Labraunda Schedules and Analysis
Sample: Lab A3 (Fig. 18-19)
Location: Andron A.
Object: Inscribed block, inv. A3. Architrave with dedication of Idrieus. Letters visible on this block are NAPΩ.
Period: 351-344 B.C.
Photos: SAM 8594; 9011-12.
Sampling: September 2013.
Ocular investigation: Coarse-grained white marble with grey veins.
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Analyses
Herz (Isotopic analysis)
Results: Coarse-grained (1-2 mm) calcite crystals.
Isotope analysis: Heracleia (76%), Paros (74), Aphrodisias (67). Most probably the marble came from Herakleia sul Latmos/Bafa Gölü.
CNR/ICVBC (optical microscopy, mineralogical and petrographic investigation).
Results: Marble with medium large grains.
Mineralogical composition: pure calcite.
Petrographic description: Granulometry: Maximum: 2 mm; Medium: 600 micron; Minimum 400 micron. The shape of the crystals is euhedral and the grain boundaries are straight. The microstructure is not oriented. The calcitic crystal twinning has not deformed twins.
Preliminary results
According to Herz’ analyses the architrave marbles of Andron A and Andron B are quite similar. Analyses at CNR show the marbles are similar but not identical.
Samples LabA3, LabA5, LabAF, LabCol, LabDH, LabOikoi, LabEProp, LabSProp belong to the same group. All samples were obtained at buildings constructed in the period of Idrieus, except for LabCol, for which the date is uncertain. To this group belong samples from quarries at Herakleia (HQ1, HQ2, HQ3) Euromos (EQ) and at the site of Lagina. Labraunda white is similar but with finer grains. (Group1)
Notes
Block A5 and A3 belong to central part of the broken architrave of Idrieus Andron. The marble looks, at ocular inspection, to be large-grained with areas of finer and areas of larger grains, and it looks similar to the marble used for the architrave of Maussollos Andron. This Andron was presumably built around 351/350, before Idrieus became satrap and moved to Halikarnassos. The architrave was conserved in 2012.
References
Labraunda, Andron A: Crampa 1972: 11-13, pl. 1; Hellström and Thieme 1982; Hellström 2007: 127-133; 2011: 154f.
Marble: Monna and Pensabene 1977; Herz, letter to Pontus Hellström, December 11, 2006; Freccero, Conservation report 2012; Cantisani Report 2014; Freccero 2014: 51.
Sample: Lab A5 (Fig. 20-21)
Location: Andron A.
Object: Architrave with dedication of Idrieus, inv. A5. Letters visible are EΘHK.
Period: Hekatomnid, Idrieus (351-344 B.C.).
Sampling: September 2013.
Photos: SAM 8592; 1271-72; 1340.
Ocular investigation: Coarse-grained white marble (1-3mm). Very frail.
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Analyses
CNR/ICVBC (optical microscopy).
Results: Lab A3 and Lab A5 are very similar.
Attanasio and Prochaska (Isotopic, EPR, and petrographic analysis).
Results: marble from Herakleia (A/P: group 2, medium to coarse grained samples with MGS ranging from 1.1 to 3.1 mm).
Preliminary results
Marbles of samples LabA3, LabA5, LabAF, LabCol, LabDH, LabOikoi, LabEProp, LabSProp belong to the same group. All samples were obtained at building constructed in the period of Idrieus, except for LabCol, for which the date is uncertain. To this group belong samples from quarries at Herakleia (HQ1, HQ2, HQ3) Euromos (EQ) and at the site of Lagina. Labraunda white is similar but with finer grains (Group 1).
Notes
Inventories A3 and A5 are part of the same architrave and block number A5 belonged to the central part of the architrave. As the two samples were of the same kind, I decided not to do any further investigation on this sample. It is highly unlikely there would be any difference. The architrave was conserved in 2012.
References
Labraunda, Andron A: Crampa 1972; Hellström and Thieme 1981: 72, fig. 22; Hellström 2007: 127-133;
Marble: Monna and Pensabene 1977; Freccero, Conservation Report 2012; Attanasio and Prochaska, Analysis 2014; Cantisani Report 2014.
Sample: Lab AF. (Fig. 22-23)
Location: Andron A.
Object: Triglyph block with eared triglyph, inv. Ak10.
Period: Hekatomnid, Idrieus (351-344 B.C.).
Sampling: September 2013.
Photos: SAM 1272, 1293-95; 1339.
Ocular investigation: Coarse-grained white marble (1-2mm). Hard.
Fig. 22
Fig. 23.
Analyses
CNR/ICVBC (optical microscopy)
Results: Lab AF and Lab A3 are very similar.
Attanasio and Prochaska (Isotopic, EPR, and petrographic analysis).
Results: marble from Herakleia (A/P: group 2, medium to coarse grained samples with MGS ranging from 1.1 to 3.1 mm).
Preliminary results
Marbles of samples LabA3, LabA5, LabAF, LabCol, LabDH, LabOikoi, LabEProp, LabSProp belong to the same group. All samples were obtained at building constructed in the period of Idrieus, except for LabCol, for which the date is uncertain. To this group belong samples from quarries at Herakleia (HQ1, HQ2, HQ3) Euromos (EQ) and at the site of Lagina. Labraunda white is similar but with finer grains (group 1).
Notes
The marble of this sample is of the same kind as the architrave of Andron A. It belonged to the same building, and at ocular observations under the microscope there were no indications that pointed at different marble types. Therefore the sample was not further investigated.
References
Labraunda, Andron A: Hellström and Thieme 1981: 73, fig. 25; Hellström 2007: 127-133.
Marble: Monna and Pensabene 1977; Attanasio and Prochaska, Analysis 2014; Cantisani Report 2014.
Sample: LabAmbo (Fig. 24-25)
Location: West Church.
Object: Ambo, inv. Z07-2.
Period: 5th-6th century. Byzantine.
Sampling: September 2013.
Photos: SAM 1269-70; 1325.
Ocular investigation: Fine-grained white marble. Hard.
Fig 24
Fig 25
Analyses
CNR/ICVBC (optical microscopy, mineralogical and petrographic investigation).
Results: Medium-fine marble with zones of finer grains.
Mineralogical composition: Calcite, traces of quartz.
Petrographic description: granulometry: maximum 1 mm, minimum 100 micron.
The prevailing crystal form is subhedral, and the boundaries between crystals are mainly lobate. The marble is strongly decayed and therefore the petrographic characteristics are difficult to discern.
Attanasio and Prochaska (Isotopic, EPR, and petrographic analysis).
Results: marble from Milas (A/P: group 1, fine grained samples with MGS below 1.0 mm).
Preliminary results
This sample is placed in a group of calcite marbles with accessory minerals and variable microstructure. (group 5)
Notes
According to Blid the ambo is typical for Karia and southern Ionia. A similar ambo found at Miletos is dated to the Late Antiquity, late 5th-early 6th century A.D. and another, dated to A.D. 430 was found at the Episcopal Complex at Kourion on Cyprus. The first fragments of the Labraunda ambo were found during excavations in 2007. The question was if this was a reused block or if it had been brought to Labraunda for this specific purpose.
References
Labraunda, West Church: Blid 2007: 231-255; 2010: 30-51; 2012: 136f.
Marble: Attanasio and Prochaska, Analysis 2014; Cantisani Report 2014.
Sample: LabBtomb (Fig. 26-27)
Location: Found in the open court at the Monumental Built Tomb above the temple terrace. Depot.
Object: Marble slab. Inv. 3Y13
Period: Probably 4th century B.C.
Sampling: September 2013.
Photos: SAM 1301-04; 1323.
Ocular investigation: Very fine-grained white marble. Hard.
Fig. 26 and 27
Analyses
CNR/ICVBC (optical microscopy, mineralogical and petrographic investigation).
Results: Marble with fine grains.
Mineralogical composition: calcite. No visible presence of accessory minerals.
Petrographic description: Granulometry: Maximum: 350 micron, minimum: 150 micron. The crystals, of euhedral form, are not oriented in any preferential way. The prevailing boundaries between crystals are straight to slightly lobate. The microstructure is slightly oriented.
Attanasio and Prochasca (Isotopic, EPR, and petrographic analysis).
Results: marble from Milas (A/P: group 1, fine grained samples with MGS below 1.0 mm).
Preliminary results
To this group belong samples LabBtomb, and possibly LabTov, which is very altered and therefore might be different. Samples from Miletos quarries (HMQ1, HMQ3, and HMQ4) belong to this group too (Group 3).
Notes
The date of the Built Tomb is not quite clear. According to Olivier Henry it resembles other monumental tombs such as the Mausoleum at Halikarnassos and the recently discovered Uzun Yuva at Milas. It is dated to the Hekatomnid period, maybe to the period of Idrieus.
References
Labraunda, Built Tomb: Hellström 2007: 135f; Henry 2011, 2012.
Marble: Attanasio and Prochaska, Analysis 2014; Cantisani, Report 2014.
Sample: Lab C42 (Fig. 28-29)
Location: Andron B
Object: Inscribed block, inv. C 42. Architrave dedication of Maussollos. This is the final part at the right hand side of the architrave seen from the front. Letters visible on this block are ΩI at the left hand side.
Period: 377-352 B.C.
Sampling: September 2012.
Photos: SAM 8919; 9032.
Ocular investigation: Medium-grained white marble with grey veins.
Fig. 28
Fig. 29
Analyses
Herz (isotopic analysis)
Results: Coarse-grained (1-2 mm) calcite crystals. Isotope analysis: Heracleia (89%), Paros (77), Mylasa (73). Most probably the marble came from Herakleia sul Lathmos/Bafa Gölü.
CNR/ICVBC (optical microscopy, mineralogical and petrographic investigation).
Results: Marble with large sized grains.
Mineralogical composition: calcite.
Petrographic description: granulometry: Maximum: 3 mm; Medium: 700 micron; Minimum 250 micron.
The crystals have euhedral to subhedral shape. The grain boundaries vary from straight to slightly lobate. There are zones of finer or larger grains. The microstructure is not oriented. The calcitic crystals have not deformed twins.
Preliminary results
This marble is the only of its kind obtained at Labraunda. (Group 2)
Notes
At ocular inspection the marble of the inscribed block looks partially fine-grained, but there are areas of larger grains. It looks similar to the marble used for the architrave at Idrieus Andron. Herz’ analyses show the marbles are similar. According to the CNR analysis the marbles of the two Andron’s are quite similar but not identical. Further studies are needed to establish the provenance. This Andron was, according to Hellström 2011: 154f, probably built around 377-6. The architrave was conserved in 2012.
References
Labraunda, Andron B: Crampa 1972: 9-11, pl. 2; Hellström and Thieme 1981: 59ff, fig. 8; Hellström 2007: 85-89; 2011.
Marble: Monna and Pensabene 1977; Herz, letter to Pontus Hellström, December 11, 2006; Freccero, Conservation report 2012; Cantisani Report 2014; Freccero 2014: 51.
Sample: LabCol. (Fig. 30-31)
Location: The terrace above the entrance to the sanctuary.
Object: Column without flutes, without inv. nr.
Period: Presumably Hekatomnid.
Sampling: September 2012.
Photos: SAM 8996, 8999, 9000; 9018.
Ocular investigation: Coarse-grained white marble.
Fig. 30
Fig. 31
Analyses
CNR/ICVBC (optical microscopy, mineralogical and petrographic investigation).
Results: Marble with medium-large grains.
Mineralogical composition: calcite.
Petrographic description: Granulometry: Maximum: 1.5 mm; Medium: 700 micron; Minimum:
The crystals are of euhedral shape. The prevailing grain boundaries are straight and the microstructure is not oriented. The marble is strongly decayed, and has a high porosity due to the detachment of crystals.
Preliminary results
Samples LabA3, LabA5, LabAF, LabCol, LabDH, LabOikoi, LabEProp, LabSProp belong to the same group. All samples were obtained at buildings constructed in the period of Idrieus, except for LabCol, for which the date is uncertain. To this group belong samples from quarries at Herakleia (HQ1, HQ2, HQ3) Euromos (EQ) and at the site of Lagina. Labraunda bianco is similar but with finer grains (Group 1).
Notes
At sampling, the question was if this column was of the Hekatomnid or the Roman period. It is located in an area, by Westman called space 28, which has not yet been excavated. At ocular inspection the marble of the column looks similar to the marble used for the two architrave blocks of the andrones of Maussollos and Idrieus. According to the CNR analysis the marbles are quite similar but not identical.
References
Marble: Cantisani Report 2014; Freccero 2014: 51.
Sample: Lab CorCap 1 (Fig. 32-33)
Location: North Stoa
Object: Corinthian capital, inv. B152.
Period: Roman period, Poleites A.D. 102-114 (Trajanus).
Sample: Lab CorCap 1
Sampling: September 2012.
Photos: SAM 1103-04; 9005.
Ocular investigation: Fine-grained white marble.
Fig 32
Fig 33
Analyses
CNR/ICVBC (optical microscopy, mineralogical and petrographic investigation).
Results: Marble with very fine grains.
Mineralogical composition: calcite.
Petrographic description: granulometry: Maximum: 600 micron; Medium: 200 micron; Minimum: 50 micron.
The crystals have subhedral shape. The grain boundaries vary from straight to lobate. This sample is characterized by areas that are strongly deformed, and presents phenomena of alteration.
Preliminary results
There is a great similarity between the CorCap samples, which are considered as of the same kind. To this group belong Corcap 1, Corcap 2, Corcap 5, Lab TTsima, and TTarch. All elements are dated to the Roman period (group 4).
Notes
Ocular observations show a very fine-grained white marble. The surface is weathered and covered with surface deposits such as earth and lichens. All Corinthian capitals seem to have been made from the same type of marble. The capital was conserved by E. Andersson in 2013.
References
Labraunda, North Stoa: Liljenstolpe and von Schmalensee 1996; Hellström 2007: 103-109.
Marble: Freccero, Conservation Report 2013; Cantisani Report 2014; Freccero 2014: 51.
Sample: Lab CorCap 2 (Fig. 34-35)
Location: North Stoa.
Object: Corinthian capital, inv. B147.
Period: Roman period, Poleites A.D. 102-114 (Trajan).
Sampling: September 2012.
Photos: SAM 1091; 9008.
Ocular investigation: Fine-grained white marble.
Fig. 34
Fig. 35
Analyses
CNR/ICVBC (optical microscopy, mineralogical and petrographic investigation).
Results: Marble with very fine grains.
Mineralogical composition: calcite.
Petrographic description: granulometry: Maximum: 600 micron; Medium: 200 micron; Minimum: 50 micron.
The crystals have subhedral shape. This sample is characterized by strongly deformed areas and it presents phenomena of alteration. The boundaries between crystals are straight to lobate.
Preliminary results
There is a great similarity between the CorCap samples, which are considered as of the same kind. To this group belong Corcap 1, Corcap 2, Corcap 5, Lab TTsima, and TTarch. All elements are dated to the Roman period (group 4).
Notes
Ocular observations show a very fine-grained white marble. The surface is weathered and covered with surface deposits such as earth and lichens. All Corinthian capitals seem to have been made from the same type of marble. The capital was conserved by A. Plahn in 2013.
References
Labraunda, North Stoa: Liljenstolpe and von Schmalensee 1996; Hellström 2007: 103-109.
Marble: Freccero, Conservation report 2013; Cantisani Report 2014; Freccero 2014: 51.
Sample: Lab CorCap 5 (Fig. 36-37)
Location: North Stoa.
Object: Corinthian capital, B 141.
Period: Roman period, Poleites A.D. 102-114 (Trajan).
Sampling: September 2013.
Photos: SAM 1098-1100; 1342.
Ocular investigation: Fine-grained white marble.
Fig. 36
Fig. 37
Analyses
CNR/ICVBC (optical microscopy).
Results: CorCap 5 is very similar to CorCapl.
Attanasio and Prochaska (Isotopic, EPR, and petrographic analysis).
Results: marble from Milas (A/P: group 1, fine grained samples with MGS below 1.0 mm).
Preliminary results
There is a strong similarity between the CorCap samples, which are considered as of the same kind.
To this group belong Corcap 1, Corcap 2, Corcap 5, Lab TTsima, and TTarch. All elements are dated to the Roman period. (group 4)
Notes
The capital was conserved by A. Enberg in 2013.
References
Labraunda, North Stoa: Liljenstolpe and von Schmalensee 1996; Hellström 2007: 103-109.
Marble: Freccero, Conservation report 2013; Attanasio and Prochaska, Analysis 2014; Cantisani Report 2014.
Sample: Lab DH (Fig. 38-39)
Location: Doric house.
Object: Architrave block of the Hekatomnid building, inv. P12.
Period: The inscription of the Hekatomnid period or an addition of the Hellenistic period.
Sampling: September 2013.
Photos: SAM 1309-14; 1326.
Ocular investigation: Coarse-grained white marble. Hard.
Fig. 38
Fig. 39
Analyses
CNR/ICVBC (optical microscopy, mineralogical and petrographic investigation).
Results: Marble with medium-large grains.
Mineralogical composition: calcite. No presence of accessory minerals.
Petrographic description: Granulometry: Maximum:1.8 mm, minimum: 300 micron.
The microstructure is granoblastic, there are only few finer grains. The crystals, of euhedral shape, are not oriented in any preferential way. The prevailing boundaries between crystals is straight, there are triple joints. Single crystals present e twins.
Attanasio and Prochaska (Isotopic, EPR, and petrographic analysis).
Results: marble from Herakleia (A/P: group 2, medium to coarse grained samples with MGS ranging from 1.1 to mm).
Preliminary results
Samples LabA3, LabA5, LabAF, LabCol, LabDH, LabOikoi, LabEProp, LabSProp belong to the same group. All samples were obtained at buildings constructed in the period of Idrieus, except for LabCol, for which the date is uncertain. To this group belong samples from quarries at Herakleia (HQ1, HQ2, HQ3) Euromos (EQ) and at the site of Lagina. Labraunda bianco is similar but with finer grains (Group 1).
Notes
According to Hellström the Doric House is probably datable to the period of Idrieus. The interior part was reused in the Roman period. The house got its name by its Doric order. The building may have been a treasury or a fountain house, maybe a nympheum. A dedicatory inscription of Idrieus appears on an architrave block (OMNΩMY). The house was rebuilt in successive periods and finally became part of the Late antique complex of the East Church. At the time of sampling I was informed the inscription was in a Roman style.
References
Labraunda, Doric House: Crampa 1972; Hellström 2007: 74f; 2009: 267ff; Blid 2012: 161-220.
Marble: Attanasio and Prochaska, Analysis 2014; Cantisani Report 2014.
Sample: Lab EProp (Fig. 40-41)
Location: East Propylon.
Period: Hekatomnid, 4th century B.C.
Object: Architrave, inv. H11.
Sampling: September 2013.
Photos: 1306-08; 1328.
Ocular investigation: Coarse-grained white marble. (1-3 mm). Hard.
Fig. 40
Analyses
CNR/ICVBC (optical microscopy, mineralogical and petrographic investigation).
Results: Marble with large grains.
Mineralogical composition: calcite. No presence of accessory minerals.
Petrographic description: Granulometry: Maximum: 2 mm, minimum: 400 micron.
The crystals have euhedral shape, and the prevailing boundaries between crystals are straight. There are triple joints. The microstructure is granoblastic, and the crystals, which present typical e twins, are not oriented in any preferential way.
Attanasio and Prochaska (Isotopic, EPR, and petrographic analysis).
Results: marble from Herakleia (A/P: group 2, medium to coarse grained samples with MGS ranging from 1.1 to mm).
Preliminary results
To this group belong samples LabA3, LabA5, LabAF, LabCol, LabDH, LabOikoi, LabEProp, LabSProp belong to the same group. All samples were obtained at buildings constructed in the period of Idrieus, except for LabCol, for which the date is uncertain. To this group belong samples from quarries at Herakleia (HQ1, HQ2, HQ3) Euromos (EQ) and at the site of Lagina. Labraunda bianco is similar but with finer grains. (Group 1)
Notes
The East Propylon was constructed in the Hekatomnid period, but it has not been possible to date the building exactly. It may be contemporary with the South Propylon.
References
Labraunda, East Propylon: Jeppesen 1955: 31 ff; Hellström 2007: 81.
Marble: Attanasio and Prochaska, Analysis 2014; Cantisani Report 2014.
Sample: LabEx (Fig. 42-43)
Location: Temple terrace.
Object: Exedra. Rear side of the central block, inv. B48.
Period: Hellenistic, 3rd century B.C.
Sampling: September 2013.
Photos: SAM 1088, 1005-06; 1341.
Ocular investigation: Fine-grained white marble. Frail.
Fig. 42
Fig. 43
Analyses
CNR/ICVBC (optical microscopy, mineralogical and petrographic investigation).
Results: Marble with varying grain sizes.
Mineralogical composition: calcite. No accessory minerals.
Petrographic description: Granulometry: Maximum: 500 micron. This sample has a variable grain size. The crystals shape is subhedral and the microstructure is slightly oriented. In the areas of medium fine grains the boundaries between crystals varies between straight and slightly lobate.
Attanasio and Prochaska (Isotopic, EPR, and petrographic analysis).
Results: marble from Milas (A/P: group 1, fine grained samples with MGS below 1.0 mm).
Preliminary results
Samples LabEx and Lab Yanta are similar and belong to the same group. Both are architectonic elements dated to the Hellenistic period. To this group belong samples BE1, M1, Sodra3 and Sodra4, all obtained south of Milas (Group 6).
Notes
This semicircular building is roughly 4 m wide and 2 m deep. It consists of a platform on which stand a curved wall and a low bench. The exedra was dedicated by Demetrios Pythonos. The many inscriptions published by Crampa in 1977 are almost completely lost.
References
Labraunda, Exedra: Crampa 1972; Hellström 2007: 106f; Tobin 2014.
Marble: Attanasio and Prochaska, Analysis 2014; Cantisani Report 2014.
Sample: Lab NStoa (Fig. 44-45)
Location: North Stoa.
Object: Frieze/architrave.
Period: Roman period, Poleites A.D. 102-114 (Trajanus).
Sampling: September 2013.
Photos: SAM 1276-77, 1292; 1335-36.
Ocular investigation: Fine-grained white marble. Hard.
Fig. 44
Fig. 45
Analyses
CNR/ICVBC (optical microscopy, mineralogical and petrographic investigation).
Results: Pure calcite marble with medium-fine grains.
Mineralogical composition: calcite. No visible presence of accessory minerals.
Petrographic description: granulometry: Maximum: 400 micron.
The crystals are subhedral and the prevailing boundaries between crystals are lobate. The crystals seem slightly oriented and the microstructure is elaborated. In some areas the crystals look even finer due to intense disaggregation.
Attanasio and Prochaska (Isotopic, EPR, and petrographic analysis).
Results: marble from Milas (A/P: group 1, fine grained samples with MGS below 1.0 mm).
Preliminary results
CNR, under the microscope: The marble of this sample is very much decayed and therefore difficult to determine. It is placed in a group of calcite marbles with accessory minerals and variable microstructure (Group 5).
Notes
The Roman North Stoa was constructed on the still remaining foundations of an earlier stoa dedicated by Maussollos.
References
Labraunda, North Stoa: Liljenstolpe and von Schmalensee 1006; Hellström 2007: 103 ff;
Marble: Attanasio and Prochaska, Analysis 2014; Cantisani Report 2014.
Sample: Lab Oikoi (Fig. 46-47)
Location: Oikoi, north of Andron A.
Object: Architrave with dedication, inv. A35. Letters visible on this block are YΣΔIIΛAMBPAYNΔΩ.
Period: Hekatomnid, before 353 B.C.
Sampling: September 2013
Photos: SAM 1296-98; 1338.
Ocular investigation: Coarse-grained white marble (1-2 mm).
Fig. 46
Fig. 47
Analyses
CNR/ICVBC (optical microscopy, mineralogical and petrographic investigation).
Results: Marble with large grains.
Mineralogical composition: calcite, traces of quartz. No visible presence of accessory minerals.
Petrographic description: Granulometry: Maximum: 2.5 mm, minimum: 500 micron. The shape of the crystals is euhedral, and the microstructure is granoblastic, with only few finer grains. The crystals are not oriented in any preferential direction. The prevailing boundaries between crystals are straight, and there are triple joints. Single crystals present e twins.
Attanasio and Prochaska (Isotopic, EPR, and petrographic analysis).
Results: marble from Herakleia (A/P: group 2, medium to coarse grained samples with MGS ranging from 1.1 to mm).
Preliminary results
CNR, under the microscope: Lab Oikoi has the same type of marble as Lab A3 and Lab A5, i.e. the architrave of Andron A, constructed by Idrieus.
To this group belong samples LabA3, LabA5, LabAF, LabCol, LabDH, LabOikoi, LabEProp, LabSProp. All samples were obtained at building constructed in the period of Idrieus, except for LabCol, for which the date is uncertain. To this group belong samples from quarries at Herakleia (HQ1, HQ2, HQ3) Euromos (EQ) and at the site of Lagina. Labraunda bianco is similar but with finer grains (Group 1).
Notes
The Oikoi building which was maybe begun by Maussollos ca. 353. It was completed by Idrieus who dedicated the building ca. 349. The architrave would be a late detail of the building, i.e. compatible with marbles of the period of Idrieus.
References
Labraunda, Oikoi: Crampa 1972; Hellström and Thieme 1982; Hellström 2007: 119-125; 2011, 154f.; 2015, forthcoming.
Marble: Monna and Pensabene 1977; Attanasio and Prochaska, Analysis 2014; Cantisani Report 2014.
Sample: Lab SProp (Fig. 48-49)
Location: South Propylon.
Object: Architrave with dedication. Inv. K81.
Period: Hekatomnid, Idrieus, ca. 350-345 B.C.
Sampling: September 2013.
Photos: SAM 1315-17; 1327.
Ocular investigation: White marble with mediumsized grains. Fairly hard.
Fig. 48
Fig. 49
Analyses
CNR/ICVBC (optical microscopy, mineralogical and petrographic investigation).
Results: Pure calcite marble with large grains.
Mineralogical composition: calcite. No visible presence of accessory minerals.
Petrographic description: Granulometry: Maximum: 2 mm, minimum: 400 micron.
The crystals are of euhedral shape, and the prevailing boundaries between crystals are straight to slightly lobate, and there are triple joints. The crystals present typical e twins, and the microstructure is oriented in any preferential direction.
Attanasio and Prochaska (Isotopic, EPR, and petrographic analysis).
Results: marble from Herakleia (A/P: group 2, medium to coarse grained samples with MGS ranging from 1.1 to mm).
Preliminary results
To this group belong samples LabA3, LabA5, LabAF, LabCol, LabDH, LabOikoi, LabEProp, LabSProp. All samples were obtained at building constructed in the period of Idrieus, except for LabCol, for which the date is uncertain. To this group belong samples from quarries at Herakleia (HQ1, HQ2, HQ3) Euromos (EQ) and at the site of Lagina. Labraunda bianco is similar but with finer grains (group 1).
Notes
The architrave fragment was conserved by A. Enberg in 2013.
References
Labraunda, South Propylon: Jeppesen 1955: 2ff, pl X, fig. 7.
Marble: Freccero, Conservation report 2013; Attanasio and Prochaska, Analysis 2014; Cantisani, Report 2014; Freccero 2014: 48f.
Sample: LabTov (Fig. 50-51)
Location: Depot. Fragment of the older temple. Object: Ovolo. Inv. D138.
Period: Late Archaic, ca. 500 B.C.
Sampling: September 2013 Photos: SAM 1305; 1324.
Ocular investigation: Fine-grained white marble. Very frail and sugaring.
Fig. 50 and 51
Analyses
CNR/ICVBC (optical microscopy, mineralogical and petrographic investigation).
Results: Marble with medium-fine grains. Mineralogical composition: calcite. No accessory minerals.
Petrographic description: Granulometry: maximum: 600 micron, minimum 200 micron.
The crystal form is euhedral to subhedral, and the boundaries between crystals are straight to lobate. There are internal deformations in the crystals. The microstructure is deformed.
Attanasio and Prochaska (Isotopic, EPR, and petrographic analysis).
Results: marble from Milas (A/P: group 1, fine grained samples with MGS below 1.0 mm).
Preliminary results
Sample LabTov, belongs to the same group as Lab Btomb, a marble slab found at the Monumental Built Tomb. The marbles are similar to HMQ1, HMQ3, and HMQ4, samples from the Miletos quarries (Group 3).
Notes
The archaic temple dated to the 6th century B.C. was extended and rebuilt in the Hekatomnid period, presumably in the period of Maussollos and completed by Idrieus who dedicated the temple. The earlier temple or shrine is evidenced not only by the earliest structures but also by a quantity of Attic black ware figure pottery. This progressive period in Labraunda ends with the battle at Labraunda about 496 during the Ionic revolt.
References
Labraunda, Old temple: Hellström 2015, forthcoming.
Marble: Attanasio and Prochaska, Analysis 2014; Cantisani Report 2014.
Sample: Lab TTarch. (Fig. 52-53)
Location: Temple terrace.
Object: Architrave frieze, Type B. Inv. B54.
Period: Roman period (Trajanus).
Sampling: September 2013.
Photos: SAM 1274-75, 1288, 1289; 1334.
Ocular investigation: Fine-grained white marble. Hard.
Fig 52
Fig 53
Analyses
CNR/ICVBC (optical microscopy, mineralogical and petrographic investigation).
Results: Marble with fine grains.
Mineralogical composition: Calcite with traces of dolomite and quarzo.
Petrographic description: Granulometry: Maximum: 300 micron, minimum: 10 micron.
The crystal shape varies from euhedral to subhedral. The marble is disintegrated and has black crusts which are visible in thin sections and the petrographic characteristics are not discernable due to the strong decay. The grain sizes vary from between 10 to 300 micron, in some areas even finer.
Attanasio and Prochaska (Isotopic, EPR, and petrographic analysis).
Results: marble from unidentified cave (A/P: group 3, which includes three fine grained samples that differ markedly from group 1 for their unusually high δ13C (from 5.84 to 6.53).
Preliminary results
Similar to the CorCap samples and to sample LabTTSima. All are architectonic elements which belong to structures dated to the Roman period (Group 4).
References
Labraunda, temple terrace: Hellström 2007: 103 ff; Blid and Hedlund 2013: 327ff; Blid 2014: 35f.
Marble: Attanasio and Prochaska, Analysis 2014; Cantisani, Report 2014.
Sample: Lab TTC (Fig. 54)
Location: Temple terrace.
Object: Architrave/frieze, type C.
Period: Roman, Trajan period.
Sampling: September 2013.
Photos: 1332.
Ocular investigation: Fine-grained white marble. Hard.
Fig. 54
Analyses
CNR/ICVBC (optical microscopy, mineralogical and petrographic investigation).
Results: Marble with fine grains.
Mineralogical composition: calcite. No visible presence of accessory minerals.
Petrographic description: granulometry: Maximum: 500 micron, minimum: 50 micron.
The crystals have varying granulometry, and the shape of the crystals is between euhedral and subhedral. The prevailing boundaries between crystals are straight to slightly lobate and the crystals are not oriented in any preferential way. The marble is disintegrated and has black incrustations that are visible in thin section.
Attanasio and Prochasca (Isotopic, EPR, and petrographic analysis).
Results: marble from Milas (A/P: group 1, fine grained samples with MGS below 1.0 mm).
Preliminary results
LabTTC is slightly different to other samples and therefore placed in a group of calcite marbles with accessory minerals and variable microstructure. (Group 5)
References
Labraunda, Temple terrace: Hellström 2007: 103ff; Blid and Hedlund 2013: 327ff; Blid 2014: 35f.
Marble: Attanasio and Prochaska, Analysis 2014; Cantisani, Report 2014.
Sample: Lab TTcol (Fig. 55-56)
Location: Temple terrace.
Object: Column, inv. 179 or 180.
Period: Roman.
Sampling: September 2013.
Photos: SAM 1278-79, 1285; 1333.
Ocular investigation: Fine-grained white marble with grey veins. Hard.
Fig 55
Fig 56
Analyses
CNR/ICVBC (optical microscopy, mineralogical and petrographic investigation).
Results
Mineralogical composition: calcite, traces of quartz, muscovite and chlorite.
Petrographic description: Granulometry: maximum 450, minimum 250 micron.
Marble with medium sized grains. The crystal shape varies from euhedral to subedral, the boundaries between crystals vary from straight to prevalently lobate. The microstructure is oriented.
There are some areas with accessory minerals such as quartz, muscovite and chlorite.
Attanasio and Prochasca (Isotopic, EPR, and petrographic analysis).
Results: marble maybe an Ephesian marble from the quarry of Tavşantepe (so called Farm Quarry) that is the only one that exhibits such negative oxygen values. No likely alternatives seem to exist. (A/P: group 4, which includes this sample only. The sample differs from any other marble tested for its negative oxygen shift (-8.81).
Preliminary results
Belongs to the group of different kinds of marble and therefore placed in a group of calcite marbles with accessory minerals and variable microstructure (group 5).
References
Labraunda, Temple terrace: Hellström 2007: 103ff; Blid and Hedlund 2013: 327ff; Blid 2014: 35f.
Marble: Attanasio and Prochaska, Analysis 2014; Cantisani, Report 2014
Sample: Lab TTsima (Fig. 57-58)
Location: Temple terrace.
Object: Sima, inv. B71.
Period: Roman.
Sampling: September 2013.
Photos: SAM 1286-87; 1331.
Ocular investigation: Medium-grained white marble. Hard. Dirty sample.
Fig. 57
Fig. 58
Analyses
CNR/ICVBC (optical microscopy, mineralogical and petrographic investigation).
Results: Marble with zones of fine grains and zones of medium-fine grains.
Mineralogical composition: calcite. There are traces of Dolomite.
Petrographic description: granulometry: maximum: 500 micron, minimum: micron. The crystals shape in the medium fine area is euhedral and the prevailing shape of the grain boundaries is straight. The crystals are not oriented in any preferential direction. There are a few double twin crystals. In the fine grained zones the characteristics of the grains is impossible to solve under optical microscope.
Attanasio and Prochaska (Isotopic, EPR, and petrographic analysis).
Results: marble from unidentified cave (A/P: group 3, which includes three fine grained samples that differ markedly from group 1 for their unusually high δ13C (from 5.84 to 6.53).
Preliminary results
To this group belong samples CorCap 1, Corcap 2, Corcap 5, LabTTsima, Lab TTArch (Group 4).
References
Labraunda, Temple terrace: Hellström 2007: 103ff; Blid and Hedlund 2013: 327ff; Blid 2014: 35f.
Marble: Attanasio and Prochaska, Analysis 2014; Cantisani Report 2014.
Sample: Lab TZeus (Fig. 59-60)
Location: Temple of Zeus.
Object: Architrave, inv. D107.
Period: 4th century B.C.
Sampling: September 2013.
Photos: SAM 1299-1300; 1337.
Ocular investigation: Coarse-grained white marble (1-3mm). Frail.
Fig. 59
Fig. 60
Analyses
CNR/ICVBC (optical microscopy, mineralogical and petrographic investigation).
Results: Marble with large grains.
Mineralogical composition: calcite. No presence of accessory minerals.
Petrographic description: granulometry: Maximum: 2 mm, minimum: 500 micron. The crystals have euhedral shape, and the prevailing boundaries between crystals are straight. Single crystals present normal and e twins. Some twins are deformed. The microstructure is granoblastic, only few finer grains
Attanasio and Prochaska (Isotopic, EPR, and petrographic analysis).
Results: marble from Herakleia (A/P: group 2, medium to coarse grained samples with MGS ranging from 1.1 to 3.1 mm).
Preliminary results
Marbles of samples LabA3, LabA5, LabAF, LabCol, LabDH, LabOikoi, LabEProp, LabSProp belong to the same group. All samples were obtained at building constructed in the period of Idrieus, except for LabCol, for which the date is uncertain. To this group belong samples from quarries at Herakleia (HQ1, HQ2, HQ3) Euromos (EQ) and at the site of Lagina. Labraunda bianco is similar but with finer grains (Group 1).
Notes
The Temple of Zeus was completed in the period of Idrieus. The temple was probably built by the famous architect Pytheos, who had built the Mausoleum at Halikarnassos and the Temple of Athena at Priene. The architrave was conserved by S. Holickova in 2014.
References
Labraunda, Temple of Zeus: Hellström and Thieme 1982: 78 (E80); Hellström 2007: 111-117; 2015, forthcoming.
Marble: Monna and Pensabene 1977; Attanasio and Prochaska, Analysis 2014; Cantisani Report 2014; Andersson, Conservation report 2014.
Sample: Lab Yanta (Fig. 61-62)
Location: Propylon Y
Object: Anta block, inv.Y6.
Period: Hellenistic, 3rd century B.C.
Sampling: September 2013.
Photos: SAM 1282-83; 1330.
Ocular investigation: Greyish white marble. Very fine grains. Hard.
Fig. 61
Fig. 62
Analyses
CNR/ICVBC (optical microscopy, mineralogical and petrographic investigation).
Results: Mineralogical composition: calcite, traces of quartz.
Petrographic description: granulometry: maximum 400, minimum 50 micron. Marble with medium sized grains. The crystal shape varies from euhedral to subhedral, and the boundaries between crystals vary from straight to lobate. The calcitic crystals present parallel and crossed twins. The microstructure is not oriented and is a “mosaic” micro fabric.
Attanasio and Prochaska (Isotopic, EPR, and petrographic analysis).
Results: marble from Milas (A/P: group 1, fine grained samples with MGS below 1.0 mm).
Preliminary results
Samples LabEx and LabYanta belong to the same group. To this group belongs one sample (BE1) from Beçin, and M1 from the plain S of Milas, and samples Sodra3 and Sodra4 from Sodradağ (Group 6).
References
Labraunda, Propylon Y: Hellström 2015, forthcoming.
Marble: Attanasio and Prochaska, Analysis 2014; Cantisani Report 2014.
Sample: Lab Yarch (Fig. 63-64)
Location: Propylon Y
Object: Architrave, Y21.
Period: Roman.
Sampling: September 2013.
Photos: SAM 1280-84, 1315-17; 1329.
Ocular investigation: White marble with very fine grains. Frail.
Fig. 63
Fig. 64
Analyses
CNR/ICVBC (optical microscopy, mineralogical and petrographic investigation).
Results: Mineralogical composition: calcite, traces of quartz and muscovite
Petrographic description: granulometry: maximum 400, minimum 50 micron.
Marble with a medium-fine grain size. The crystal shape is euhedral, and the boundaries between crystals straight. In thin section the presence of small crystal of micas (muscovite) is evident. The microstructure is not oriented and is a typical granoblastic mosaic micro fabric.
Attanasio and Prochaska (Isotopic, EPR, and petrographic analysis).
Results: marble from unidentified cave (A/P: group 3, which includes three fine grained samples that differ markedly from group 1 for their unusually high δ13C (from 5.84 to 6.53).
Preliminary results
This marble is different from all other samples and therefore placed in a group of calcite marbles with accessory minerals and variable microstructure (Group 5).
References
Labraunda, Propylon Y: Hellström 2015, forthcoming.
Marble: Attanasio and Prochaska, Analysis 2014; Cantisani Report 2014.
Sample: Labraunda white. (Fig. 65-66)
Location: Temple terrace.
Object: Loose fragment.
Period:
Sampling: September 2011.
Photos: SAM 1868.
Ocular investigation: Coarse-grained white marble.
Fig. 65
Fig. 66
Analyses
CNR/ICVBC (optical microscopy, mineralogical and petrographic investigation).
Results: Marble with medium-large grains.
Mineralogical composition: calcite, traces of Dolomite.
Granulometry: The marble consists almost only of calcite but there are minor traces of dolomite. The grains are medium/large sized and the granoblastic texture is polygonal.
Preliminary results
Marbles of samples LabA3, LabA5, LabAF, LabCol, LabDH, LabOikoi, LabEProp, LabSProp belong to the same group. All samples were obtained at buildings constructed in the period of Idrieus, except for LabCol, for which the date is uncertain. To this group belong samples from quarries at Herakleia (HQ1, HQ2, HQ3) Euromos (EQ) and at the site of Lagina. Labraunda white is similar but with finer grains (Group 1).
References
Marble: Cantisani Report 2014.
Sample: Labraunda grey. (Fig. 67-68)
Location: Terrace in front of Andron B.
Object: Fragment of a marble block.
Period:
Sampling: September 2011.
Photos: SAM 1868.
Ocular investigation: very fine grained greyish white marble
Fig. 67
Fig. 68
Analyses
CNR/ICVBC (optical microscopy, mineralogical and petrographic investigation).
Results: Dolomite marble with fine grains.
Mineralogical composition: Dolomite (Ca,Mg (CO3)2) with traces of calcite (CaCO3).
Granulometry:
Preliminary results
Labraunda grigio, Sodra 1 and Sodra 2 are similar. Sodra 1 and 2 were obtained at Sodradağ, SW of Milas, above Gümüşkesen and the Hebrew Cemetery (group 7).
Notes
Samples Labraunda grey and Sodra 1 are similar. Both are very fine-grained marbles with veins of larger grains. The mineralogical composition confirms the likeness.
References
Marble: Cantisani Report 2014.