1This article aims to present the Hellenistic-Roman wine and oil workshop installations with a special emphasis on press beds and dolia found at different localities in the Knidian landscape during the archaeological surveys undertaken in the 1980s. The abundance of remains from the installations with storage facilities in the Knidian territorium shows the involvement in a large-scale specialized agriculture of a particular product, making this region a wine producing center for a regional market and beyond.
2In the first chapter, we will analyze the wine workshop on the NE seashore, one of the Hellenistic workshops along the shore of harbour L4 - Burgaz site and the in situ workshop installation located at Yağtaşı-Devtaşı locality to the east of the Datça plain as well as several installations, which were not in situ and were collected in different sites. The second chapter will focus on the typology and features of the Knidian press beds, which were made of local limestone. In the final chapter, we will compare the wine and oil installations found in the Knidian territorium with the other examples from the regions of Caria and the eastern Mediterranean.
3Within the scope of archaeological surveys carried out in the Datça peninsula covering the Knidian territorium between 1980 and 1988, numerous archaeological finds associated with oil and wine production have been unearthed. Among these finds, in situ press beds and niches used for fixing press weighting levers on the walls and two structural remains, which are assumed to be wine workshops, provide new information on these production installations. Moreover, press beds, which are not in situ, are discovered during the survey. Some of the press stones investigated in this study are discovered on site but then are brought to the Burgaz Excavation Depot and conserved by the Marmaris Museum. There is only one example of a stone block on a wall in Burgaz Harbour L4, which was used as spolia and which functioned as a litus used for weight during pressing.
4Until the 4th century BC, the Knidians had profited from the arable lands of the coastal plains in the territorium (Datça peninsula), and were dependent on the semi-closed agrarian economic system. With the political restabilization and advancement of the overseas trade, the importance of wine production and its trade had increased, leading the Knidians to expand the arable agricultural lands mostly with terraces on the peninsula (Tuna, 1990, pp. 349-350).
5The Knidians transformed the rural landscape of their territorium by implementing new agricultural techniques as a consequence of breaking into the market economy by the 4th century BC. New agricultural lands had to be expanded, accordingly marginal lands had to be terraced and rocky-shallow lands had to be developed for the vine and olive cultivation, which had been developing depending on the export-based trade. The steep maquis slopes located especially in the vicinity of the villages of Hızırşah and Kumyer as well as Palamutbükü-Çattepe, Tekir-Barkaz localities of the peninsula are terraced in thin-long strips, usually longer than 100 m strip of land with less than 5 m width (Tuna, 1984, pp. 34-37).
6Agricultural specialization has caused the vinery areas to extend; accordingly, the scale of wine production exceeded the domestic consumption. With the accretion of the vinery areas in particular, there must have been an increasing labour demand, which in turn must have accelerated population growth and increased the density and number of Hellenistic settlements across the Knidian landscape, the most arable land of the Datça plain.
7The examples of press beds and dolia associated with the workshops and installations investigated in this study are mostly discovered in the Datça plain (Fig. 1). The abundant number of pottery workshops in this sub-region (Tuna, 1984) indicates that the Datça plain and its vicinity had transportation facilities for storage and export in accordance with their specialized agricultural production. The discovery of surprisingly few number of workshop installations during the extensive surveys, point out the disturbance of modern agricultural practices in the sub-region after the 1960s.
Fig. 1: Distribution of Hellenistic wine-making installations and amphora workshops at the Datça Plain and its environs.
The numbers assigned to the locations of wine-making installations in the figure are inserted in the text and the catalogue to be attributed to a find place
Burgaz Excavation Archive
8After the gradual abandonment of the Classical site of Burgaz (Palaia Knidos) around the end of the 4th century BC, domestic and civic spaces in the city centre were converted into workshops for industrial and agricultural activities (e.g. metalworking, weaving, olive oil and wine production) (Tuna et al., 2009). The harbours of Burgaz (Harbours L1-3) were left to silt, while larger-scale workshops and warehouses were built just to the NE along the shores of Hellenistic port around Harbour L4 (Fig. 2). Excavations in the SE sector of Burgaz had revealed that the Classical domestic spaces were converted into workshops (Workshops I-III) with a stone press bed, storage jars, treading floors and rectangular tanks which were sealed by a mortar (lime cement mixed with sand/khorassani) layer usually located near roads for discharching waste water. These Early Hellenistic installations testify to the presence of wine and olive oil manufacturing for the market (Tuna et al., 2010, pp. 203-204).
Fig. 2: Location map of Burgaz archaeological site and workshops
Burgaz Excavation Archive
9In the SE sector of Burgaz, the Hellenistic terrace wall of D441 and the associated installations were recovered identifying two workshops for winemaking (Tuna & Sakarya, 2017, p. 154). The placement of plastered tank series identifed as design features testifies that post-Hellenistic lever screw presses had been used in those wineries (Forbes, 1955, pp. 108-111, 131-138).
10Mixed Hellenistic features found along the southwest edge of Harbour L4, indicate a series of workshops, complete with several exposed dolia (No. 4 in Fig. 1) and a fragmentary wine press of Hellenistic date (No. 5 in Fig. 1, Fig. 3, 4). Around these, a weight-stone, litus (measuring 0.93 m in length, 0.68 m in width, 0.80 m in height) for beam press was identified which was reused as a building block in a Hellenistic isodomic wall (Fig. 5).
Fig. 3: Storage containers of large stone-built dolia eroding from the scarp along southwest edge of Harbour L4
Burgaz Excavation Archive
Fig. 4: A fragmentary press bed (X7/1-SP2) in the water, south-west edge of Harbour L4
Burgaz Excavation Archive
Fig. 5: A weight-stone, litus reused as a building block, Burgaz, Harbour L4
Burgaz Excavation Archive
Fig. 6: Storage containers of large stone-built dolia, Mesudiye-Ovabükü
Burgaz Excavation Archive
Fig. 7: A stone-built dolium near to Uluklu locality (X7/3), 1.5 km NE of Eski Datça
Burgaz Excavation Archive
11The stratigraphic sequence along the eroded profile behind the dolia in Harbour L4, Hellenistic and later activities are represented (Greene et al., 2019, pp. 112-114). Similar facilities featuring stone-built and mortar sealed dolia have been found elsewhere in production sites, such as Mesudiye-Ovabükü, Uluklu, Eski Datça and other sites (Fig. 6, 7) across the Knidian landscape (Tuna, 1983). Eroded remains of an amphora workshop as well as pressing and processing installations including some 15 or more stone-built dolia in several groups with associated structures along the beach of Mesudiye-Ovabükü reveal that such marginal areas as Mesudiye, a sub-region of the territorium, had been incorparated into the Knidian organization of wine-making activities. Using rubble stone-built dolia rather than terracotta containers i.e. pithoi reflects one of the local characteristics of Knidian installations.
12To the north lies a large installation for the winery (Fig. 2); remnants of adjacent quay suggest a facility for sea transportation of its products (Koparal et al., 2014). The installation consisted of a pair of press beds (Inv. Nos. X7/1-SP1a; S1b, Nos. 1 and 2 in Fig. 1) with collecting vats, a room for manual treading of grapes by foot, a basin for collecting the juice, three compartment dolia and depot spaces (Fig. 8). The presence of large collecting basin, dolia and large press beds of the winery (No. 3 in Fig. 1) clearly imply the export capacity of manufacturing activity.
Fig. 8: Plan of the Winery, NE of Burgaz
Burgaz Excavation Archive
Fig. 9: The press bed, X7/1-SP1a with a collecting vat
Burgaz Excavation Archive
Fig. 10: The press bed, X7/1-SP1b with a collecting vat
Burgaz Excavation Archive
13The production area of the winery consisted of two press beds, SP1a and SP1b (Fig. 9, 10) with a 1.14 m-1.08 m diameter canalis rotunda and two rooms. A floor (Z2) in the room Ab was used for treading and the juice was transferred to the basin located to the northwest of the winery next to wall D1 (Koparal et al., 2014, p. 99). The pulp remaining from the grape treading activity in Room Aa, were pressed on press beds as a secondary process. The juice obtained from the secondary pulp was collected in small, round collecting vats in front of the press beds (Fig. 8). Another grape treading floor (Z1) in Room Aa was also used (Tuna & Sakarya, 2017, p. 151); the crushing floor is sloping to the channel and the juice was transferred directly to the collecting vats. These two collecting vats are connected through a channel in which the juice would flow into the dolia.
14The dolia are placed into a platform built of rubble stones (Fig. 8). From south to north, the diameters and depths of E1, E2 and E3 are as follows; E1 1.60 m in diameter, 1.20 m in depth; E2 1.40 m in diameter, 90 cm in depth; E3 1.40 m in diameter, 1.20 m in depth (Koparal et al. 2014: 99). The largest dolium, E1 is connected via the stone-cut gutter to the collecting vats in front of the press beds.
15The winery which is supposed to produce with a market-oriented manufacturing capacity, it is suggested a double lever and weight press (Forbes, 1955, pp. 108-111, 131-138; Savvonidi, 1993, pp. 227-135). Although lever and weight presses are defined as the first technological advances in the development of wine and olive oil production (Frankel, 1997, p. 75), the technological innovation does not seem to have been diffused and converted the traditional practices of Knidian olive oil and wine production until the Roman period. It should have been a double beamed lever and a weight press due to the placement of stone-cut press beds. The beams were anchored at the fulcrum of wall D2 placed behind the press beds (Koparal et al., 2014, p. 101). The amphora stamps and pottery found in these contexts imply that the winery must have been used for wine-making activities from the beginning of the 3rd century BC until the middle of the 1st century BC (Tuna & Sakarya, 2017, p. 154).
- 1 Coordinates are as follows: Easting 36.7656; Northing 27.7202.
- 2 The coding defined in the Datça Peninsula Surveys are used for the archaeological sites in this art (...)
16The other workshop1 on the Datça plain is in the Hellenistic rural settlement located at Yağtaşı-Devtaşı (W7/5)2 locality, 150 m north of the Datça-Marmaris highway, 1 km southeast of the Kızlan village (Tuna, 1983, p. 361). The workshop structure (No. 6 in Fig. 1) is approximately 7.95 m x 12 m in dimension with its 0.90 m thick walls made of local conglomerate stone-cut blocks (Fig. 11). The walls on the northern and southern façades of the structure are partly preserved and the whole wall on the eastern façade is preserved at 1.20 m in height (Fig. 12). The walls are built as isodomic rectogonal. The stone blocks of the wall are 0.90 m x 0.60 m x 1.13-1.98 m in dimensions while their lengths vary. It is understood that the stone block rows are reinforced with metal clamps by the dovetail mortises seen between the blocks. Since the wall blocks are missing to the west, no information about the structure’s overall length and the installations to the west are provided.
Fig. 11: The plan and sections of the winery at Yağtaşı-Devtaşı (W7/5)
Burgaz Excavation Archive
Fig. 12: Northeast corner of the winery with a press bed at Yağtaşı-Devtaşı (W7/5)
Burgaz Excavation Archive
Fig. 13: The press bed, W7/5-SP3
Burgaz Excavation Archive
17The press bed made of local limestone which is placed on the northeastern corner of the structure is in situ. The press stone bed (Inv. No. W7/5-SP3) measures 1.46 m x 1.19 m x 0.40 m (Fig. 13); there is 0.25 m of cavity between the press bed and the eastern wall of the workshop. The press bed with a diameter of 1.00 m canalis rotunda is connected by a runnel extending 0.20 m long. The press bed has series of vertical channels to a canalis rotunda collecting the juice to flow to main outlet. The inner side of eastern wall, a fulcrum in a ‘T’ shaped cavity placed behind the press bed for a lever mechanism (Figs. 11 and 12). The workshop installation perfectly represents a typical Hellenistic Knidian technology of lever and weight press.
18The dolia structures which are one of the elements associated with wine and oil installations widespreadly seen in the survey carried out within the scope of Knidian territorium are significant in terms of determining the site selection of the workshops. Among these, the two compartment dolia which are known to have the largest diameter (1.60 m in diameter) and storage capacity, were discovered by the salvage excavations of the Marmaris Museum at Eski Datça, in the field of plot 9, block 149, NW section (No. 12 in Fig. 1). The fills in which abundant number of pottery and amphora fragments are collected in the soundings carried out on the western border of the Burgaz Excavation House’s garden located in the adjacent plot to the east must be associated with these installations.
19Dolia remains from the workshop installations are established along Mesudiye-Ovabükü, at Uluklu locality (X7/3) at the foothill stretching to Reşadiye in the north (No. 10 in Fig. 1), Uzunazmak-Dündarbaşı locality in the southeast of Datça Çay (X7/17), Güzne Tepe (W7/9) and Körmen Limanı (W7/1) on the northern border of Karaköy settlement (Nos. 15 and 16 in Fig. 1) and Göktaş locality (W8/2) in the eastern section of the Knidian territory.
20To the NW of Burgaz, in the vicinity of Donguraklı/Çomaklık locality, the ancient installations of a cistern with a diameter of 1.15 m connected to a channel with lever and winches or screw press beds which were probably used for olive oil production was discovered during surveys in the 1982 season (No. 8 in Fig. 1).
21The press beds which are one of the important elements of Knidian wine-oil workshop installations are established as partly or almost completely preserved mostly in the vicinity of the Datça plain. Among these finds, the press stone (Catalogue no. W7/10-SP6) assumed to be collected from the workshop structure, in which walls are made of local conglomerate blocks at the archaeological site located at Bağharamı locality (X7/10) on the northeastern border of the Reşadiye settlement, is documented in the 1981 survey (No. 11 in Fig. 1).
22Between the Yarıkdağ pass and the Döşeme locality, before the modern road diverges to Mesudiye by the roadside (right), a fragment of a press bed had been recorded in the 1981 survey, which is similar to Burgaz type.
23In the SW fringe of the Kızlan village, a fragment of a press bed and a group of dolia were recorded in the 1981-82 seasons (No. 13 in Fig. 1). Another press bed (See: Inv. No. W7/5-SP4) was recorded at the local roadside (No. 7 in Fig. 1), NE of the Yağtaşı-Devtaşı locality (Fig. 14).
Fig. 14: The press bed, W7/5-SP4
Burgaz Excavation Archive
24To the N/NW of Uluklu, at the foothill streching to Reşadiye, overlooking the Datça plain, near the dolia, a fragment of a press bed was recorded in the 1981-82 seasons (No. 9 in Fig. 1). To the NE of Karaköy, around the Bakacak-Laleyanı locality some fragments of stone-cut presses were recorded as well (No. 14 in Fig. 1).
25A square type press bed, which probably was used in the olive oil production was recorded in the village of Sındı (See: Inv. No. X6/13-SP5) during the surveys of 1981 (Fig. 15).
Fig. 15: The press bed, X6/13-SP5
Burgaz Excavation Archive
26It is possible to see that the press beds collected in the Knidian territorium generally bear common features including their dimensions and construction techniques. Knidian press beds are made of local hard limestone. The Knidian presses that are identified, can be studied under two types. The first type is composed of rectangular flat blocks with canalis rotunda on their press plane. The runnel on the press plane differs by its manufacturing technique, which was manufactured according to stone edges in the second type of presses with almost-square press plane (See: Inventory of press beds from the Knidian Territorium).
27There is a canalis rotunda on the upper surface of a rectangular flat block in the examples of eight press beds investigated in the first type. The channel continues as a single runnel to flow with a slight slope to the shorter edge of the rectangular stone from the point it completes the circle and ends up with a spout (Fig. 18). The block’s upper surface where the channel is placed is finely finished whereas its lower surface is left rough. It is seen that these press beds are in variable sizes and rectangular in shape excluding one (Inv. No. SP8). The rectangle’s narrow edge is between 1.10 m and 1.54 m in width, while its long edge is in variable sizes of 1.46 m and 1.90 m. The thicknesses of blocks differ between 0.18 m and 0.42 m. It is seen that the diameters of canalis rotunda on the press plane differ between 0.90 m and 1.18 m. The flow channel’s length varies; its length is as short as 0.12 m or as long as 0.78 m from the point it leaves canalis rotunda. It is seen that the examples with long flow channel (Inv. No. SP10 ve SP11) have a spectacularly wide press plane except for canalis rotunda. These channels which are grooved on the surface measure approximately 0.07 m – 0.10 m in width and 0.02 m - 0.08 m in depth. The spout which is placed at the point where the juice flows out from press stone is usually made of stone block over 0.10 m – 0.20 m. Its sizes varying according to the runnel’s sizes are made as leaving equal margins at both sides of the runnel as 0.18 m and 0.26 m.
28There are three examples investigated in the second type. In this group, the spout rim of the stone blocks with almost-square press plane vary between 0.74 m and 1.08 m, the other edge varies between 0.80 m and 0.90 m. Press stone block thicknesses are 0.30 m and 0.38 m. The channel placed on the press plane of this type of presses extends to the spout where the juice flows out by leaving a band of approximately 0.10 m to the stone edges. The width varies between 5 cm and 8 cm while the dept is between 2 cm and 4 cm in the flow channels. The spout is not rolled out in this group of presses; only in example SP4, the 0.18 m-thick top of press stone press bed is thickened out as 6 cm compared to the bottom of the stone and thus enables the juice to flow into the main outlet.
29There is a hollow prepared within the blocks of a wall built for housing the press weighting lever. Similar hollows are observed in the rock-cut examples made according to the natural conditions of the settlement in the regions of Caria and Cilicia (Diler, 2010; Aydınoğlu & Alkaç, 2008; Kuban 2010). The hollows observed in the blocks within the wall pattern in the workshops located in the Knidian region are 0.45 m - 0.51 m in depth; only the height of fulcrum which could be recorded in the workshop at the Yağtaşı-Devtaşı locality is 0.60 m (Fig. 11, 12).
- 3 Walz has reconstructed the press technology and argued that these stones indeed were not lifted (Şe (...)
30Only one example of a stone block on a wall of Burgaz Harbour L4, which is used as spolia, could be identified as an example of press weight-stones (litus) within the scope of the Knidian territorium (Fig. 5). The sizes of this weight-stone, litus, is recorded as approximately 0.93 m x 68.5 m x 0.80 m. There are dovetail mortises of 21.5 cm x 12.30 cm on both edges of the stone to lift it;3 a thin channel (6.15 cm in width) is made on the upper surface. Similar type of weight-stones, litus has been detected by the surveys of Rhodian Peraea (Kuban, 2010, p. 219) and in the Halicarnassus Peninsula (Diler, 2010, p. 143).
31The widely terraced and cultivated lands in the Knidian territorium must have been covered with olive groves as much as vineyards for wine. As is known, it is hard to distinguish between the features of olive and grape presses in many archaeological surveys carried out in the vicinity of the Mediterranean. It is thought that two different functions are used by small family-owned businesses according to the needs in different seasons since these pressing systems in the Knidian territorium are very basic and simple systems (White, 1984, pp. 67 ff). Due to grape and olive pressing seasons being in rather periodic and different seasons, it is possible that the same press beds must have been used for both grape and olive pressing.
32Although the press beds from the Knidian territorium share some common features of the Carian Mainland, Carian Chersonessos and Cilician examples, larger sized and standardized features are rather distinguished for the Knidian types (Diler, 1995; Diler, 2010; Aydınoğlu & Alkaç, 2008; Kuban, 2010; Şenol & Walz, 2010; Oğuz-Kırca & Demirciler, 2015). The sizes of Knidian press beds and wine and olive oil making installations discussed above, that are comparative to Carian and Cilician domestic examples, demonstrate an expanded production capacity for an external export-based market. The archaeological evidence reveals that quite distinctive types of press were used for many centuries in different regions of the Mediterranean (Amouretti & Brun, 1993). Technological changes had started by the 1st century BC to the mid 1st century AD, but substantial change had occurred in Late Antiquity. However, in many regions including Knidia, Caria, Carian Chersonessos and Cilicia traditional presses continued to be used until the 20th century.
33Moreover, wine making installations and workshops seem to be localized at the footsteps of the sloped landscapes or rather plains in the territorium where the specialized agricultural activities might have been intensified. The press beds cut on the bedrock, with smaller-sized domestic capacities, which is practiced often around Caria, the Halicarnassus Peninsula and particularly Cilicia, has not been attested across the Knidian territorium according to the information provided from archaeological surveys in the region.
34The intensive archaeological surveys to be carried out in the future on the antique terraced agricultural lands which can be preserved within the scope of the Knidian territorium will certainly increase our knowledge on the installations and production capacities of the region’s wine production. The new information obtained by coincidently recovered workshop installations and excavations in the region will necessitate to review the assessments made in this article.
35Location: A pair of press beds made of local limestone (SP1a, b) are in situ (Fig. 8) along the Wall D2, Room Aa of the winery to the NE of Burgaz L4 harbour in situ near the Datça stream outlet (Nos. 1 and 2 in Fig. 1).
36Description: The remains of the winery installations and the presence of stone press (SP1b) in situ had been firstly reported by Spratt (Spratt, 1800, p. 356), later by other scholars (Maiuri 1922, p. 402; Bean & Cook 1952, p. 172). The excavation of the winery was carried out in the years of 1995 and 2003 revealing full set of workshop installations with a pair of press beds (SP1a, b) and collecting vats in front of the press beds (Figs. 9 and 10). These press beds probably had been worked with lever and weight mechanism. One of the press beds’ (SP1b) front-upper side is damaged (Fig. 17). The press bed SP1a has a step-wise flat surface by 5 cm wide band surrounding edges of the stone block (Fig. 16); the spout of the press bed SP1a is broken. At a lower level (approx. 0.30 m), vats connected each other by a channel horizontally to flow the juice obtained from the second hand pulp. The juice flowing through channel leads to provide into the three units of dolium. These are made of rubble stones plastered by lime cement mixed with clay/khorassani layer. Both of these press beds are in situ and made of local hard, grey limestone.
Fig. 16: Top view and section of the press bed, X7/1-SP1a
Burgaz Excavation Archive
Fig. 17: Top view and section of the press bed, X7/1-SP1b
Burgaz Excavation Archive
37Dimensions: The stone press of SP1a (1.90 m x 1.20 m x 0.42 m); the stone press of SP1b (1.88 m x 1.16 m x 0.40 m); the diameters of canalis rotunda are 1.06 m and 1.12 m respectively; canalis rotunda is connected by a runnel extending 0.80 m?-long, including spouts 0.10 m - 0.15 m; vat channelled block (2.40 m x 0.75 m x 0.40 m) with 0.58 m in diameter, 0.34 m in depth. From the south to the north, dolia of E1, E2 and E3 have varying diameters and depths, such as 1.60 m of diameter, 1.20 m of depth; 1.40 m of diameter, 90 cm of depth; 1.40 m of diameter, 1.20 m of depth respectively.
38Remarks: Plan of the workshop first has been published in the 1950s (Bean & Cook, 1952), redrawn in 1984 (Tuna, 1986).
39Publication: Bean & Cook, 1952, p. 172; Tuna, 1986, pp. 217, 221, 225; Koparal et al., 2006; Tuna & Sakarya, 2017, pp. 151-152.
40Location: A fragment of press bed found in Burgaz at the bank of Harbour L4 (No. 5 in Fig. 1), probably fallen from the workshop deposits by the sea (Fig. 4).
41Description: The press bed fragment with a canalis rotunda and spout preserved (Fig. 18). The press bed was made of a local white, solid limestone.
Fig. 18: The axonometric view and section of the press bed, X7/1-SP2
Burgaz Excavation Archive
42Dimensions: The stone press bed of SP2 (1.50 m? x 1.30 m x 0.40 m); the press bed with a 1.14 m diameter canalis rotunda is connected by a runnel extending 0.35 m long with a spout.
43Remarks: First recorded in 1980 by N. Tuna. Drawn and photos were taken in 1984.
44Location: It is in situ at the small workshop near Yağtaşı-Devtaşı (W7/10) 1 km SE of Kızlan Village, located 150 m N of the Datça-Marmaris highway (No. 6 in Fig. 1). Coordinates: Easting 36.7656; Northing 27.7202
45Description: At the inner corner of the ancient structure, the press bed in situ (Fig. 13, 19). Dimensions of the structure is 7.95 m x 12 m? The walls were built by large blocks made of local conglomerate; dowels for metal clamps in-between the blocks might have been used for reinforcing the walls. On the inner part of the East Wall, a fulcrum is placed behind the press bed for a lever mechanism. The press has series of vertical channels to a canalis rotunda collecting the juice to flow to the main outlet. The press was made of a local white, solid limestone.
Fig. 19: The axonometric view of the press bed, W7/5-SP3
Burgaz Excavation Archive
46Dimensions: The press bed of SP3 (1.46 m x 1.19 m x 040 m); the press bed with a 1.00 m diameter canalis rotunda is connected by a runnel extending 0.20 m long. The press bed has series of vertical channels to a canalis rotunda.
47Remarks: Explored in the 1980 survey, first mentioned in publ. (Tuna 1982), the plan was drawn in July 1986.
48Publication: Tuna, 1983, pp. 361, 365 and 368.
49Location: A fragment of press bed at the local roadside 200 m NE of Yağtaşı-Devtaşı (W7/10) site (No. 7 in Fig. 1).
50Description: The press bed fragment with a canalis rotunda, spout part is missing (Fig. 14). The press bed was made of a local white, solid limestone.
51Dimensions: The press bed of SP4 (1.40 m? x 1.10 m? x 0.40 m). A canalis rotunda is 1.00 m? in diameter.
52Remarks: It was found in the 1992 survey; documented and the photo was taken in July 1992.
53Location: It was found in the village of Sındı during the 1981 survey. Later, it was transferred to Palamutbükü harbour at the entrance of a restaurant.
54Description: A complete press bed from Sındı village. The press was made of a local white, solid limestone (Fig. 15, 20). According to the local resources, it has been used at an oil workshop in the Sındı village. Press stone plane is almost square in size. The channel on press plane surrounds along press edges at a distance of approximately 10 cm band and extends to the spout where the juice is drained with a slope.
Fig. 20: The axonometric view and section of the press bed, X6/13-SP5
Burgaz Excavation Archive
55Dimensions: The press bed of SP5 (0.90 m x 1.08 m x 0.36 m); the edge of the stone block with almost-square press plane is 1.08 m, the other edge measures 0.90 m. The press stone’s block thickness is 0.38 m. The channel on press plane extends to the spout where the juice flows out by leaving a band of approximately 0.10 m along the stone edges. The width is 5 cm and the depth measures 4 cm in flow channels. The spout is not rolled out; the 0.18 m-thick top of press stone press plane is thickened out as 6 cm compared to the bottom of the stone and thus enables the juice to flow into the main outlet.
56Remarks: Photos were taken and drawn at the Sındı village in 1981.
57Location: A complete press bed at the coffeehouse near Reşadiye, Bağharımı locality (No. 11 in Fig. 1).
Fig. 21: The press bed, W7/10-SP6
Burgaz Excavation Archive
Fig. 22: Top view and sections of the press bed, W7/10-SP6
Burgaz Excavation Archive
58Description: The press was made of a local white, solid limestone (Fig. 21, 22). There is a slight gutter into press stone’s canalis rotunda; stone’s flow channel outlet is originally with a spout but partially broken and not well-preserved and its corner is broken on the right, however almost preserved as a whole. The press bed’s part below flow channel outlet level is coarse and the block stone probably must have been placed below ground from this level.
59Dimensions: The press bed of SP6 (1.77-1.76 m x 1.54 m x 0.42 - 0.46 m); the press bed with a 1.15m diameter canalis rotunda is connected by a runnel extending 0.28 m?-long; preserved part of the spout extends 10 cm? The flow channel is approximately 7 cm in width; 6 cm and 8 cm in depth.
60Remarks: It was documented and photos were taken in 1992; transfered to the excavation depot of Burgaz in 2014.
61Location: It was discovered in the village of Kızlan during the 1981 survey (No. 13 in Fig. 1); transferred to the excavation depot of Burgaz in 2014.
Fig. 23: The press bed, SP7
Burgaz Excavation Archive
Fig. 24: Top view and sections of the press bed, SP7
Burgaz Excavation Archive
62Description: The press was made of a local white, solid limestone (Fig. 23, 24). According to the local resources, it has been used at an oil workshop in the Kızlan village. The press stone plane is almost square in size. The channel on the press plane surrounds along press edges at a distance of 8 - 10 cm band and extends to the spout where the juice flows out with a slope.
63Dimensions: The press bed of SP7 (0.80 m x 0.74 m x 0.30 m); the edge where the spout of the stone block with almost-square press plane is placed is 0.74 m, the other edge measures 0.80 m. The press stone’s block thickness is 0.30 m. The width is 8-10 cm and depth measures 3-4 cm in flow channels. The spout is not rolled out; however, a runnel exdending from the spout of press stone’s press plane to downwards is made for the juice to flow into the main outlet.
64Remarks: It was documented and photos were taken in 2014.
65Location: It was discovered to the NE of Karaköy, around the Bakacak-Laleyanı locality during the 1981 survey (No. 14 in Fig. 1); transferred to the excavation depot of Burgaz in 2014.
Fig. 25: The press bed, SP8
Burgaz Excavation Archive
Fig. 26: Top view and sections of the press bed, SP8
Burgaz Excavation Archive
66Description: The press was made of a local white, solid limestone (Fig. 25, 26). The press bed in nearly squared shape with an extended spout and a canalis rotunda. The press stone plane makes a slight slope to the spout of stone block where the juice flows out. Left side of the spout is missing.
67Dimensions: The press bed of SP8 (1.02 m x 1.02 m x 0.32 m); the press bed with measuring a 1.15 m diameter canalis rotunda is connected by a runnel and spout extending 0.22 m?-long; The flow channel is approximately 7 cm in width; 6 cm and 8 cm in depth. The width is 6-7 cm and dept is 3-4 cm in the flow channels.
68Remarks: It was documented and photos were taken in 2014.
69Location: The existence of the press bed to the SW of the Kızlan village was reported by the local inhabitants during the 1981 survey; it was transferred to the excavation depot of Burgaz in 2014.
Fig. 27: The press bed, SP9
Burgaz Excavation Archive
Fig. 28: Top view and sections of the press bed, SP9
Burgaz Excavation Archive
70Description: The press was made of a local white, solid limestone (Fig. 27, 28). According to the local resources, it might have been used at an oil workshop in the Kızlan village. The press stone plane is almost square in size and is well-preserved. The channel on the press plane surrounds along press edges at a distance of 8 - 10 cm band and extends to the spout placed at the narrow edge of the stone block where the juice flows out with a slope.
71Dimensions: The press bed of SP9 (0.86 m x 0.80 m x 0.38 m); the edge where the spout of the stone block with almost-square press plane is placed is 0.86 m, the other edge measures 0.80 m. The press stone’s block thickness is 0.38 m. The width is 8-10 cm and depth measures 2-4 cm in flow channels. The spout is not rolled out; however, a shallow runnel exdending from the spout of press stone’s press plane to downwards is made for the juice to flow into the main outlet.
72Remarks: It was documented and photos were taken in 2014.
73Location: The press bed SP10 was discovered to the NE of Reşadiye, around the Çivril Tepe locality during the 1981 survey; transferred to the excavation depot of Burgaz in 2014.
Fig. 29: The press bed, SP10
Burgaz Excavation Archive
Fig. 30: Top view and sections of the press bed, SP10
Burgaz Excavation Archive
74Description: The press was made of a local white, solid limestone (Fig. 29, 30). The press bed in elongated rectangular shape with a spout and a canalis rotunda. The press has series of vertical-short channels to a canalis rotunda collecting the juice to flow to main outlet. The press stone plane is more thickened out than the stone thickness of the spout of stone block where the juice flows out. The press bed’s thickness being 16-18 cm and having cracks depict that it is a brittle structure; the rear part of the press bed is broken and not complete.
75Dimensions: The press bed of SP10 (1.89 m x 1.10 m x 0.16 m); The press bed with measuring a 0.95 m diameter canalis rotunda is connected by a runnel and spout extending 0.55 m long; the flow channel is approximately 5 cm and 6 cm in width; 1.8 cm and 4 cm in depth.
76Remarks: It was documented and photos were taken in 2014.
77Location: The press bed SP11 was discovered nearby Reşadiye, to the NE during the 1981 survey; transferred to the excavation depot of Burgaz in 2014.
Fig. 31: The press bed, SP11
Burgaz Excavation Archive
Fig. 32: Top view and sections of the press bed, SP11
Burgaz Excavation Archive
78Description: The press was made of a local white, solid limestone (Fig. 31, 32). The press bed in rectangular shape with a spout (partially broken) and a canalis rotunda. The longer part of press bed left an area with a runnel and connected tributary channels extending to a gutter. The press has series of vertical-diagonal channels to a runnel collecting the juice to flow to a spout. The juice flows downward through the spout extending 10 cm. The rear and right corner with the spout of the press bed is broken and not complete.
79Dimensions: The press bed of SP11 (1.90 m? x 1.14 m x 0.35 m); The press bed with a 1.05 m diameter canalis rotunda is connected by a runnel and spout extending 0.90 m long; the flow channel is approximately 8 cm and 9 cm in width and 2.5 cm and 4 cm in depth.
80Remarks: It was documented and photos were taken in 2014.