Notes
« I spent countless hours in the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in Harlem reading and looking at images from old newspapers, magazines, and books. I went to the National Archives in Washington , D.C., as well as to the Library of Congress and the Smithsonian institution. UCLA also has a wonderful research library that provided much needed information. And finally I went to the Penn Center on St Helena Island. » Dash, Julie, Daughters of the Dust, The Making of an African American Woman’s Film, New York City, The New Press, 1992,p. 5.
. « By 1985, most of my research was completed, and I began to write the script for Daughters of the Dust It would go through five complete rewrites and two polishes. In fact, I even rewrote some of it while shooting. » Ibid., p. 6.
Anne Crémieux explique que « les différents personnages du film représentent des divinités yoruba. Nana représente Obatala, déesse du vent et créatrice de l’humanité, et ses petites-filles sont les filles de Oshun et de Shango qui quittent leurs parents. Plusieurs scènes lyriques montrent le contrôle que Nana semble avoir sur les éléments. Eula représente Oya Yansa, l’esprit du changement, également femme de Shango. […] Son mari forgeron, Eli, représente Ogun, dieu des minéraux et des métaux, ainsi que Shango, dieu de la guerre. L’enfant à naître incarne Eshu, esprit de la dualité de l’existence […] Yellow Mary, dont le nom est proche de Yemonja, est la déesse de la mer, des rêves et des secrets. » Voir Crémieux, Anne, « Daughters of the Dust, Le Cinéma dépoussiéré à la croisée des genres et des continents », dans Cercles 15, 2006, p. 18. Article consultable à l’adresse suivante : http://www.cercles.com/n15/cremieux.pdf
Murray, James P., To Find an Image: Black Films from Uncle Tom to Superfly, New York, The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1973, p. xiv. L’auteur explique : « The three goals of black cinema are correction of white distortions, reflection of a black reality, and the creation of a positive black image ».
Julie Dash participe à la réflexion et à l’expérimentation menées par un groupe d’étudiants noirs en marge de la formation cinématographique proposée par UCLA au début des années soixante-dix Toni Cade Bambara explique : « By 1971, a decentering of Hollywood had already taken place there, courtesy of a group of Black student who recognized cinema as a site of struggle. A declaration of independence had been written in the overturning of the film school curriculum and in the formation of student-off-campus study groups ». Bambara, Toni Cade, « Reading the Signs, Empowering the Eye : Daughters of the Dust and the Black Independent Cinema Movement » in Ed. Diawara, Manthia, Black American Cinema, New York, Routledge, 1993, p. 119.
Régis Dubois souligne le poids idéologique de Naissance d’une nation dans l’histoire du cinéma américain « tant ce film s’avère décisif et incontournable dans l’élaboration de l’image sexuée du Noir au cinéma ». Il explique que le film va avoir des conséquences « durant les décennies à venir, la sexualité des Noirs disparaîtra totalement des écrans, ceci afin d’éviter toute nouvelle polémique mais aussi et surtout parce qu’il s’agissait là d’un sujet véritablement tabou. » Dubois, Régis, Hollywood, cinéma et idéologie, Paris, Editions Sulliver, 2008, pp. 77-79. L’auteur continue son étude en évoquant l’image asexuée de Sydney Poitier et le sexe comme arme politique dans les films de blaxploitation dans les années soixante-dix. Sur l’évolution de l’image des Noirs au cinéma, voir également Guerrero, Ed, Framing Blackness, The African American Image in Film, Philadelphia, Temple University Press, 1993, pp. 15-17.
Zora Neale Hurston, Margaret Walker, Toni Morrison, Alice Walker, Audrey Lorde font partie de ces références. Gladstone L. Yearwood explique les liens thématiques, esthétiques et narratifs qui se tissent entre le film et ces écrivains dans Yearwood, Gladstone L., Black Film as a Signifying Practice, Trenton, Etats-Unis, Africa World Press, 2000, pp. 218-219.
A l’instar de The Birth of a Nation, le film historique américain « met plus volontiers en scène la guerre de Sécession » sous la forme d’une épopée nationale. La figure de Lincoln est érigée en « martyre » tandis que la description du système esclavagiste est reléguée à l’arrière-plan. Voir Bourget, Jean-Loup, L’Histoire au cinéma, le passé retrouvé, Paris, Gallimard, 1992, pp. 35-39.
Anderson, Lisa M., Mammies No More, The Changing Image of Black Women on Stage and Screen, Maryland, Etats-Unis, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1997.
Ibid., pp. 4-5.
« Hollywood studios were generally impressed with the look of the film, but somehow they couldn’t grasp the concept. They could not process the fact that a black woman filmmaker wanted to make a film about African American women at the turn of the century – particularly a film with a strong family, with characters who weren’t living in the ghetto, killing each other and burning things down. And there weren’t going to be any explicit sex scenes, either. They thought the film would be unmarketable. » Ibid., p. 8.
Les films de ghetto ont la faveur des producteurs et connaissent un succès populaire.
« Ce film indépendant de Julie Dash n’a reçu aucun soutien de Hollywood, malgré les efforts de la réalisatrice au cours des dix ans de production du film. Ni les studios Columbia, qui avaient contacté Julie Dash suite au succès critique de son moyen-métrage Illusions (1982), ni la Warner, avec qui elle était en négociation, n’ont jugé Daughters of the Dust susceptible d’être rentabilisé. » Crémieux, Anne, op. cit., p. 15.
« I always knew I wanted to make films about African American women. To tell stories that had not been told. To show images of our lives that had not been seen. [….] The stories from my own family sparked the idea of Daughters and formed the basis for some characters. But when I probed my relatives for information about the family history in South Carolina, or about migration north to New York, they were often reluctant to discuss it. » Dash, Julie, op. cit., pp. 4-5.
« The environment of the islands (the dark earth and the ocean) functions as a physical memory of the African American experience and the family’s stories preserve the complementary fabric of their cultural memory. The narrative emphasizes motifs such as dust, hands, water, the womb, food and African iconography in carvings, hairstyles and so on. » Yearwood, Gladstone L., op. cit., p. 220.
Toni Cade Bambara explique : « The land is both bloody and blessed. A port of entry for the European slaving ships, the Carolina Sea Islands (Port Royal Country) were where captured Africans were “seasoned” for servitude. Even after the trade was outlawed, traffickers used the dense and marshy area to hide forbidden cargo. But the difficult terrain was also a haven for both self-emancipated Africans and indigenous peoples. Dash’s Peazant family is imperilled by rape and lynch-mob murder (whites are ob-skene in DD), but during their reunion picnic they commandeer the space to create a danger-free zone ». Bambara, Toni Cade, op. cit., p. 121.
Dash, Julie, op. cit., pp. 141-142.
« Some say the Ibo flew back home to Africa. Some say they all joined hands and walked on top of the water. But, Mister, I was there. Those Ibo, men, women and children, a hundred or more, shackled in iron… when they went down in that water, they never came up. Ain’t nobody can walk on water. »
Julie Dash manifeste ce syncrétisme culturel en faisant se mêler les langues des personnages d’origine différente : le français côtoie l’arabe et le gullah se mêle à l’anglais.
Barlet, Olivier, Filles de poussière, Revue Africultures du 01/06/1998. Article consultable à l’adresse suivante : http://www.africultures.com/index.asp?menu=revue_affiche_article&no=401
« I am the first and the last / I am the honored and the scorned one / I am the whore and the holy one / I am the wife and the virgin / I am the barren one and many are my daughters / I am the silence that you cannot understand / I am the utterance of my name. » Traduction d’Anne Crémieux, op. cit., p. 17.
Lisa M. Anderson commente : « The sexual black woman is deemed dangerous because she appears capable of undermining the patriarchal notions of family on which the country was based. Her self-sufficiency makes it seem that her only need for men must be sexual. She is also envisioned as a destroyer of black men and manhood, which she accomplishes by pulling black men down from their ‘proper role’ as patriarch within the family ». Anderson, Lisa M., op. cit., p. 88. Voir également l’article de Bessière, Cécile, « Race/classe/genre. Parcours dans l’historiographie américaine des femmes du Sud autour de la guerre de Sécession » dans la revue Clio, Histoire, femmes et sociétés, n° 17, 2003, « ProstituéEs », Presses Universitaires du Mirail.
« The raping of colored women is as common as the fish in the sea. »
Grayson, Sandra M., Symbolizing the Past, Maryland, University Press of America, 2000, pp. 43-45.
« As far as this place is concerned, we never enjoyed our womanhood... Deep inside, we believed that they ruined our mothers, and their mothers before them. And we live our lives always expecting the worst because we feel we don’t deserve any better. »
« She confronts history then looks to the future and presents ways to decolonize the mind, to move away from the construct that positions Black women as “ruined”, and toward the system in which Black women possess eye and ero and have the power to create the future. » Grayson, Sandra M., op. cit., p. 45.
« She somehow managed to produce a film about the historical subtext behind black people’s surface emotions »Tate, Greg, “A word” dans Julie Dash, op. cit., p. 70.
« My story begins on the eve of my family’s migration North. My story begins before I was born. »
« I’m trying to teach you how to touch your own spirit [...] I’m trying to give you something to take North with you, along with all your great big dreams. »
« I left these islands, touched the mainland, and fell into the arms of the Lord. »
« Where we’re heading, Nana, there’ll be no need for an old woman’s magic. »
« I see this day as their first steps towards progress, an engraved invitation, you might say, to the culture, education and wealth of the mainland ».
« no land of milk and honey. »
L’auteur explique : « Dash not only used the term to mean the female head of a family (a role that Nana Peazant takes on as her duty as the “last of the old”), but also consciously avoided casting a physical mammy type in the role of Nana Peazant. Dash is able to focus on the nurturing that Nana performs, and thus to return a long-standing tradition to the place of honor it should occupy. She is a protector and a guardian of her extended family, showing them how to keep memories of the past and traditions of the culture that will sustain them in the future ». Grayson, Sandra M., op. cit., p. 42.
Bambara, Tony Cade, op. cit., p. 127.
« The figure is claimed for an emancipatory purpose. The boat steers us away from the narrows of Hollywood towards salt-marshy waters that only look like the shallows ». Ibid., p. 127.
« At the turn of the century, Sea Islands Gullahs, descendants of African captives, remained isolated from the mainland of South Carolina and Georgia. As a result of their isolation, the Gullahs created and maintained a distinct, imaginative, and original African culture. Gullah people recalled, remembered and recollected much of what their ancestors brought with them from Africa. » Traduction d’Anne Crémieux, op. cit., p. 22.
Walker, Clarence E., L’Impossible retour, Paris, Editions Karthala, 2004, p. 133. Traduit par Roger Meunier. Edition originale : We can’t go Home again. An Argument about Afrocentism, New York, Oxford University Press, 2001.
Ibid., p. 128.
Bell, hooks considère que la conversion de Viola illustre le christianisme en tant « force cachée du colonialisme ». hooks bell, « Dialogue between bell hooks and Julie Dash » dans Dash, Julie, op. cit., p. 37.
Clarence E. Walker tente de démythifier le passé africain des esclaves en précisant : « La participation des Africains à la traite récuse l’affirmation des afrocentristes sur la nature particulière des Africains et l’idée que les valeurs africaines seraient plus humanitaires qu’individualistes et plus spirituelles et éthiques que matérialistes ». Walker, Clarence E., op. cit., p. 121.
« Migration is a central element of diasporic consciousness. It speaks to origins, linking the discourse of history with the discourse of utopia, representing the language of power and the language of desire. In Daughters of the Dust, it is the signifier of creation, the myth of death and rebirth, a narrative of descent into hell and the ascent to heaven. » Gladstone, L. Yearwood, op. cit., p. 228.
« I’m on a mission to redefine how black women look on the screen… It [the film] breaks new grounds in its portrayal of darker-skinned black people. » Dash, Julie, op. cit., pp. 52-54.
Haut de page