local environments, and lived in symbiosis with native populations. This phenomenon can be seen clearly in Central Asia where new Greco-Bactrian society and culture developed: at Aï Khanoum, for instance, treasury officials bearing Iranian names played a significant role in this important city institution, and, though not in top-level positions of the administrative hierarchy, they had significant responsibilities in the administration procedures. This paper deals with a very difficult subject, that of the Greek communities established in the Superior Satrapies, being dependent on documentation and historiography that encourage us to consider them from a Greek point of view particularly. However, the Author highlights realities that were much more complex.