All the plates of this paper were drawn and created the photographs by G. Kan Şahin (Çanakkale) from the photos, done by E. Laflı at the site in 2005-2008, except figs. 1-2, made in 2003 by the Directorate of the Museum of Ereğli in Zonguldak and figs. 12-13 which were made by Dr William Anderson (Melbourne) in 2006 at the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, to both of whom we would like to express our gratitudes. The maps were produced by Dr Sami Patacı (Ardahan) in 2014. We also would like to thank to Mr Aksel Tibet (Istanbul) for the edition of this article and to Dr Klaus Belke (Vienna) as well as Mr Max Ritter (Berlin) for their revisions.
- 1 Laflı and Kan Şahin 2012 and 2014; as well as Laflı, Kan Şahin and Patacı 2013.
- 2 Laflı and Kan Şahin 2013, 2014; as well as Kan Şahin and Laflı 2015.
1Southwestern Paphlagonia locates in the region around Hadrianoupolis and its chora, today’s Eskipazar in the Province of Karabük. Ceramic reports of Iron Age, Hellenistic, Roman and Late Roman/Early Byzantine periods as well as unguentaria and lamps from southwestern Paphlagonia are already appeared in the previous issues of Anatolia Antiqua1 as well as elsewhere2 that are featuring the surface and excavated finds from the field seasons between 2005 and 2008 by a team of Dokuz Eylül University (DEU). This current report is the last one in this series and focuses on the Middle Byzantine period.
Map 1
Map of Byzantine Paphlagonia, Northern and Central Anatolia with the quoted places in the text. Underlined places indicate cities with local museums
- 3 Anderson 2011: 38; Wilson 1960: 37; and Broughton 1938: 616-617.
- 4 Belke 1996: 65: The name ‘Paphlagonia’ appears as one of the seven provinces of ‘Pontica’ in so-cal (...)
- 5 Honigmann 1939: Nov. 28, 29 and 31; as well as Jones 1971: 171.
- 6 Mitchell 1993: 120-121; Matthews, Metcalfe and Cottica 2009: 191; as well as for Middle Byzantine t (...)
- 7 Belke 1996: 69-74; Kazhdan 1991: 1579; Pertusi 1952: 136; as well as Brooks 1901: 69, 71, 73 and 76 (...)
- 8 Belke 1996: 74 and 137; Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, De administrando imperio (eds. Moravcsik a (...)
- 9 Theodore the Studite, Epistulae (ed. Fatouros 1992): 2 and 63; Treadgold 1988/1989: 140-143; and Be (...)
- 10 McGeer, Nesbitt and Oikonomides 2001: 25; Oikonomides 1972: 349; Brüggemann 2012: 49; Winkelmann 19 (...)
2Paphlagonia is the name of the province on the north-central Black Sea coastline of Asia Minor, situated between Bithynia and Pontus. Paphlagonia was a major source of timber during and after the Roman period, as it was rich in forestry3. It appeared as a separate province in the 4th cent. A.D.4 (Map 1). Political geography of Paphlagonia during the Early Byzantine period is well known through the Συνέκδημος of Hierocles, as the Roman towns of Inner Paphlagonia survived since 2nd cent. into the 6th cent. A.D. and some new sites were added in 6th cent. A.D.5 In 7th cent. Paphlagonia became part of the theme of Obsequium (or Opsikion) and, later, of the Bucellarian theme, before it was split off again to form a separate unit. A fundamental shift in the civic life of cities, changing the urban life across the entire region into the 7th cent. A.D. and beyond were occured6. In this period Paphlagonia became a theme, i.e. a military-civilian province of the Byzantine Empire. The territory of the theme Paphlagonia was corresponding roughly to the Late Antique province of Paphlagonia, which had been subsumed in the themes of Obsequium and Bucellarian7. Its governing ‘katepano’ (κατεπάνω) or in Latinized form ‘capetanus/catepan’, i.e. a senior Byzantine military rank and office as a captain or fleet commander, was first mentioned in the later A.D. 830s8; but ‘Paphlagonia’ was definitely created after ca. 815-8199 and so the theme seems to have been established during the reigns of Leo V the Armenian (A.D. 813820) or Michael II (A.D. 820-829), simultaneously with the theme of Chaldea in ca. 82010. After the battle of Manzikert in A.D. 1071 and the lasting entry of the Seljuk Turks into Asia Minor most of Paphlagonia was lost to the Seljuk Turks; Alexius I Comnenus (A.D. 1081-118) recovered the Paphlagonian coast. But the campaigns of John II Comnenus (A.D. 1118-1143) in 1130s destined to reconquer the interior were in vain. After the Fourth Crusade in A.D. 1202-1204 the Paphlagonian coast came under the control of David Comnenus (A.D. ca. 1184-1212), but in A.D. 1214 the Nicaean emperor Theodore I Lascaris (A.D. 1205-1222) seized the western parts up to Cromna, ca. 45 km east of Amastris. These remained in Byzantine hands until the late 14th century, when they were taken over by the Turks or the Genoese.
Map 2
Map of the surveyed areas in southwestern Paphlagonia with locations of Middle Byzantine pottery finds (2008)
Map 3
City plan of Hadrianoupolis in 2008
- 11 Ahrweiler 1962: 9 and 28.
- 12 For the studies which highlight the phenomenon of Late Antique ruralisation in Asia Minor: Baird 20 (...)
- 13 Matthews, Metcalfe and Cottica 2009: 190-199, figs. 6.29 and 6.35; as well as Bes 2015: 277.
- 14 Matthews, Metcalfe and Cottica 2009: 195.
- 15 Laflı and Zäh 2008: 713.
3In late 5th-early 6th cent. A.D. there was a sudden population and urban boom in Hadrianoupolis (Map 3) and its chora (Map 2) whereas the Early Byzantine period of this region was not very well represented in literary and ecclesiastical sources. Although Hadrianoupolis experienced growth and transformation up to the mid of 7th cent., the written sources indicate some Arab invasions to the region in A.D. 720s11 which caused for the abandonment of the city12. After the first quarter of 8th cent. A.D. the emergence of a series of fortified hilltop sites in several parts of Paphlagonia is an archaeological indication of the first Arab attacks to the region which is evidenced through the recent BIAA surveys13. These fortified hilltop sites encountered in Inner Paphlagonia were being dated first and foremost to the centuries from A.D. 700, with the first incursion of Arab forces, to around A.D. 1200 with the final absorption of the region into the Turkish world14. In our field researches the term ‘Middle Byzantine’ fits to the period between mid/late 9th cent. to beginning of 12th cent., a long phase with the abandonment of Hadrianopolis, Kimistene’s use as a fortified hilltop site by the remaining local Greek speaking Christians and the arrival of Turks in late11th/early 12th cent. In this period there was a massive urban abandonment, because of the Arab conflicts, high instability and steady collapse of Byzantine control over the region between Gangra-Germanicopolis (Çankırı) and Hadrianopolis. At this time inhabitants of Hadrianoupolis were forced to abandon their town in a valley floor to more rugid places east of Eskipazar15.
- 16 Lamberz 2004: 65.
- 17 Laurent 1965: no 1593.
- 18 Belke 1996: 156; Cf.: Riplinger et al. 1988; Naumann, Kleem and Kuhn 1988; as well as Kazhdan 1991: (...)
4Historically and archaeologically the Middle Byzantine period of entire Paphlagonia after the Arabian raids in A.D. 720s is illuminated poorly. What we know about this period is that a ‘Nicetas’ from Hadrianoupolis attended the Seventh Ecumenical Council of Nicaea in A.D. 78716. A 10th/ 11th cent. seal of a certain bishop, called ‘George’ is likely referring to it17. In the church listings the city of Hadrianoupolis was mentioned until the 12th cent., variously in Galatia, Honorias, Obsequium or Bucellarian-Paphlagonia18. No local epigraphic sources for the Middle Byzantine period exist in southwestern Paphlagonia.
- 19 Brandes 1989: 74.
- 20 Brüggemann 2012: 50.
- 21 Izdebski 2012: 57; Cf. Ahrweiler 1962: 30ff. and 13ff.; as well as Charanis 1975: 1-20.
5During 7th and 8th cent. A.D. the Arabs had spectacular attacks on Constantinople and able to conquer important cities and fortresses in Asia Minor, such as Amorium, Ancyra and Dorylaeum19, whereas they found rarely their way to Paphlagonia20. Two Arabian raids to southwestern Paphlagonia brought the collapse of the Late Antique life and caused some demographic changes in the region around Gangra-Germanicopolis21. The evidence for this assumption is some burials of mid. 8th-9th cent. which were excavated in 2003 on the floorgrounds of the Basilica B in Hadrianopolis (Fig. 1-2). Arabs, however, did not stay in the region for longer durations.
Fig. 1
Middle Byzantine burials on the ground of the Basilica B in Hadrianoupolis, found during the 2003 rescue excavations by the Museum of Ereğli in Zonguldak. Middle 8th-9th cent. A.D
Fig. 2
Middle Byzantine burials on the ground of the Basilica B in Hadrianoupolis, found during the 2003 rescue excavations by the Museum of Ereğli in Zonguldak. Middle 8th-9th cent. A.D
- 22 For a detailed description of Kimistene: Laflı and Christof 2011: 235-241.
- 23 Generally for kastron: Dunn 1994.
- 24 Cf. for a similar picture in Galatian Pessinus: Vermeulen 2003: 382-386. R.J. Matthews’ assumption (...)
- 25 Erciyas 2013: 134: Amaseia (fig. 12, nos 4-14; and fig. 13, nos 22-26), Dazimon (Doceia) and Colone (...)
6As mentioned above, after the Arab incursions the mid 8th cent. inhabitants of Hadrianoupolis should especially had been forced to move to the ridge called ‘Asartepe’, marking the ancient site of Kimistene, ca. 12 km northeast of Hadrianopolis (Map 4; and Fig. 3-4)22. This site clearly shows signs of occupation over a long period, with particularly important phases in the Hellenistic and Roman Imperial periods, as surface pottery ranges from the Late Iron Age into the Middle Byzantine period. Hadrianoupolis, however, did not get transformed into a Byzantine ‘κάστρον’23. In the late 9th and early 10th cent. A.D. the military outpost on Kimistene was occupied by a small garrison or a store unit of the local agricultural products (Fig. 5-6)24. As mentioned above, this type of Middle Byzantine fortified hilltop sites are very common in elsewhere of southern Black Sea area, especially in the BIAA survey area around Gangra-Germanicopolis, but also in the chora of Comana Pontica25 in the further east. Except Kimistene Middle Byzantine finds in southwestern Paphlagonia, consisting almost entirely of pottery, is scattered, and it seems that this period was only concentrated in this little fortified site on the summit of Kimistene’s Acropolis.
Map 4
Plan of Kimistene during the Byzantine period (2008)
Fig. 3
Kimistene- Asartepe from Örenarkası with its surveyed areas in 2005; view from the west
Fig. 4
Acropolis of Kimistene; view of the terrace of Roman temple and Middle Byzantine fortification walls
Fig. 5
Remains of Middle Byzantine fortification at Kimistene
Fig. 6
Remains of Middle Byzantine fortification at Kimistene
- 26 Matthews, Metcalfe and Cottica 2009: 190; Vryonis 1971: 119; as well as Treadgold 1997: 631-632.
- 27 Matthews, Metcalfe and Cottica 2009: 196.
7By the late 11th cent. Turkish troops and settlers had pushed through Paphlagonia to the Bosporus. An instability attended the rebellions at the time of emperor John II Comnenus in A.D. 1130-1135, when the region of Gangra-Germanicopolis and Castra Comnenum (Roman Timonium, today Kastamonu) swung between rebel and imperial hands on several occasions26. The Byzantine defence of Paphlagonia and Honorias against the Turks in the 11th and 12th cent. A.D. is not well documented in historical sources27. As our latest coin, an anonymous follis of ca. A.D. 1030/1035-1042 from Kimistene (Fig. 7) shows, the area of Kimistene and Hadrianoupolis should be passed to the Turkish-Seljuk hands latest at the late 11th and beginning of 12th cent. A.D. After the 12th cent. there seems to be no more Byzantine coins and any other finds in southwestern Paphlagonia. This article is therefore devoted to the pottery finds between 9th and beginning of 12th cent. A.D., a period between the abandonment of Hadrianoupolis, Kimistene’s use as a fortified hilltop site by the remaining local Greek speaking Christians and the arrival of Turks in late 11th-early 12th cent.
Fig. 7
An anonymous follis of ca. A.D. 1030/1035-1042 from the Acropolis of Kimistene
Table 1: Find spots of Middle Byzantine pottery in southwestern Paphlagonia
Find Spots
|
Date of their Usage
|
Numismatic Evidence
|
Genres of Middle Byzantine Pottery from these Findspots
|
Bath A
|
Early 1st-mid. of 19th A.D., with the concentration of early 6th-late 7th cent. A.D.
|
A coin of Justin I (A.D. 518-527); a coin of Justinian I (A.D. 527-565); a coin of Heraclius (A.D. 610-641); a coin of Constans II (A.D. 641-668); two anonymous folloi of A.D. 976-c. 1030/1035; a signed follis of Constantine X and Eudocia (A.D. 1059-1067) and a signed follis of Romanus IV (A.D. 1068-1071); numismatic range between A.D. 518 to 1071
|
Tableware, transport ware and miscellaneous ceramics
|
Bath B
|
7th-12th cent. A.D., with the concentration of early 7th-early 8th cent. A.D.
|
Two coins of Heraclius (A.D. 610641); and a coin of Constantine IV (A.D. 668-685); numismatic range between A.D. 610 and 685
|
Tableware, kitchen ware and miscellaneous ceramics
|
Domus
|
Mid 6th to the mid 7th cent. A.D.
|
A coin of Justinian I (A.D. 527-565) and four coins of Heraclius (A.D. 610-641); A numismatic range between A.D. 527 and 641
|
Tableware
|
Western Tomb
|
Late 2nd-mid of 3rd cent. AD.; disturbed and mixed
|
No coins
|
Tableware, transport ware and miscellaneous ceramics
|
Örenarkası
|
5th-6th cent. A.D.
|
No coins
|
Kitchen ware
|
Boncuklar
|
1st-2nd cent. A.D.; 4th-5th cent. A.D.
|
No coins
|
Storage ware
|
Kimistene, Summit of Acropolis, observation post
|
Mid of 9th-late 11th/early 12th cent. A.D.
|
An anonymous follis (ca. A.D. 1030/1035-1042)
|
Tableware, kitchen ware, storage ware, transport ware, miscellaneous and architectural ceramics
|
Kimistene, elsewhere in Acropolis, Necropolis I and II as well as Cistern
|
1st-early 7th cent. AD.
|
No coins
|
Tableware, kitchen ware, storage ware, transport ware, miscellaneous and architectural ceramics
|
Kepez
|
1st-3rd cent. A.D.; Late 8th-late 11th cent. A.D.
|
No coins
|
Tableware, kitchen ware, storage ware and miscellaneous ceramics
|
Emiroğlu District
|
Mixed
|
No coins
|
Only a sherd of a storage ware
|
Surface Finds from Hadrianopolis
(from an unidentified Byzantine building close to the Domus)
|
Mixed
|
A coin of possibly Justinian II, first reign (A.D. 685-695) or little later (max. A.D. 717)
|
Tableware, storage ware and transport ware
|
- 28 Laflı and Christof 2011: 235.
- 29 This case is also been observed at the surveys of the BIAA in Inner Paphlagonia: Matthews, Metcalfe (...)
8In previous pottery reports of the DEU Hadrianopolis Project pottery deposits in southwestern Paphlagonia are listed according to each period and described in detail. The chronology of pottery finds from southwestern Paphlagonia is mostly based on the evidence of coinage and weak stratigraphic units (Table 1). The Middle Byzantine pottery from southwestern Paphlagonia are collected from the following areas: from the Acropolis and elsewhere at Kimistene, Boncuklar, Emiroğlu, Örenarkası (or Göletarkası) and Kepez as well as excavations at the Bath A, domus, Bath B and western tomb in Hadrianopolis. Most of the Middle Byzantine pottery finds originate from the Acropolis of Kimistene that offers us two major archaeological surface contexts: On the northern and western slopes of its Acropolis there was a primitive Middle Byzantine fortification with numerous re-used blocks from the Roman temple on the Acropolis’ northern edge28 (Fig. 5-6). On the summit of the Acropolis there must had been a Middle Byzantine observation post, datable through the pottery finds to the late 9th-early 10th to late 11th/early 12th cent. A.D., used for observing the route from Ancyra to Amastris/Tium. Most of the surface pottery from this fortification and summit of Acropolis belongs to the Middle Byzantine period, whereas few Late Roman-Early Byzantine coarse ware is existing. Neither tiles, nor ceramics, however, appear in any huge quantities. This find group offers us a terminus ante (late 9th-early 10th cent.) and a terminus post quem (late 11th/early 12th cent.), as the area was used for nearly 150-200 years. In this unique surface assemblage most of the pottery is comprised of undecorated wheel made coarse vessels. Regarding the identification and interpretation of the pottery it is certain that main function of the Middle Byzantine pottery from Kimistene had mostly been that of a common, everyday utensil of storage and of transport in short distances. These functions reveal themselves in fabrics, surface treatments and shapes of each vessels. Middle Byzantine rural community of Kimistene was unlikely to be consumers of luxury goods. These coarse wares are usually awkward to date precisely, whereas some surface coarse wares cannot be assigned to any particular period. Tiles are even more difficult to assign to a specific period29.
Fig. 8
Entrance of the cistern at Kimistene; view from the northwest
Fig. 9
Deliklikaya; view from the north
Fig. 10
A Middle (?) Byzantine limestone capital from Hacimatlar (Haciahmetler) in Hadrianopolis Probably middle 8th-9th cent. A.D. L 32 cm; d 23 cm
9The second collection area is the rest of Kimistene, below the Middle Byzantine fortification, among others the cistern (Fig. 8) and two necropoleis: Surface finds from the area below the Middle Byzantine fortification ranges from the Late Iron Age into the Middle Byzantine period, whereas majority of sherds belongs to the Hellenistic and Roman periods, i.e. 1st cent. B.C. to the 3rd cent. A.D. In this area Middle Byzantine sherds are few.
10Middle Byzantine pottery finds from southwestern Paphlagonia are sparse, infrequent and singular. Very few Middle Byzantine sherds were collected in Hadrianopolis in the course of 2005-2008 field seasons. The districts of Hacıahmetler, Eleler, and Çaylı of the village of Budaklı formed the core of Byzantine Hadrianopolis. A fortification wall, called as ‘Deliklikaya’ (Fig. 9) and probably belonging to the after 8th cent. A.D., surrounded the Acropolis of the city. During the Middle Byzantine period life at the city of Hadrianoupolis seems to be very weak and sole archaeological record is the above mentioned burials of 8th-9th cent. in the Basilica B. In this period no architectural features were identified at Hadrianoupolis, apart from few possible architectural elements (Fig. 10), probably belonging to a local church. Small quantity of domestic assemblages were collected in public buildings, such as Bath A and B, mostly in fragmentary nature that could indicate that these buildings were in secondary use, perhaps converted into a barn.
11Few Middle Byzantine pottery was discovered at Kepez, a site ca. 12 km southeast of Hadrianoupolis. Also in the Village Emiroğlu some sherds were collected.
- 30 A preliminary report on these finds: Laflı and Kan Şahin 2010.
12Most of the Middle Byzantine pottery finds from southwestern Paphlagonia are coarse wares; few glazed wares were found30. The material is mostly consisting of rim, base, handle and body fragments of jugs, cooking pots, storage vessels, amphorae, jars as well as tiles and water pipes. Middle Byzantine architectural ceramic finds, i.e. pipes, tiles and bricks, were also included here, because of their similar fabric and firing characters to storage vessels.
- 31 Hayes’ publication of the excavations at Saraçhane is one of the few sources that provide a good da (...)
13Until recently publication of Middle Byzantine unglazed pottery in Asia Minor was routinely ignored, with the notable exception of some finds from Istanbul31. John W. Hayes argued that the 7th to 11th cent. tablewares and cooking wares from Istanbul had little in common with products found in the peripheral Byzantine and non-Byzantine areas. New production centres of pottery emerged in this period, using new shapes and decoration technics, and distribution patterns changed rapidly. Especially during the 11th and 12th cent., with the appearance of widely used glazed wares with painted or sgraffito decoration, ‘a greater uniformity of taste in pottery styles’ was apparently emerged in the Middle Byzantine world. In southwestern Paphlagonia no such painted or sgraffito decorated vessels, however, were found.
- 32 Vionis et al. 2010: 433. Prudence M. Rice presents detailed a discussion of vessel function in term (...)
- 33 Bes 2015: 278.
- 34 Vionis et al. 2010: 432. For the chronology, function and classification of Post-Roman pottery, esp (...)
- 35 Cassis 2015: 311.
14Generally in Middle Byzantine ceramic archaeology characteristics of coarse ware determine the wall thickness of a vessel, which itself determines the function: larger rough vessels require thicker walls, designed for storage, while vessels for cooking require thinner walls which better conduct heat32. Ceramic vessels used for food preparation, cooking, serving, consuming, storage and transport have been the main evidence for dating and studying social changes during all periods and at all social levels. Although long considered as essentially a dating agent on archaeological sites, coarse wares also offer an indirect indicator of economic, social and cultural behaviour and as very functional daily objects they are one of the best substitution of the Byzantine instrumenta domestica in Asia Minor33. As far as the Byzantine and Medieval periods are concerned, scholarly attention has generally focused on glazed and decorated tablewares, but the sherds of unglazed common wares that make up the bulk of the ceramic remains at any site can be used to reconstruct many features of everyday life34. The ceramics of the Middle Byzantine period in Asia Minor are particularly problematic to identify and date for several reasons: we have few adequate pottery sequences which indicate what the development of coarse wares and non-glazed tablewares looked like in this period35.
15Middle Byzantine pottery finds from southwestern Paphlagonia have been divided into six minor vessel groups, and in each group open shapes are followed by the closed shapes. Our main pottery assessment is based on fabric. These six main groups are: tableware, kitchen ware, storage ware, transport ware, miscellaneous fragments of coarse ware vessels and architectural ceramics. Typologies in this paper are mainly made by diagnostic rim and base sherds. Miscellaneous fragments of coarse ware vessels, such as base, handle and body sherds of mostly closed, unknown shapes are also classified in this article. A fragment of a terracotta spindle whorl has also been added to this last group. Also in some cases sherds are very fragmentary; it therefore is difficult to estimate their vessel shape. Thus, some of the classifications are uncertain, and most sherds were not diagnostic at all. Middle Byzantine coarse vessels from southwestern Paphlagonia consist of generally thin walled fragments.
- 36 For several types of unglazed pottery: Hayes 1992: 49-79.
- 37 For some Middle Byzantine coarse ware ceramics: Arthur 2012: 280-285, fig. 10.5.
- 38 Lightfoot et al. 2004: 364. fig. d, no 1; and Böhlendorf-Arslan 2012: 153-162.
- 39 Middle Byzantine common wares: Vionis, Poblome and Waelkens 2009: 198, fig. 4.
- 40 Middle Byzantine local pottery: Duman 2014: 225-230, figs. 2-3.
- 41 McNicoll 1973: 176-180, figs. 14-15.
- 42 Redford 1986: 118, fig. 6.
- 43 Alvaro, Balossi and Vroom 2004: 204-206, figs. 11-15.
- 44 Tekinalp and Ekim 2005: 236, pl. 50, no 3.
16Decoration technics on Middle Byzantine coarse ware from southwestern Paphlagonia are painting, incising and impressing, even though few vessels are decorated, and their decoration remained the same for a long time. Most of these decorations were made carelessly. Most popular decoration pattern was thin wavy grooves. Exterior surfaces or rims were often ridged, and sometimes decorated with horizontally, incised straight or with wavy lines (pls. 2, 16, 18, 25-27 and 29, nos 37, 130, 197-199, 201-203, 206, 208, 212-213, 237-240 and 257). An incised decoration on a base fragment is also seen on no 137 of pl. 17. Lightly incised wavy lines were also found among the Middle Byzantine pottery from Saraçhane36, Hierapolis37, Amorium38, Sagalasssus39, Tripolis40, Taşkun Kale41 in eastern Anatolia, Gritelle42, Zeytinlibahçe43 and Sazpegler44. Impressed decoration (pls. 11, 18 and 23 and 29, nos 104, 157-160 and 260) had been engraved on exterior surfaces through finger, nails or seals before the firing. On some closed samples impressed decoration had been applied on a band (pls. 10, 14 and 28, nos 101, 118 and 256). One glazed vessel fragment (pl. 1, no 6) has an impressed decoration as well. Decorative bands were made as horizontal strips on the exterior (pls. 12, 18, 23 and 29, nos 110, 131, 157, 159-160, 166 and 258).
17Tablewares belong to a functional coarse ware category that comprises glazed and unglazed vessels, used for the serving and consumption of food as well as beverages. Most common forms of Middle Byzantine Paphlagonian coarse tableware are dishes, juglets and jars. The most common form of the glazed wares is a bowl form with thin and incurving walls. The fabric of glazed vessels is hard, red/reddish yellow and included small limes. Their homogenous and porous fabric has some brownish/reddish mineral inclusions. These glazed fragments are undecorated and were left plain. Rest of the tableware mostly consists of closed forms.
- 45 Lightfoot et al. 2004: 364-365.
18The scanty number of tableware typologies in southwestern Paphlagonia makes us to think that most of the coarse ware was used for storage purposes and for the food consumption the Middle Byzantine community in southwestern Paphlagonia had probably used wood. Fragments of unglazed everyday bowl and dish forms in coarse fabric (pls. 1-2, nos 10-23) are rather rare. The shape of a bowl form (pl. 1, no 18) suggests a metal prototype, although this does not help in providing a precise date, and similar shapes are well known among the Middle Byzantine glazed ceramics45.
19The table jugs (pls. 2-4 and 22, nos 30-55) have mostly a flaring, everted or constricted rim, a narrow neck and a vertical handle. Most of these wares are belonging to thin-walled vessel forms. Different rim shapes of table jug and pitchers are intended to contain, carry or pour some certain liquids46: Generally their lip forms are rounded (pls. 2-3, nos 32-33, 38, 40, 42-43 and 45), straight (pl. 2, no 36), thickened out (pls. 2-4, nos 35, 41 and 49-50) or folded out (pls. 3-4, nos 39 and 47). They often have strap handles that attached upright rim for functional purposes.
20Middle Byzantine table and transport vessels, such as bowls, jugs, pots and amphorae, have a similar fabric to each other. Most common inclusions are lime, sand, quartz and mica; this is especially observed at closed vessels, such as at table jugs. Mineral inclusions are rather more intensive than the organic ones, and they are to be observed on the surface of the profiles. Compared to former periods, the density of temper (mica, lime and sand) is decreased, their fabric is softer (3.5 on the Mohs scale) and not very well fired.
21On the slipped vessels there is always a thin and darker slip on the whole surface which ranges between green, yellow and brown. Sometimes the same slip had been applied in different shapes (pls. 2-5, 15, 18 and 23, nos 22, 42, 50, 56, 58, 122, 151 and 163). Most of the surface of tablewares is well smoothed which is their distinctive exterior surface decoration for the Middle Byzantine period.
- 47 A similar rim profile: Vionis, Poblome and Waelkens 2009: 156, fig. 8.
- 48 Armstrong 1998: 324.
- 49 Vroom 2007: 281.
22In southwestern Paphlagonia during the Middle Byzantine period some burnished rim and body fragments were ornamented with vertical and diagonal burnished lines47 (pls. 2-3, 5-7, 15, 17-18, 22-24 and 26-29, nos 22, 25, 29, 37, 42-43, 59, 67-69, 71, 122, 124, 147, 151, 153, 163-164, 174-175, 219221, 232-233, 250 and 258). Their surface is polished or burnished which produces a shiny effect. This decoration is made by a blunt tool across the wet- smoothed surface48. The fabric is fairly hard, fine and brick-red in colour, and reminds of the fabrics of ‘brittle ware cooking pots’ from southeastern Turkey and northern Syria, whereas its origin is not yet known49.
- 50 Arthur 2007: 18; and Vionis et al. 2010: 458.
- 51 This is the same phenomenon, observed in the surveys of the BIAA: Anderson 2011: 111.
- 52 Similar rim profiles: Böhlendorf-Arslan 2012: 154, fig. 2/5; and Papanikola-Bakirtzi 2002: 344, no (...)
23Middle Byzantine kitchen wares were utilised mainly for the food preparation and cooking. P. Arthur has recently shown that throughout the ancient world, the distribution of open cooking pots or casseroles seems to coincide with the distribution of areas in which faunal assemblages are dominated by sheep and goat, whereas closed globular cooking vessels (or ollae) are generally a feature of more northern areas, i.e. from Britain across the Rhineland to central Europe, where cattle- and pig-breeding was dominant50. In southwestern Paphlagonia cooking pots are distinguished by their typical rim forms, thickness and coarse, gritty fabric that was mineral tempered to encourage heat conduction51. They are represented by casseroles, pots and basins with a weak and slow morphological evolution. Their open forms are generally deep and shallow. The most common types have a vertical wall with an everted rim, globular body and vertical handles. Two open examples have a globular form (pl. 5, nos 61-62); others have straight walls. Some of the kitchen wares are provided with a grooved rim inside for holding a lid (pls. 5-7, nos 56, 58, 65, 68-69 and 71). Basins/large bowls have a heavy, wide and downturned rim, and they might be used as mixing bowls (pls. 6-7, nos 68-71). Cooking pots with handles that start at the top of the rim are common at numerous Middle Byzantine sites52, whereas some cooking vessels have a handle under their rim (pl. 7, no 82). Middle Byzantine cooking vessels have a very sandy and limy, less gritty fabric with medium-sized mineral inclusions. Colour of their fabric ranges from beige and light brown to darker brown tones. Their thin walls have generally blackened surfaces.
Fig. 11
Medieval and Post-Medieval pithoi at the Ethnographic and Archaeological Museum of Çanakçılar at Zonguldak
Fig. 12
Comparative Middle Byzantine surface ceramic sherds from Paphlagonian and Pontic sites at the Pottery Collection of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara from a field survey in 1963: nos 1-3: Citadel of Kastamonu; and nos 4-14: Citadel of Amasya
Fig. 13
Comparative Middle Byzantine surface ceramic sherds from Paphlagonian and Pontic sites at the Pottery Collection of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara from a field survey in 1963: nos 15-18: Akdeğirmen in Zara, Sivas; no 19: Pekeriç (today Çadırkaya) in Tercan, Erzincan; nos 20-21: Citadel of Gerede; nos 22-26: Citadel of Amasya; nos 27-28: Citadel of Aşağı Tarsun (?); and no 29: Pekeriç (today Çadırkaya) in Tercan, Erzincan
Fig. 14
A press weight from Kimistene, from an area between Necropolis I and II. W 63 cm; l 70 cm; th 42 cm; and d of the hole 10 cm. Local limestone
24As in traditional rural Aegean societies of today, it seems that the average Medieval and Post-Medieval Mediterranean household required two distinct types of pottery: storage and transport ware53. Storage vessels are represented merely by pithos fragments and they were used for domestic purposes and agricultural, especially grain storage (Fig. 11). Some examples, as nos 60 and 62 on pl. 52, were used as water containers. Few body sherds of the storage vessels are present. Storage vessels have irregular and medium size inclusions. Their paste colours changes from reddish to brownish, yellowish and greenish grey.
- 54 George Makris mentions that radical change in the technology of sea transport came about, when the (...)
25Very few fragments of transport amphorae, perhaps of local origin, were found. These amphorae were used not only as transport ware, but also for the storage as a secondary use until 13th-14th cent., when the wooden barrels became popular in the eastern Mediterranean54.
26Tablewares are divided into two major groups: Glazed and unglazed tablewares. All of the glazed vessels are monochrome. Unglazed tablewares are mainly consisting of closed forms and some of them are burnished on their exterior surface.
Pl. 1
Nos 1-18: Tableware; nos 1-6: Glazed vessels; and nos 10-18: Rim fragments of coarse dishes
Pl. 2
Nos 19-37: Tableware; nos 19-23: Rim fragments of coarse dishes; no 24: A base fragment of open forms; and nos 32-37: Rim fragments of closed forms
Pl. 3
Nos 38-45: Tableware, rim fragments of closed forms
Pl. 4
Nos 46-55: Tableware, rim fragments of closed forms
Pl. 22
Nos 4-31: Tableware; nos 4-9: Glazed vessel fragments; no 25: A handle fragment of open forms; and nos 26-29: Body fragments of open forms; nos 30-31: Rim fragments of closed forms; nos 64-75: Kitchen ware; no 64: A rim fragment of a basin/deep bowl; nos 72-75: Rim fragments of the closed forms; and no 111: Storage ware, a rim fragment of pithoid vessels and pithoi
- 55 Finds from Pompeiopolis: Summerer, von Kienlin and Herdt 2010: 424; Okçular Kale near Cide: Düring, (...)
- 56 Similar examples: Vroom 2006: 164; and Hayes 1992: fig. 4.
27Only a few and very fragmentary sherds were found. Their (regional?) production is not determined yet, as the rest of glazed ware finds along Inner Paphlagonia and Pontus (Fig. 13-14)55. From the late 8th cent. A.D. onwards most of them belong to the open forms, such as bowls and dishes, often with very simple geometric designs, incised into the fabric with a sharp tool56. Their glaze colours vary between yellow and olive green, and they have mostly a red-bodied fabric and white slipped surface. Examples from southwestern Paphlagonia should be dated to 10th-11th cent. A.D.
28(No 941): Base fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, pl. 1/1.
Max. h 1.6 cm., d of base 6.2 cm., max. w 3.3 cm., max. th 0.4 cm.
Red (2.5YR 4/6) glaze on exterior and interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, fine, light red (2.5YR 6/8) fabric with rare sand and mica inclusions
10th-11th cent. A.D.
29(No 96): Base fragment; Bath B, room 5, surface find, found in 2007. pl. 1/2.
Max. h 2.4 cm., d of base 9.8 cm., max. w 7.4 cm., max. th 0.5 cm.
Light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) glaze on exterior; light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) slip on interior. Hard and thin paste; very sparsely porous, fine, pink (5YR 7/4) fabric with some lime as well as sand and rare mica inclusions.
10th-11th cent. A.D.
30(No 937): Handle fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, found in 2005. pl. 1/3.
Max. h 2.3 cm., max. w 2.7 cm., max. th 0.7 cm.
Light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) glaze on exterior; reddish yellow (5YR 6/8), unslipped surface in interior. Hard and thin paste; very sparsely porous, fine, light red (2.5YR 7/6) fabric with some sand and lime inclusions.
10th-11th cent. A.D.
31(No 1245): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, western slope of the temple, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 22/4.
Max. h 2.7 cm., max. w 2.5 cm., max. th 0.6 cm.
Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface on exterior; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) glaze on interior. Hard and thin paste; non-porous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with some tiny lime inclusions.
32(No 895): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, underground cave, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 22/5.
Max. h 2.6 cm., max. w 3.1 cm., max. th 0.5 cm.
Dark olive brown (2.5Y 3/3) glaze on exterior; red (2.5YR 4/6), unslipped surface in interior. Hard and thin paste; very sparsely porous, fine, light red (2.5 YR 6/6) fabric with occasional tiny lime and sand inclusions.
33(No 112): Body fragment; Bath A, room 10, found in 2007. pl. 1/6.
Max. h 3.2 cm., max. w 3.6 cm., max. th 0.6 cm.
Strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) glaze on exterior; light red (2.5YR 6/6), unslipped surface in interior. Hard and thin paste; very sparsely porous, fine, light red (2.5YR 6/6) fabric with some tiny lime inclusions.
- 57 A similar body fragment: Von Wartburg 2007: 427, fig. 5, no 1.
34(No 243): Body fragment57; western tomb, surface find, found in 2007. pl. 22/7.
Max. h 4.0 cm., max. w 4.8 cm., max. th 0.6 cm.
Reddish brown (2.5YR 4/3) glaze on exterior; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) glaze on interior. Hard and thin paste; very sparsely porous, fine, light red (2.5YR 6/8) fabric with some lime and rare sand inclusions.
- 58 Similar sherds from Kaman-Kalehöyük and elsewhere: Vroom 2006: 165, no 2a-b; and D’Amico 2007: 223, (...)
35(No 918): Body fragment58; Kimistene, Acropolis, southeastern slope, on the way to the cistern, on a rocky slope, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 22/8.
Max. h 4.5 cm., max. w 3.5 cm., max. th 0.4 cm.
Pink (5YR 8/4), unslipped surface on exterior; yellow (10YR 7/8) glaze on interior. Hard and thin paste; very sparsely porous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 7/8) fabric with visible inclusions.
- 59 Similar Middle and Late Byzantine pottery finds from the Agora of Smyrna: Doğer 2007: 103, pl. X, f (...)
36(No 178): Body fragment59; domus, room 5, found in 2007. pl. 22/9.
Max. h 4.6 cm., max. w 3.4 cm., max. th 0.6 cm.
Undecorated and glazed interior surface.
Light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) glaze both on exterior and interior. Hard and thin paste; non-porous, fine, red (2.5YR 5/8) fabric with lime and small grit inclusions.
37These utilitarian fragments include mostly rim fragments of undecorated jars and juglets. The use of hollow pottery vessels, such as redundant amphorae, to reduce the weight of vaults is well known in Middle Byzantine architecture. Indeed, some large joining fragments of table amphorae or water jugs, found in clusters in the debris, could be evidence of this practice in southwestern Paphlagonia.
- 60 Similar hemispherical forms: Vionis et al. 2010: 435, figs. 7a-b.
- 61 Vionis et al. 2010: 451. It is also noted that some of the plain carinated dishes preserved repair (...)
3815 fragments belong to unglazed hemispherical (pls. 1-2, nos 18 and 23) or everted rim bowls or dishes (pls. 1-2, nos 12-15 and 19-22)60. Some vessels have a rounded and wide lip. Mostly they are large, thick-walled dishes with an incurved rim rim diameter of which ranges from 9.2 to 32.8 cm. Examples vary considerably in size. Because of the wide rim diameters they may be deep dishes for food service. Experiments have confirmed the inadequacy of the bowls for consumption61. Some examples have a thin slip on interior and exterior’s upper part. Nos 19-23 on pl. 2 are shallow dishes.
39(No 1129): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, found in 2005. pl. 1/10.
Max. h 2.2 cm., d of rim 9.2 cm., max. w 4.5 cm., max. th 0.8 cm.
Brown (7.5YR 5/4), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Average hardness; non-porous, fine, yellowish red (5YR 4/6) fabric with occasional tiny lime and rare sand inclusions.
Late 9th-early 10th cent. A.D.
40(No 1250): Rim fragment; Kimistene, western slope of the temenos, found in 2005. pl. 1/11.
Max. h 2.1 cm., d of rim 14.2 cm., max. w 3.2 cm., max. th 0.7 cm.
Dark grey (2.5Y 4/1), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Average hardness; very sparsely porous, dark grey (2.5Y 4/1) fabric with frequent lime and medium grit inclusions.
Late 10th-11th cent. A.D.
41(No 1205): Rim fragment; Kimistene, summit of the Acropolis, southern slope, found in 2005. pl. 1/12.
Max. h 3.2 cm., d of rim 15.0 cm., max. w 4.1 cm., max. th 1.0 cm.
Interior rim is burnished.
Dark grey (10YR 4/1) slip on exterior; black (10YR 2/1) slip on interior rim. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, fine, brown (7.5YR 5/4) fabric with frequent lime and medium grit inclusions.
9th-10th cent. A.D.
42(No 1207): Rim fragment; Kimistene, summit of the Acropolis, southern slope, found in 2005. pl. 1/13.
Max. h 1.9 cm., d of rim 15.0 cm., max. w 4.5 cm., max. th 0.7 cm.
Carbon traces is visible on the surface. Very pale brown (10YR 7/3), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard and thin paste; non-porous, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) fabric with some tiny lime inclusions.
9th-10th cent. A.D.
43(No 492): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, just below the summit, towards Deresemail creek, found in 2005. pl. 1/14.
Max. h 2.2 cm., d of rim 17.6 cm., max. w 4.2 cm., max. th 0.8 cm.
Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with occasional sand and tiny lime inclusions.
9th-10th cent. A.D.
44(No 804): Rim fragment; Kimistene, summit of the Acropolis, western slope, found in 2005. pl. 1/15.
Max. h 1.6 cm., d of rim 18.4 cm., max. w 2.7 cm., max. th 0.5 cm.
Pale brown (10YR 6/3), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, fine, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) fabric with some lime and sand inclusions.
9th-10th cent. A.D.
45(No 521): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, just below the summit, towards Deresemail creek, found in 2005. pl. 1/16.
Max. h 2.9 cm., d of rim 19.4 cm., max. w 4.3 cm., max. th 0.9 cm.
Exterior is burnished. A groove is under the thickened rim on the exterior.
Light brown (7.5YR 6/4) slip on exterior; light red (2.5YR 6/6), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, light reddish brown (2.5YR 6/4) and grey (5YR 5/1) mottled fabric with some tiny lime inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
46(No 1454): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, found in 2005. pl. 1/17.
Max. h 1.5 cm., d of rim 20.2 cm., max. w 6.4 cm., max. th 0.9 cm.
Pale brown (10YR 6/3) slip both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, fine, brown (10YR 5/3) fabric with some lime and small grit inclusions.
Late 10th -early 11th cent. A.D.
47(No 871): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, underground cave, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 1/18.
Max. h 3.9 cm., d of rim 20.6 cm., max. w 6.1 cm., max. th 0.9 cm.
Exterior is burnished.
Pink (7.5YR 8/3) slip on exterior; reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface in interior. Hard and thin paste; sparsely porous, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) and grey (Gley 1 5/N) mottled fabric with occasional lime inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
48(No 1456): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, found in 2005. pl. 2/19.
Max. h 2.4 cm., d of rim 25.4 cm., max. w 4.4 cm., max. th 1.1 cm.
Greyish brown (10YR 5/2), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Soft paste; non-porous, brown (10YR 5/3) and dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2) mottled fabric with frequent tiny lime inclusions.
Late 10th-early 11th cent. A.D.
49(No 493): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, just below the summit, towards Deresemail creek, found in 2005. pl. 2/20.
Max. h 3.1 cm., d of rim 25.6 cm., max. w 5.6 cm., max. th 1.0 cm.
Light red (2.5YR 6/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, light red (2.5YR 6/6) fabric with occasional tiny lime inclusions.
10th cent. A.D.
50(No 928): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, found in 2005. pl. 2/21.
Max. h 2.6 cm., d of rim 28.6 cm., max. w 6.3 cm., max. th 1.1 cm.
Light brown (7.5YR 6/3), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Average hardness; non-porous, light brown (7.5YR 6/3) and light brownish grey (10YR 6/2) mottled fabric with frequent lime and small grit inclusions.
Late 10th-early 11th cent. A.D.
- 62 A similar bowl rim profile from Amorium: Böhlendorf-Arslan 2012: 155, fig. 4.2 (late 8th-early 9th (...)
51(No 824): Rim fragment; Kimistene, summit of the Acropolis, western slope, found in 2005. pl. 2/22. Max. h 3.4 cm., d of rim 28.8 cm., max. w 5.7 cm., max. th 1.0 cm.
It is a deep plate form with a plain rim62. All of surface is burnished. Vertical burnished decoration. Brown (10YR 5/3) slip both on exterior and interior; greyish brown (10YR 5/2) paint on exterior slip. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, fine, brown (10YR 5/3) fabric with infrequent tiny lime inclusions.
10th cent. A.D.
52(No 1270): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Necropolis I, found in 2005. pl. 2/23.
Max. h 4.4 cm., d of rim 32.8 cm., max. w 9.1 cm., max. th 1.2 cm.
Very pale brown (10YR 7/3) slip both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2) and brown (7.5YR 5/4) mottled fabric with some tiny lime inclusions.
Late 9th-early 10th cent. A.D.
53It has a ring and large base as well as a plain tondo.
54(No 628): Base fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, found in 2005. pl. 2/24.
Max. h 3.2 cm., d of rim 16.4 cm., max. w 8.8 cm., max. th 0.9 cm.
Light reddish brown (2.5YR 6/4) slip both on exterior and interior. Average hardness; non-porous, reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4) fabric with occasional quartz and tiny lime inclusions.
55Vertical handle of a small bowl. Exterior is burnished.
56(No 459): Handle fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, just below the summit, towards Deresemail creek, found in 2005. pl. 22/25.
Max. h 2.7 cm., max. w 3.8 cm., max. th 0.5 cm.
Light red (2.5YR 6/6) shiny slip both on exterior and interior. Average hardness, thin paste; non-porous, light red (2.5YR 6/6) and dark grey (Gley 1 4/N) mottled fabric with occasional tiny lime inclusions.
57Undecorated body sherds except no 27 on pl. 22 which has bands on interior.
58(No 1312): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, found in 2005. pl. 22/26.
Max. h 2.5 cm., max. w 3.5 cm., max. th 0.7 cm.
All of the surface is blackened. It is burnished in interior.
Reddish brown (5YR 5/4) slip on exterior; reddish brown (5YR 4/3) slip on interior. Average hardness; very sparsely porous, dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) fabric with some lime and medium grit inclusions.
59(No 1244): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, just below the summit, towards Deresemail creek, found in 2005. pl. 22/27.
Max. h 3.5 cm., max. w 6.0 cm., max. th 1.2 cm.
Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), smoothed unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Average hardness, thin paste; non-porous, yellowish red (5YR 5/6) and light brownish grey (10YR 6/2) mottled fabric with some tiny lime and small grit inclusions.
60(No 666): Body fragment; Kimistene, cistern, eastern slope, found 2005. pl. 22/28.
Max. h 6.0 cm., max. w 7.1 cm., max. th 1.2 cm.
Greyish brown (10YR 5/2) slip both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, fine, greyish brown (10YR 5/2) fabric with some tiny lime inclusions.
61(No 727): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s terrace, illegally excavated area under the temple’s podium, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 22/29.
Max. h 7.5 cm., max. w 5.0 cm., max. th 1.1 cm.
All of the surface is blackened and vertically burnished.
Light reddish brown (7.5YR 6/4) slip both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, grey (7.5YR 5/1) fabric with frequent sand and rare lime inclusions.
- 63 Vionis 2001: 84.
- 64 Similar examples: Vionis et al. 2010: 436, figs. 7c-f, nos 32-33 and 45.
62Closed vessels identified mostly as table jugs or small globular vessels with everted or downturned rims comprise majority of the total tablewares. They were commonly used for drinking or holding liquids, such as water and wine. They were porous, so that these liquids shall keep cool63. Especially jug fragments make up a significant proportion of Kimistene’s ceramic assemblage which was probably used for the water storage. Some jars are without neck (pls. 2-3, nos 34, 36-37 and 44) or a wide rim. Some of them are rounded lip jugs or small amphorae without any decoration. In some cases their short flaring necks end in a slightly everted, rounded rim without any angle between rim and shoulder64. These closed vessels are generally made of a brown (7.5YR 5/4, 5/2, 6/4, 10YR 6/4, 5/3, 7/3), reddish-brown (5YR 5/4), reddish-yellow (5YR 6/6, 7.5YR 6/6) and red (2.5YR 5/6, 5/8, 6/6) fabric with a moderately rough feel at the break and hackly fracture.
63(No 491): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, just below the summit, towards Deresemail creek, found in 2005. pl. 22/30.
Max. h 4.2 cm., max. w 4.5 cm., max. th 1.0 cm.
Pink (7.5YR 7/3), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) fabric with some tiny lime and sand as well as rare quartz inclusions.
Late 9th-early 10th cent. A.D.
64(No 1182): Rim fragment; Kimistene, cistern, eastern slope, surface find, found 2005. pl. 22/31.
Max. h 4.0 cm., max. w 3.5 cm., max. th 0.5 cm.
Brown (7.5YR 5/4), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Average hardness; sparsely porous, fine, light brown (10YR 6/4) fabric with occasional tiny lime and sand inclusions.
Late 10th-early 11th cent. A.D.
- 65 A similar rim profile and a handle of a jug from Amorium: Böhlendorf-Arslan 2012: 153, fig. 1.1 (la (...)
65(No 1123): Rim fragment65; Kimistene, Acropolis, found in 2005. pl. 2/32.
Max. h 3.0 cm., max. w 3.3 cm., max. th 0.5 cm.
Its handle is attached to the rim.
Very pale brown (10YR 7/3), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Soft paste; very sparsely porous, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) fabric with some sand and lime inclusions.
Late 9th-early 10th century.
66(No 1146): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, just below of the summit of Deresemail creek, found in 2005. pl. 2/33.
Max. h 3.0 cm., max. w 2.5 cm., max. th 0.5 cm.
Pale brown (10YR 6/3), unslipped surface on exterior; light brown (7.5YR 6/4), unslipped surface in interior. Average hardness; non-porous, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) fabric with occasional tiny lime and small grit inclusions.
Late 9th-early 10th century.
67(No 382): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, just below the summit, towards Deresemail creek, found in 2005. pl. 2/34.
Max. h 3.7 cm., max. w 4.2 cm., max. th 0.7 cm.
Light brown (7.5YR 6/4), unslipped surface on exterior; reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface in interior. Average hardness; very sparsely porous, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) and dark reddish grey (5YR 4/2) mottled fabric with some tiny lime as well as rare mica and sand inclusions.
Late 9th-early 10th century.
68(No 634): Rim fragment; Kepez, cistern, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 2/35.
Max. h 4.1 cm., max. w 4.0 cm., max. th 1.0 cm.
Light red (2.5YR 6/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, light red (2.5YR 6/6) and light red (2.5YR 6/4) mottled fabric with some tiny lime as well as rare small grit and quartz inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
69(No 707): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s eastern slope, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 2/36.
Max. h 4.7 cm., max. w 5.2 cm., max. th 0.5 cm.
Its handle is attached to the neck.
Light brown (7.5YR 6/3), unslipped surface on exterior; light reddish brown (5YR 6/4), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with infrequent tiny lime inclusions.
Late 9th-early 10th century.
70(No 600): Rim fragment; Bath A, room 10, found in 2007. pl. 2/37.
Max. h 5.3 cm., max. w 4.1 cm., max. th 0.9 cm.
Light brown (7.5YR 6/4) slip both on exterior and interior rim. Hard paste; non-porous, red (2.5YR 5/6) and dark grey (7.5YR 4/1) mottled fabric with frequent tiny lime inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
71(No 497): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, just below the summit, towards Deresemail creek, found in 2005. pl. 3/38.
Max. h 4.2 cm., d of rim 6.0 cm., max. w 4.1 cm., max. th 1.0 cm.
Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface on exterior; light reddish brown (5YR 6/4), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with occasional sand inclusions.
Early 10th cent. A.D.
72(No 1477): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, found in 2005. pl. 3/39.
Max. h 3.1 cm., d of rim 8.2 cm., max. w 3.2 cm., max. th 0.5 cm.
Pink (7.5YR 7/4) slip both on exterior and interior rim. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) fabric with frequent tiny lime and occasional sand inclusions.
Late 9th-early 10th century.
73(No 661): Rim fragment; Kimistene, cistern, eastern slope, found in 2005. pl. 3/40.
Max. h 2.9 cm., d of rim 8.8 cm., max. w 3.1 cm., max. th 0.4 cm.
Red (2.5YR 4/6) slip on exterior; red (2.5YR 5/6), unslipped surface in interior. Hard and thin paste; nonporous, fine, red (2.5YR 4/6) fabric with occasional tiny lime and sand inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
74(No 981): Rim fragment; from the field surveys in Hadrianoupolis, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 3/41.
Max. h 2.7 cm., d of rim 8.6 cm., max. w 4.6 cm., max. th 0.6 cm.
Light brown (7.5YR 6/4), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Soft paste; non-porous, fine, brown (7.5YR 5/4) fabric with occasional mica inclusions.
Late 8th-early 9th century.
- 66 A similar rim profile from Cyprus: Gabrieli 2007: 402 and 406, fig. 1 (12th-14th cent. A.D.).
75(No 1213): Rim fragment; Kimistene, summit of the Acropolis, southern slope, found in 2005. pl. 3/42.
Max. h 5.4 cm., d of rim 9.0 cm., max. w 7.5 cm., max. th 0.7 cm.
Everted rim66 burnished both on exterior and interior.;
Very dark grey (10YR 3/1) slip both on exterior and interior rim; very dark grey (Gley 1 3/N), unslipped surface on lower interior. Hard paste; non-porous, red (2.5YR 4/6) fabric with frequent tiny lime and sand inclusions.
Late 9th cent. A.D.
76(No 1103): Rim fragment; domus, room 6, level 1, found in 2007. pl. 3/43.
Max. h 6.7 cm., d of rim 9.3 cm., max. w 6.7 cm., max. th 0.4 cm.
Brown (7.5YR 5/3) slip both on exterior and interior rim; reddish brown (5YR 5/4), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, reddish brown (5YR 5/4) and dark grey (5YR 4/1) mottled fabric with frequent tiny lime and some sand inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
77(No 1395): Rim fragment; Kimistene, summit of the Acropolis, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 3/44.
Max. h 4.8 cm., d of rim 10.2 cm., max. w 5.7 cm., max. th 1.0 cm.
Light reddish brown (5YR 6/4), unslipped surface on exterior; light brownish grey (2.5Y 6/2), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, reddish brown (5YR 5/4) and very dark grey (10YR 3/1) mottled fabric with frequent lime inclusions.
10th cent. A.D.
78(No 835): Rim fragment; Kimistene, cistern, eastern slope, found in 2005. pl. 3/45.
Max. h 2.1 cm., d of base 10.4 cm., max. w 4.8 cm., max. th 0.4 cm.
Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, brown (10YR 5/3) fabric with frequent tiny lime and sand inclusions.
Late 9th-early 10th century.
79(No 990): Rim fragment; Kepez, found in 2005. pl. 4/46.
Max. h 3.9 cm., d of rim 11.0 cm., max. w 6.9 cm., max. th 0.6 cm.
Light reddish brown (5YR 6/4), unslipped surface on exterior; reddish brown (5YR 5/4), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, reddish brown (5YR 5/4) fabric with some tiny lime and small grit inclusions.
Late 10th-11th cent. A.D.
80(No 911): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southeastern slope, on the way to the cistern, on a rocky slope, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 4/47.
Max. h 4.6 cm., d of rim 11.0 cm., max. w 6.7 cm., max. th 0.7 cm.
Light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) slip both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) fabric with some tiny lime and small grit and rare quartz inclusions.
Late 9th-early 10th century.
81(No 1463): Rim fragment; Acropolis, just below the summit, found in 2005. pl. 4/48.
Max. h 2.0 cm., d of rim 11.6 cm., max. w 2.8 cm., max. th 0.7 cm.
Greyish brown (10YR 5/2), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, very dark grey (10YR 3/1) fabric with frequent tiny lime inclusions.
Late 10th-early 11th cent. A.D.
82(No 938): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, found in 2005. pl. 4/49.
Max. h 3.2 cm., d of rim 12.4 cm., max. w 5.0 cm., max. th 0.5 cm.
Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, red (2.5YR 5/6) fabric with occasional tiny lime and sand inclusions.
Late 9th-early 10th century.
83(No 1276): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Necropolis I, found in 2005. pl. 4/50.
Max. h 2.7 cm., d of rim 12.4 cm., max. w 3.9 cm., max. th 0.7 cm.
Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) slip both on exterior and interior rim. Soft paste; non-porous, fine, red (2.5YR 5/8) fabric with occasional lime and small grit inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
- 67 A similar rim profile from Limyra: Vroom 2007: 284, fig. 8c, no 20.
84(No 954): Rim fragment67; Kimistene, Acropolis, found in 2005. pl. 4/51.
Max. h 2.0 cm., d of rim 12.6 cm., max. w 3.5 cm., max. th 0.5 cm.
Slightly everted and thickened rim.
Light brown (7.5YR 6/4), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, brown (7.5YR 5/2) fabric with occasional tiny lime and rare quartz inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
85(No 1096): Rim fragment; Kepez, found in 2005. pl. 4/52.
Max. h 2.1 cm., d of rim 13.0 cm., max. w 4.2 cm., max. th 0.5 cm.
Light reddish brown (5YR 6/4), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Soft paste; non-porous, fine, red (2.5YR 5/6) fabric with some mica and tiny lime inclusions.
Late 10th-early 11th cent. A.D.
86(No 457): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, just below the summit, towards Deresemail creek, found in 2005. pl. 4/53.
Max. h 1.3 cm., d of rim 15.4 cm., max. w 5.9 cm., max. th 0.6 cm.
Very dark greyish brown (10YR 3/2), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Average hardness; very sparsely porous, fine, very dark grey (10YR 3/1) fabric with frequent tiny lime and occasional small grit inclusions.
Late 10th-early 11th cent. A.D.
87(No 498): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, just below the summit, towards Deresemail creek, found in 2005. pl. 4/54.
Max. h 2.7 cm., d of rim 16.0 cm., max. w 3.4 cm., max. th 0.8 cm.
Interior surface is burnished.
Light brownish grey (10YR 6/2), unslipped surface on exterior; light brown (7.5YR 6/3) slip on interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, pinkish grey (7.5YR 6/2) fabric with frequent tiny lime and rare grog inclusions.
Late 10th-early 11th cent. A.D.
88(No 405): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, eastern, lowest slope, found in 2005. pl. 4/55.
Max. h 2.8 cm., d of rim 14.8 cm., max. w 6.0 cm., max. th 0.6 cm.
Red (2.5YR 5/6), unslipped surface on exterior; light reddish brown (5YR 6/4), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, red (2.5YR 5/6) fabric with some lime inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
89Even though it is sometimes difficult to identify correctly an individual kitchen ware type, large pitchers, pots, jars, and bulbous cooking pots are the most characteristic Middle Byzantine kitchen ware forms, and they are the most prevalent remaining shapes during these periods68.
Pl. 5
Nos 56-63: Kitchen ware; nos 56-62: Rim fragments of casseroles; and no 63: A rim fragment of a basin/deep bowl
Pl. 6
Nos 65-70: Kitchen ware, rim fragments of basin/deep bowls
Pl. 7
Nos 71-83: Kitchen ware; no 71: A rim fragment of a basin/deep bowl; and nos 76-83: Rim fragments of the closed forms
Pl. 8
Nos 84-90: Kitchen ware, rim fragments of the closed forms
- 69 A similar rim profile from Cyprus: Gabrieli 2008: 429 and 437, fig. 7, no OI114 (13th-14th cent. A. (...)
90These are thin-walled cooking or baking dishes with rounded profiles, everted rims and straight, convergent upper bodies. Their rim is generally outflaring, and there is often an internal edge to place the rim. Nos 56 and 58 on pl. 5 have a considerably thickened lip on the exterior that pulled nearly to a triangular section with a slightly concave upper face69.
91(No 1152): Rim fragment; Kepez, cistern, found in 2005. pl. 5/56.
Max. h 2.5 cm., d of rim 16.2 cm., max. w 4.8 cm., max. th 0.7 cm.
Light brown (7.5YR 6/4) slip both on exterior and interior. Soft paste; non-porous, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with occasional sand as well as mica and tiny lime inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
92(No 1263): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Necropolis I, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 5/57.
Max. h 2.6 cm., d of rim 18.8 cm., max. w 5.1 cm., max. th 0.4 cm.
Reddish brown (5YR 5/3), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Soft paste; non-porous, dark reddish grey (5YR 4/2) fabric with frequent mica and occasional lime inclusions.
Late 10th-early 11th cent. A.D.
93(No 1073): Rim fragment; Kepez, found in 2005. pl. 5/58.
Max. h 5.2 cm., d of rim 20.3 cm., max. w 7.9 cm., max. th 0.8 cm.
All of the surface is burnished.
Greyish brown (10YR 5/2) slip both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, very greyish brown (10YR 5/1) fabric with some sand and mica inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
94(No 1391): Rim fragment; surface find from Örenarkası, found in 2005. pl. 5/59.
Max. h 4.4 cm., d of rim 22.6 cm., max. w 5.2 cm., max. th 0.9 cm.
Pale brown (10YR 6/3) slip both on exterior and interior. Soft paste; non-porous, light brownish grey (10YR 6/2) and brown (7.5YR 5/3) mottled fabric with some tiny lime and medium grit inclusions.
Late 8th-early 9th century.
95(No 1080): Rim fragment; Kepez, found 2005. pl. 5/60.
Max. h 2.0 cm., d of rim 23.4 cm., max. w 3.5 cm., max. th 0.7 cm.
Dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2), unslipped surface on exterior; brown (7.5YR 5/3), unslipped surface in interior. Average hardness; very sparsely porous, brown (7.5YR 5/3) fabric with frequent tiny lime inclusions.
Late 10th-early 11th cent. A.D.
96(No 1120): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, found in 2005. pl. 5/61.
Max. h 2.8 cm., d of rim 28.8 cm., max. w 8.2 cm., max. th 1.6 cm.
All of the surface is burnished. It is attached to a vertical handle.
Greyish brown (10YR 5/2) slip both on exterior and interior rim. Greyish brown (2.5Y 5/2), unslipped surface under the handle. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, fine, greyish brown (10YR 5/2) fabric with frequent lime inclusions.
10th cent. A.D.
97(No 120): Rim fragment; Kepez, found in 2005. pl. 5/62.
Max. h 3.0 cm., d of rim 29.4 cm., max. w 5.5 cm., max. th 0.7 cm.
All of the surface is blackened and micaceous.
Very dark grey (2.5Y 3/1), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, dark grey (2.5Y 4/1) fabric with some tiny lime and medium grit inclusions.
Late 10th-early 11th cent. A.D.
98Nine sherds belong to a certain large basin form with a slightly or convex body which was probably a multifunctional vessel, used for pre-cooking preparations, cooking or food serving. This form exhibits slowly changing morphological details. All of the fragments are thick walled. These examples have mostly a diameter of 17 to 37.6 cm. Nos 63, 65, 68-69 and 71 on pls. 5-7 are of a large bowl form with downturned, everted, hatched or rolled out (pl. 6, no 70) rims. An example (pl. 6, no 66) has an incurved rim.
99(No 1366): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, found in 2005. pl. 5/63.
Max. h 5.0 cm., max. w 4.7 cm., max. th 1.4 cm.
Pale brown (10YR 5/3) slip on exterior; light brownish grey (10YR 6/2), unslipped surface in interior. Average hardness; non-porous, fine, light brownish grey (10YR6/2) fabric with frequent tiny lime and small grit inclusions.
Late 8th-early 9th century.
100(No 986): Rim fragment; Kepez, found in 2005. pl. 22/64.
Max. h 4.5 cm., max. w 8.0 cm., max. th 2.3 cm.
Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Soft paste; very sparsely porous, fine, yellowish red (5YR 5/6) fabric with some medium grit inclusions.
Late 10th-early 11th cent. A.D.
101(No 926): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, found in 2005. pl. 6/65.
Max. h 4.8 cm., d of rim 16.8 cm., max. w 5.5 cm., max. th 1.2 cm.
Brown (7.5YR 5/3) slip on exterior; light brown (7.5YR 6/3) slip on interior. Average hardness; nonporous, brown (7.5YR 5/4) very dark grey (2.5Y 4/1) mottled fabric with infrequent lime and some large grit inclusions.
10th cent. A.D.
102(No 681): Rim fragment; Kimistene, cistern, eastern slope, found in 2005. pl. 6/66.
Max. h 4.9 cm., d of rim 20.6 cm., max. w 5.7 cm., max. th 1.4 cm.
Brown (10YR 5/3), unslipped surface on exterior; brown (7.5YR 5/4), unslipped surface in interior. Soft paste; non-porous, yellowish red (5YR 5/6) fabric with some sand and lime inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
103(No 1074): Rim fragment; Kepez, found in 2005. pl. 6/67.
Max. h 5.2 cm., d of rim 23.6 cm., max. w 5.1 cm., max. th 1.2 cm.
Exterior is burnished. Perhaps a large pottery stand, because of its very plain rim.
Greyish brown (10YR 5/2) slip on exterior; grey (10YR 5/1), unslipped surface in interior. Average hardness; sparsely porous, fine, grey (10YR 5/1) fabric with frequent tiny lime inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
104(No 1288): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s terrace, found in 2005. pl. 6/68.
Max. h 6.1 cm., d of rim 25.6 cm., max. w 10.3 cm., max. th 1.5 cm.
Light brownish grey (10YR 6/2) slip both on exterior and interior rim. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, greyish brown (2.5Y 5/2) fabric with frequent lime and sand inclusions.
10th cent. A.D.
105(No 638): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, western slope, found in 2005. pl. 6/69.
Max. h 3.7 cm., d of rim 33.6 cm., max. w 9.7 cm., max. th 1.4 cm.
Pale brown (10YR 6/3) slip both on exterior and interior rim. Hard paste; non-porous, brown (7.5YR 5/3) and dark grey (10YR 4/1) mottled fabric with frequent lime and medium grit inclusions.
10th cent. A.D.
106(No 102): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, just below of the summit of Deresemail creek, found in 2005. pl. 6/70.
Max. h 5.4 cm., d of rim 36.0 cm., max. w 5.6 cm., max. th 1.1 cm.
Light red (2.5YR 6/6) slip on exterior; reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; nonporous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with some sand and tiny lime inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
107(No 925): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, found in 2005. pl. 7/71.
Max. h 4.4 cm., d of rim 41.0 cm., max. w 7.9 cm., max. th 1.2 cm.
All of the surface is burnished.
Dark grey (10YR 4/1) slip both on exterior and interior rim. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, pale brown (10YR 6/3) fabric with some lime as well as sand and grog inclusions.
10th cent. A.D.
- 70 Toydemir Sabuncu 2011: 7, fig. 4, no 3 (271) (6th/7th-13th or early 14th cent. A.D.).
- 71 Hayes 1992: 57-58, fig. 20.
- 72 Vionis et al. 2010: 458.
- 73 Böhlendorf-Arslan 2012: 162; and Cottica 2007: 260-266 (11th-13th cent. A.D.).
- 74 Vroom 2008: 22; and 2005: 35-36.
108Generally this group is consisting of medium sized pots, and there is no standardisation of rim size or shapes. Rim diameters are in a range of 6.6 and 18.6 cm. They have either a short neck or are neckless. Some of them have a concave shoulder, recessed from the body which narrows from this point down. On nos 78, 81-82, 84-85 and 87-88 on pls. 7-8 the shoulder is sloping up to a flaring rim with a rounded and short lip. In Tium similar unglazed wares with characteristic rim shapes were found70. Furthermore similar rim shapes are known from Saraçhane71, in the Aegean72 and elsewhere in Asia Minor73. Southwestern Paphlagonian fabrics and shapes have much similarity also with unglazed domestic wares from the Medieval sites in western Anatolia, especially with Ephesus during the 13th-14th cent. A.D74.
109(No 1051): Rim fragment; Kepez, found in 2005. pl. 22/72.
Max. h 1.5 cm., max. w 2.1 cm., max. th 0.7 cm.
Light reddish brown (5YR 6/4), unslipped surface on exterior; reddish brown (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface in interior; reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) slip on interior rim which is also burnished. Average hardness; non-porous, fine, yellowish red (5YR 5/6) fabric with frequent tiny lime as well as sand and occasional mica inclusions.
Late 10th-early 11th cent. A.D.
110(No 1059): Rim fragment; Kepez, found in 2005. pl. 22/73.
Max. h 1.8 cm., max. w 1.7 cm., max. th 0.5 cm.
Light brownish grey (10YR 6/2), unslipped surface on exterior; light brown (7.5YR 6/4), unslipped surface in interior. Soft paste; sparsely porous, black (10YR 2/1) fabric with some lime inclusions.
Late 10th-early 11th cent. A.D.
111(No 1311): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, found in 2005. pl. 22/74.
Max. h 2.2 cm., max. w 1.6 cm., max. th 0.6 cm.
Light brown (7.5YR 6/4), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Soft paste; sparsely porous, fine, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) fabric with some sand inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
112(No 1249): Rim fragment; Kimistene, western slope of the temenos, found in 2005. pl. 22/75.
Max. h 2.5 cm., max. w 3.9 cm., max. th 0.6 cm.
Reddish brown (5YR 5/4), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Soft paste; very sparsely porous, fine, reddish brown (5YR 5/4) fabric with some sand and tiny lime inclusions.
Late 10th-early 11th cent. A.D.
113(No 1046): Rim fragment; Kepez, found in 2005. pl. 7/76.
Max. h 2.8 cm., max. w 2.4 cm., max. th 0.6 cm.
Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) slip both on exterior and interior rim; reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface on lower interior. Soft paste; sparsely porous, fine, yellowish red (5YR 5/6) fabric with frequent tiny lime inclusions.
Late 8th-early 9th cent. A.D.
- 75 Similar rim profiles: Böhlendorf-Arslan 2012: 154, fig. 2.1; Bakirtzis 1989: 36, fig. 1.1 (10th c (...)
114(No 1004): Rim fragment75; Kepez, found in 2005. pl. 7/77.
Max. h 2.9 cm., d of rim 6.6 cm., max. w 4.1 cm., max. th 0.6 cm.
Light brown (7.5YR 6/3), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Average hardness; very sparsely porous, fine, reddish brown (5YR 5/4) fabric with frequent tiny lime inclusions.
Late 10th-early 11th cent. A.D.
115(No 1211): Rim fragment; Kimistene, summit of the Acropolis, southern slope, found in 2005. pl. 7/78.
Max. h 5.0 cm., d of rim 12.0 cm., max. w 6.1 cm., max. th 0.9 cm.
Rim and shoulder of a pot or jar. Exterior and interior rim is burnished as well as blackened.
Greyish brown (10YR 5/2) abraded slip both on exterior and interior rim; light brownish grey (10YR 6/2), unslipped surface on lower interior. Average hardness; non-porous, fine, dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2) fabric with occasional tiny lime and mica inclusions.
Late 9th-early 10th century.
116(No 1076): Rim fragment; Kepez, found in 2005. pl. 7/79.
Max. h 2.6 cm., d of rim 12.2 cm., max. w 5.1 cm., max. th 1.0 cm.
Light brown (7.5YR 6/4) slip both on exterior and interior. Average hardness; non-porous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with frequent lime and small grit inclusions.
Late 8th-early 9th century.
117(No 1459): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, found in 2005. pl. 7/80.
Max. h 2.2 cm., d of rim 12.4 cm., max. w 5.7 cm., max. th 1.3 cm.
Two shallow grooves below the rim on the exterior. Light reddish brown (5YR 6/4), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Soft paste; non-porous, fine, brown (7.5YR 5/4) fabric with some sand inclusions.
Late 10th-early 11th cent. A.D.
118(No 447): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, just below the summit, towards Deresemail creek, found in 2005. pl. 7/81.
Max. h 4.1 cm., d of rim 12.6 cm., max. w 7.2 cm., max. th 0.7 cm.
Pink (7.5YR 7/4), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, light brown and (7.5YR 6/4) and light red (2.5YR 6/6) mottled fabric with frequent tiny lime and some sand inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
119(No 1399): Rim fragment; Kimistene, summit of the Acropolis, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 7/82.
Handle and rim of a small pot/jug?
Max. h 5.9 cm., d of rim 12.6 cm., max. w 7.1 cm., max. th 0.6 cm.
Light brownish grey (10YR 6/2) slip on exterior; reddish brown (5YR 5/3) slip on interior. Soft paste; nonporous, fine, red (2.5YR 5/6) fabric with frequent tiny lime and sand inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
120(No 94): Rim fragment; Bath B, room 5, found in 2007. pl. 7/83.
Max. h 3.2 cm., d of rim 13.2 cm., max. w 6.1 cm., max. th 0.8 cm.
Pot/table amphora? Exterior is burnished.
Grey (10YR 5/1), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Average hardness; very sparsely porous, fine, very dark grey (2.5Y 3/1) fabric with some sand and lime inclusions.
10th cent. A.D.
121(No 1215): Rim fragment; Kimistene, summit of the Acropolis, southern slope, found in 2005. pl. 8/84.
Max. h 3.4 cm., d of rim 13.4 cm., max. w 4.2 cm., max. th 0.6 cm.
Both exterior and interior rim are burnished. Dark brown (7.5YR 4/1) slip both on exterior and interior rim. Average hardness; non-porous, fine, very dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2) fabric with frequent tiny lime and sand inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
122(No 1225): Rim fragment; Kimistene, summit of the Acropolis, southern slope, found in 2005. pl. 8/85.
Max. h 5.3 cm., d of rim 14.1 cm., max. w 6.7 cm., max. th 0.8 cm.
Rim and shoulder of a pot or jar. Exterior surface and interior rim are burnished. Interior surface is blackened.
Brown (7.5YR 4/2) slip both on exterior and interior rim. Average hardness; very sparsely porous, fine, brown (7.5YR 4/4) fabric with frequent lime and medium grit inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
- 76 A similar rim profile of a cooking pot from Amorium: Böhlendorf-Arslan 2012: 153-154, fig. 2/1, no (...)
123(No 1339): Rim fragment76; Kimistene, cistern, eastern slope, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 8/86.
Max. h 2.4 cm., d of rim 14.4 cm max. w 4.5 cm., max. th 0.5 cm.
Interior surface is blackened.
Light brownish grey (10YR 6/2), unslipped surface on exterior; very dark grey (10YR 3/1), unslipped surface in interior. Average hardness; very sparsely porous, fine, greyish brown (10YR 5/2) fabric with frequent tiny lime and some medium grit inclusions.
Late 8th-early 9th cent. A.D.
124(No 375): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, just below the summit, towards Deresemail creek, found in 2005. pl. 8/87.
Max. h 3.8 cm., d of rim 15.0 cm., max. w 6.2 cm., max. th 1.0 cm.
Light brownish grey (2.5Y 6/2) slip on exterior; light brownish grey (2.5Y 6/2), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; sparsely porous, greyish brown (2.5Y 5/2) and very dark grey (Gley 1 3/N) mottled fabric with frequent tiny lime as well as rare mica and some medium grit inclusions.
Late 8th-early 9th cent. A.D.
125(No 651): Rim fragment; Kepez, found in 2005. pl. 8/88.
Max. h 3.9 cm., d of rim 17.0 cm., max. w 7.2 cm., max. th 0.5 cm.
Dark grey (10YR 4/1), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2) fabric with some sand and lime inclusions.
Late 10th-early 11th cent. A.D.
126(No 1216): Rim fragment; Kimistene, summit of the Acropolis, southern slope, found in 2005. pl. 8/89.
Max. h 3.8 cm., d of rim 17.6 cm., max. w 7.2 cm., max. th 0.8 cm.
Light brown (7.5YR 6/4) slip on exterior; grey (7.5YR 6/1), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, dark grey (10YR 4/1) fabric with frequent tiny lime inclusions.
Late 9th-early 10th cent. A.D.
127(No 1308): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, northeastern slope of the temple, found in 2005. pl. 8/90.
Max. h 2.3 cm., d of rim 18.6 cm., max. w 3.0 cm., max. th 0.9 cm.
Greyish brown (10YR 5/2), unslipped surface on exterior; dark grey (10YR 4/1), unslipped surface in interior. Soft paste; very sparsely porous, brown (7.5YR 4/3) fabric with frequent tiny lime and sand inclusions.
Late 10th-early 11th cent. A.D.
Pl. 9
Nos 91-96: Storage ware, rim fragments of pithoid vessels and pithoi
Pl. 10
Nos 97-102: Storage ware, rim fragments of pithoid vessels and pithoi
Pl. 11
Nos 103-107: Storage ware, rim fragments of pithoid vessels and pithoi
Pl. 12
Nos 108-113: Storage ware, rim fragments of pithoid vessels and pithoi
Pl. 13
Nos 114-117: Storage ware, rim fragments of pithoid vessels and pithoi
Pl. 14
Nos 118-121: Storage ware, rim fragments of pithoid vessels and pithoi
- 77 For instance, pithoi from Tahir(ler) Project: accessed from http://digitalcollections.lib.washingto (...)
- 78 Similar examples: Vroom 2008: 22.
- 79 Similarly to Cottica 2007: 263, fig. 11, nos 2-5 and 7-8.
- 80 Cottica 2007: 263, fig. 11, nos 9-11.
128In the summit of the Acropolis of Kimistene there was definitely a storage area; most of the stored agricultural products should be grain. Middle Byzantine storage ware in southwestern Paphlagonia consists of common vessel forms for dried foodstuffs and liquids, such as water, oil, wine, vinegar and milk. Pithoi, i.e. large jars used for storage purposes, are very common in Middle Byzantine contexts in Asia Minor77. Fragments of pithoi are mostly thick-walled shapes with a flat base. The most common feature for all types of these vessels in southwestern Paphlagonia is an everted, outturned or thickened rim. Some examples have a hatched rim profile, as nos 99 and 105 on pls. 10-11. They have sometimes a decoration of applied rope bands78. Rim diameters of these vessels change from 11.8 to 57.0 cm79. Similar forms (pls. 9-10, nos 93 and 98-99) in smaller versions are also quite popular in Hierapolis80. Most of storage jars/pithoi were made of red, yellow or brown fabric. Inclusions at the Middle Byzantine pithoid vessels and pithoi from southwestern Paphlagonia consist of grit (elongated, but with rounded corners), lime and pores, and they are of medium quantity and sorting. They are generally smaller than 1.5 mm. Their fabric is rather soft (3.5 on the Mohs scale) and breaks are rough. Their sherds have an even surface feel and clay is fine as well as homogeneous.
- 81 For the Roman and Early Byzantine viticulture of southwestern Paphlagonia cf.: Laflı 2012.
- 82 Vionis et al. 2010: 443.
- 83 Peña 2007: 46-47. Although there is no direct evidence regarding the use-life of pithoi in absolute (...)
129Artefactual evidence retrieved from the surveys and excavations in southwestern Paphlagonia provides a broad-ranging insight on pithoi, such as their usage for grain, viticultural production as well as storage in Kimistene (Fig. 14) and for manufacturing activities at storage rooms in Hadrianoupolis81. Although the typological development of large storage vessels has not been studied in depth and there is not much published information about the pithoi in Middle Byzantine Asia Minor, they tend to remain unchanged for long periods of time82. The life duration of pithoi were even prolonged through their restoration83.
- 84 Anderson 2009: 270, appendix B.
- 85 Anderson 2009: 270; Günsenin 1989; Bakirtzis 1989; and Hayes 1992: 75-77.
- 86 For Greek examples in the Byzantine and Christian Museum in Thessaloniki, accessed from http://www. (...)
130Around 500 unglazed coarse ware sherds of storage and transport ware were collected at the citadel of Tium and among the unglazed wares seven fabric genres were identified84. Due to their poor conditions these sherds are hard to ascribe to any known classes; however, because of their globular shapes, amphorae and storage vessels resemble Middle and Late Byzantine forms, well known from other parts of the Black Sea85. Similar rim fragments to the storage vessels from southwestern Paphlagonia were found at elsewhere in Middle Byzantine Asia Minor and Greece86.
131(No 913): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southeastern slope, on the way to the cistern, on a rocky slope, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 9/91.
Overhanging, thickened and triangular sectioned rim with a flat top.
Max. h 2.4 cm., d of rim 11.8 cm., max. w 8.5 cm., max. th 1.2 cm.
Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, light red (2.5YR 6/8) fabric with some tiny lime inclusions.
Early 10th cent. A.D.
132(No 456): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, just below the summit, towards Deresemail creek, found in 2005. pl. 9/92.
Max. h 5.4 cm., d of rim 15.1 cm., max. w 5.3 cm., max. th 0.7 cm.
Light brown (7.5YR 6/4), unslipped surface on exterior; red (2.5YR 5/6), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, red (2.5YR 5/6) fabric with occasional tiny lime and mica inclusions.
Late 9th-early 10th cent. A.D.
133(No 978): Rim fragment; Hadrianoupolis, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 9/93.
Max. h 5.5 cm., d of rim 16.0 cm., max. w 7.9 cm., max. th 1.2 cm.
Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with some sand inclusions.
Late 9th-early 10th cent. A.D.
134(No 629): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, found in 2005. pl. 9/94.
Max. h 4.8 cm., d of rim 18.0 cm., max. w 6.9 cm., max. th 0.7 cm.
Red (2.5YR 5/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, red (2.5YR 5/6) fabric with some tiny lime inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
135(No 867): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s terrace, in the illegal trench around the altar, found in 2005. pl. 9/95.
Max. h 6.3 cm., d of rim 18.2 cm., max. w 8.4 cm., max. th 1.5 cm.
Light red (2.5YR 6/6) slip on exterior; light reddish brown (5YR 6/4), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, yellowish red (5YR 5/6) fabric with some medium grit as well as lime and sand inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
136(No 910): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southeastern slope, on the way to the cistern, on a rocky slope, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 9/96.
Max. h 5.9 cm., d of rim 18.2 cm., max. w 10.9 cm.
Incised wavy lines decoration in a band on the lip.
Light red (2.5YR 6/8) slip both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, light red (2.5YR 6/8) fabric with some sand as well as small grit and lime inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
137(No 640): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, western slope, found in 2005. pl. 10/97.
Max. h 5.1 cm., d of rim 18.4 cm., max. w 7.0 cm., max. th 0.9 cm.
Light red (2.5YR 6/8) slip on exterior; light reddish brown (2.5YR 6/4) slip on interior. Hard paste; sparsely porous, fine, light red (2.5YR 6/6) fabric with frequent tiny lime and small grit inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
138(No 454): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, just below the summit, towards Deresemail creek, found in 2005. pl. 10/98.
Max. h 3.1 cm., d of rim 18.4 cm., max. w 6.5 cm., max. th 1.0 cm.
Reddish yellow (7.5YR 5/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, reddish yellow (5YR 6/8) fabric with some sand inclusions.
Late 8th-early 9th cent. A.D.
139(No 694): Rim fragment; Kimistene, cistern, eastern slope, found in 2005. pl. 10/99.
Max. h 3.3 cm., d of rim 18.6 cm., max. w 7.0 cm., max. th 0.7 cm.
Red (2.5YR 5/6) slip on exterior; light red (2.5YR 6/8), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, red (2.5YR 5/8) fabric with frequent tiny lime and some sand inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
140(No 1114): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, found in 2005. pl. 10/100.
Max. h 7.1 cm., d of rim 20.8 cm., max. w 10.3 cm., max. th 1.4 cm.
Everted and thickened rim.
Very pale brown (10YR 8/3) slip both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, very pale brown (10YR 7/4) fabric with some medium grit and rare mica inclusions.
Late 8th-early 9th cent. A.D.
- 87 A similar decoration on a deep basin: Intagliata 2014: 651, fig. 9. This sherd presents a thick rim (...)
141(No 868): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, underground cave, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 10/101.
Max. h 5.1 cm., d of rim 21.0 cm., max. w 9.0 cm., max. th 0.9 cm.
Triangular sectioned rim with a flat top. Applied cordon with finger impressions (pinched decoration) below exterior rim87.
Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) slip both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 6/8) fabric with frequent lime inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
- 88 A similar rim profile: Kaptijn et al. 2013: 85-86, fig. 10.2.
142(No 831): Rim fragment; Kimistene, cistern, eastern slope, found in 2005. pl. 10/102.
Max. h 5.8 cm., d of rim 21.2 cm., max. w 12.3 cm., max. th 1.0 cm.
Triangular sectioned rim with a flat top88.
Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with some tiny lime inclusions.
Late 8th-early 9th cent. A.D.
- 89 A similar rim profile: Cottica 2007: 263, fig. 12.3 (Middle Byzantine period).
143(No 1402): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s terrace, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 11/103.
Max. h 6.2 cm., d of rim 21.2 cm., max. w 11.1 cm., max. th 1.6 cm.
Flat rim and thin wall89.
Yellowish red (5YR 5/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with rare sand inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
144(No 637): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, western slope, found in 2005. pl. 11/104.
Max. h 4.9 cm., d of rim 23.2 cm., max. w 13.9 cm., max. th 0.9 cm.
Red (2.5YR 5/6) slip on exterior; red (2.5YR 5/6), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, yellowish red (5YR 5/6) fabric with infrequent lime and some sand inclusions.
Early 10th cent. A.D.
145(No 704): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s eastern slope, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 11/105.
Max. h 8.2 cm., d of rim 27.4 cm., max. w 3.8 cm., max. th 1.1 cm.
Pale brown (10YR 6/3), unslipped surface on exterior; light brownish grey (10YR 6/2), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, brown (7.5YR 4/3) fabric with rare mica and grit inclusions.
10th cent. A.D.
146(No 1441): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s terrace, found in 2005. pl. 11/106.
Max. h 6.4 cm., d of rim 30.0 cm., max. w 14.5 cm., max. th 2.0 cm.
Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Average hardness; sparsely porous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with frequent lime and some medium grit inclusions.
10th cent. A.D.
147(No 1473): Rim fragment; surface find from the village Boncuklar, found in 2005. pl. 11/107.
Max. h 4.4 cm., d of rim 31.8 cm., max. w 9.6 cm., max. th 0.8 cm.
Red (2.5YR 5/6), unslipped surface on exterior; red (2.5YR 5/6), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) fabric with some lime and medium grit as well as rare mica inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
148(No 1318): Rim fragment; Kimistene, summit of the Acropolis, southern slope, found in 2005. pl. 12/108.
Max. h 5.4 cm., d of rim 31.8 cm., max. w 12.7 cm., max. th 1.4 cm.
Very pale brown (10YR 7/3) slip both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, fine, brown (7.5YR 5/4) fabric with frequent lime and small grit as well as rare mica inclusions.
Late 9th-early 10th cent. A.D.
149(No 632): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, found in 2005. pl. 12/109.
Max. h 7.6 cm., d of rim 33.0 cm., max. w 10.9 cm., max. th 1.8 cm.
Very pale brown (10YR 7/3), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Average hardness; very sparsely porous, fine, very pale brown (10YR 7/4) fabric with some medium grit inclusions.
Late 9th-early 10th cent. A.D.
150(No 636): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, found in 2005. pl. 12/110.
Max. h 7.8 cm., d of rim 33.0 cm.,16 max. w 12.8 cm., max. th 1.2 cm.
Light red (2.5YR 6/8) slip on exterior; light red (2.5YR 6/8), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, red (2.5YR 5/8) fabric with some tiny lime as well as medium grit and sand inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
151(No 1255): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Necropolis I, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 22/111.
Max. h 8.0 cm., max. w 11.8 cm., max. th 2.2 cm.
Light reddish brown (5YR 6/4), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Average hardness; very sparsely porous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with some lime as well as medium grit and sand inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
152(No 1269): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Necropolis I, found in 2005. pl. 12/112.
Max. h 4.9 cm., d of rim 28.6 cm., max. w 15.4 cm., max. th 0.8 cm.
Reddish brown (5YR 5/3), unslipped surface on exterior; reddish brown (5YR 5/4), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; sparsely porous, reddish brown (5YR 4/3) and dark grey (5YR 4/1) mottled fabric with frequent lime and some medium grit inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
153(No 1303): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, found in 2005. pl. 12/113.
Max. h 4.4 cm., d of rim 31.6 cm., max. w 9.7 cm., max. th 1.0 cm.
Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface on exterior; light brown (7.5YR 6/3), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, dark grey (7.5YR 4/1) fabric with frequent lime and some medium grit inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
154(No 1382): Rim fragment; Kepez, necropolis, found in 2005. pl. 13/114.
Max. h 11.3 cm., d of rim 32.0 cm., max. w 13.8 cm., max. th 3.4 cm.
Pink (7.5YR 7/4) slip on exterior; reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface in interior. Average hardness; very sparsely porous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with frequent lime and some sand inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
155(No 705): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s eastern slope, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 13/115.
Max. h 3.9 cm., d of rim 33.8 cm., max. w 11.3 cm., max. th 2.4 cm.
A form with a short neck and an incurved rim.
Red (2.5YR 5/6) slip on exterior; light reddish brown (5YR 6/4), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; nonporous, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) and light brownish grey (10YR 6/2) mottled fabric with frequent tiny lime inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
156(No 1383): Rim fragment; Kepez, Necropolis, found in 2005. pl. 13/116.
Max. h 10.7 cm., d of rim 33.8 cm., max. w 16.4 cm., max. th 2.9 cm.
Traces of carbon is visible on the rim.
Pink (7.5YR 7/4) slip on exterior; reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6), unslipped surface in interior. Average hardness; non-porous, fine, pink (7.5YR 7/4) fabric with frequent medium grit and sand as well as rare tiny lime inclusions.
10th cent. A.D.
157(No 1445): Rim fragment; Kepez, Necropolis, found in 2005. pl. 13/117.
Max. h 6.0 cm., d of rim 36.2 cm., max. w 13.7 cm., max. th 2.2 cm.
Very pale brown (10YR 7/3), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; sparsely porous, fine, light brownish grey (10YR 6/2) fabric with frequent lime and large grit inclusions.
Late 9th-early 10th cent. A.D.
- 90 A similar rim fragment from Hierapolis: Ruggiu and Cottica 2007: 175, fig. 11 (Middle Byzantine per (...)
158(No 1381): Rim fragment90; Kepez, Necropolis, found in 2005. pl. 14/118.
Max. h 15.1 cm., d of rim 36.2 cm., max. w 22.3 cm., max. th 2.5 cm.
Applied cordon and finger pinched decoration. Traces of carbon is visible on the rim.
Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) slip both on exterior and interior rim; light reddish brown (5YR 6/4), unslipped surface on upper interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with some lime as well as medium grit and sand inclusions.
Late 8th-early 9th cent. A.D.
159(No 1443): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s terrace, found in 2005. pl. 14/119.
Max. h 9.5 cm., d of rim 41.6 cm., max. w 10.8 cm., max. th 2.0 cm.
160Light reddish brown (5YR 6/4), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Average hardness; porous, fine, light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) fabric with frequent lime and some medium grit inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
161(No 1287): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s terrace, found in 2005. pl. 14/120.
Max. h 4.0 cm., d of rim 43.0 cm., max. w 11.4 cm., max. th 2.2 cm.
Very pale brown (10YR 7/3), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Average hardness; very sparsely porous, fine, pale brown (10YR 6/4) fabric with some medium grit and sand as well as rare tiny lime and grog inclusions.
Late 8th-early 9th cent. A.D.
- 91 A similar rim profile from Amorium: Lightfoot 2007: 278, figs. 8-9.
162(No 1405): Rim fragment; from the district of Emiroğlu, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 14/121.
Max. h 7.5 cm., d of rim 57.0 cm., max. w 16.4 cm., max. th 2.8 cm.
A large rim form91.
163Light reddish brown (10YR 6/4) slip on exterior; reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface in interior. Average hardness; very sparsely porous, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with frequent medium grit and rare mica inclusions.
164Late 8th-early 9th cent. A.D.
Pl. 15
Nos 122-126: Transport ware, fragments of amphorae
Pl. 16
Nos 127-130: Transport ware, fragments of amphorae; nos 132-135: Miscellaneous coarse vessel fragments; no 132: A fragment of a spindle whorl; and nos 133-135: Base fragments of undetermined closed forms
- 92 Kaptijn et al. 2013: 88; as well as for their primarily use and other functions cf Pena 2007: 61-19 (...)
- 93 Lightfoot and Ivison 1996: 97.
- 94 For a detailed discussion on the transport of commodities of the Paphlagonian coastal sites and the (...)
- 95 Collins 2012: 30; as well as Zelenko 2008: 130-131, 161 and 163-164 http://archaeology.kiev.ua/jour (...)
165During the Middle Byzantine period the most important transport vessel in southwestern Paphlagonia was amphora that generally thought to have contained wine, olive oil or fish products, and was mainly used for long-distance transports92. As in Amorium93, also in southwestern Paphlagonia our find assemblages of amphorae is very small and fragmentary, although some Middle Byzantine amphorae are known from Paphlagonian coastal sites94. In Sinope or other major centres on the southern coast of the Black Sea there should definitely had been an amphora workshop that is likely to be dated to the first half of the 13th cent. A.D.95. Because of the absence of complete vessels the fragments do not allow any detailed typological classification; some generalisations, however, can still be made: Most of their lips are round; their handles are attached on a conical and long neck. Wheel ridges begin below the lower handle attachments; two fingers made grooves run down the outer surface of the handles. Their surfaces are coated or smooth. The fabric of amphorae changes from red to yellow and brown. They have generally a hard and very porous fabric. Their surfaces contain sand and grit inclusions.
166(No 261): Rim fragment; western tomb, found in 2007. pl. 15/122.
Max. h 5.3 cm., d of rim 3.8 cm., max. w 5.6 cm., max. th 0.6 cm.
The surface is plain and burnished.
Red (2.5YR 5/6) slip on exterior; light red (2.5YR 6/6), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with frequent lime and sand inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
167(No 1124): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, found in 2005. pl. 15/123.
Max. h 5.9 cm., d of rim 5.4 cm., max. w 6.0 cm., max. th 0.6 cm.
Reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) fabric with some sand inclusions.
Late 8th-early 9th cent. A.D.
168(No 873): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, underground cave, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 15/124.
Max. h 5.8 cm., d of rim 6.4 cm., max. w 6.6 cm., max. th 0.7 cm.
Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) slip on exterior; reddish yellow (5YR 7/6), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with some tiny lime and rare mica inclusions.
9th cent. A.D.
169(No 1257): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Necropolis I, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 15/125.
Max. h 3.7 cm., d of rim 7.2 cm., max. w 6.3 cm., max. th 0.5 cm.
Light brown (7.5YR 6/4), unslipped surface on exterior; reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, brown (7.5YR 4/3) fabric with occasional tiny lime inclusions.
10th cent. A.D.
- 96 For a similar rim profile: Mimaroğlu 2010: 444-445, pl. 1, no 1.
- 97 Günsenin 1993: 194-196; and Mimaroğlu 2010: 445.
- 98 Todorova 2011: 134.
- 99 Hayes 1992: 73-74.
- 100 Türker 2006: 161.
- 101 Parshina 2001: 113-114.
- 102 Mimaroğlu 2010: 445; 2011: 71, fig. 3; and Türker 2005: 97. This type has also been found in Thessa (...)
170(No 597): Rim fragment9696; Bath A, room 10, found in 2006. pl. 15/126.
Max. h 9.0 cm., d of rim 7.4 cm., max. w 12.3 cm., max. th 1.8 cm.
Short neck, short and heavy handle, convex body and wide bands/ridges below rim.
Pink (7.YR 7/4), unslipped surface on exterior; reddish yellow (5YR 7/6), unslipped surface in interior. Hard and thin paste; non-porous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with frequent tiny lime inclusions.
Similar shapes were found in the area between Gaziköy and Hoşköy in Marmara (classical Propontis)97, on the shore of Danube’s mouth into the Black Sea98, Saraçhane99, Demre100 and Laspi101. In Ganos this type of amphorae is named as ‘Günsenin Type 1’ and is dated to the 9th-11th cent. A.D102.
171(No 979): Rim fragment; from the field surveys in Hadrianoupolis, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 16/127.
Max. h 5.5 cm., d of rim 7.8 cm., max. w 6.2 cm., max. th 0.4 cm.
Exterior is burnished.
Light brown (7.5YR 6/4), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, red (2.5YR 5/6) fabric with some sand and tiny lime inclusions.
10th cent. A.D.
172(No 816): Rim fragment; Kimistene, summit of the Acropolis, western slope, found in 2005. pl. 16/128.
Max. h 4.6 cm., d of rim 11.4 cm., max. w 8.7 cm., max. th 0.8 cm.
Handle is attached to the neck. Two horizontal grooves under the neck.
Greyish brown (10YR 5/2) slip both on exterior and interior rim; dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2), unslipped surface on lower interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2) fabric with some sand inclusions.
Early 10th cent. A.D.
173(No 1363): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, found in 2005. pl. 16/129.
Max. h 5.3 cm., d of rim 12.4 cm., max. w 6.0 cm., max. th 0.8 cm.
An outturned and slightly thickened rim with perhaps a long and conical neck.
Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 6/8) fabric with occasional tiny lime inclusions.
Early 10th cent. A.D.
174(No 965): Rim fragment; Kimistene, surface find from the cistern, eastern slope, found in 2005. pl. 16/130.
175Max. h 4.9 cm., d of rim 12.6 cm., max. w 4.8 cm., max. th 0.6 cm.
176There is an incised wavy line between two ridges on the neck. The rest of the surface is plain. Its handle is attached between the rim and neck.
177Greyish brown (10YR 5/2) slip on exterior; pale brown (10YR 6/3), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, grey (10YR 5/1) and greyish brown (10YR 5/2) mottled fabric with frequent grit and some lime inclusions.
17810th cent. A.D.
179This group, mostly domestic vessel fragments, comprises of a lid, base, handle and body fragments of closed and unknown shapes. A fragment of a terracotta spindle whorl has been added to this group.
Pl. 17
Nos 136-153: Miscellaneous coarse vessel fragments; nos 136-141: Base fragments of undetermined closed forms; and nos 145-153: Handle fragments of undetermined closed forms
Pl. 18
Nos 154-208: Miscellaneous coarse vessel fragments; nos 154-172: Handle fragments of undetermined closed forms; and nos 174-208: Body fragments of undetermined closed forms
Pl. 19
Nos 262-265: Architectural ceramics, pipe fragments
Pl. 23
Nos 131-162: Miscellaneous coarse vessel fragments; no 131: A lid fragment; and nos 142-162: Handle fragments of undetermined closed forms
Pl. 24
Nos 164-171: Miscellaneous coarse vessel fragments; handle fragments of undetermined closed forms
Pl. 25
Nos 173-206: Miscellaneous coarse vessel fragments, body fragments of undetermined closed forms
Pl. 26
Nos 207-231: Miscellaneous coarse vessel fragments, body fragments of undetermined closed forms
Pl. 27
Nos 232-247: Miscellaneous coarse vessel fragments, body fragments of undetermined closed forms
Pl. 28
Nos 248-256: Miscellaneous coarse vessel fragments, body fragments of undetermined closed forms
Pl. 29
Nos 257-261: Miscellaneous coarse vessel fragments, body fragments of undetermined closed forms
180Compared to the Early Byzantine period, lid fragments are rare in the Middle Byzantine period. R. Smadar Gabrieli comments about a similar case at Kata Paphos on Medieval Cyprus103103. Storage vessels could had a variety of non-pottery covers, such as stone-slabs or wood which are still being used today; but in southwestern Paphlagonia the lack of pottery lids for cooking pots is surprising.
181(No 822): Lid fragment; Kimistene, summit of the Acropolis, western slope, found in 2005. pl. 23/131.
Max. l 11.1 cm., max. w 5.9 cm., max. th 1.7 cm.
Pink (7.5YR 7/4), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, fine, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) fabric with frequent tiny lime and small grit inclusions.
Early 10th cent. A.D.
- 104 A similar object of a personal adornment was found at Amorium: Ivison 2012: 57. Hemispheroid spindl (...)
182It is a terracotta discoid, spherical object fitted onto the spindle to increase and maintain the speed of the spin. In Middle Byzantine Asia Minor whorls had been made of many different materials: antler, bone, glass, metals (iron, lead, lead and alloy), wood (especially oak), chalk, limestone, mudstone, sandstone and soapstone. Very few spindle whorls were found in a well-dated archaeological context though104.
183(No 589): Spindle whorl; Kimistene, summit of the Acropolis, western slope, found in 2005. pl. 16/132.
Max. l 3.3 cm., max. w 3.0 cm., max. th 1.1 cm. Light brown (7.5YR 6/4), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) fabric with some tiny lime and small quartz inclusions.
Late 9th cent. A.D.
- 105 A similar flat base with a diagonal body: Japp 2010: 69, no 48. A further similar example: Hayes 19 (...)
- 106 Bakirtzis 1989: 41; and Vionis et al. 2010: 457.
184Some of them are flat (pls. 16-17, nos 133-135, 137138 and 141) or ring bases (pl. 17, nos 136 and 141), even though flat bases have externally not been distinguished from the lower part of the vessels. No 136 on pl. 17 approximates a ring foot. Similar forms were found at Alexandria of the Troad105. C. Bakirtzis argued in 1989 that Byzantine cooking pots with flat bottoms were associated with a rural way of life, whereas round-bottomed pots reflect an urban setting106.
185(No 805): Base fragment; Kimistene, summit of the Acropolis, western slope, found in 2005. pl. 16/133.
Max. h 1.3 cm., d of base 5.0 cm., max. w 5.0 cm., max. th 0.5 cm.
Brown (7.5YR 4/3) slip on exterior; brown (7.5YR 4/2), unslipped surface in interior. Average hardness; non-porous, brown (7.5YR 4/2) fabric with mica inclusions.
186(No 368): Base fragment; Bath B, room 8, found in 2007. pl. 16/134.
Max. h 1.3 cm., d of base 8.0 cm., max. w 3.9 cm., max. th 0.5 cm.
Very dark grey (10YR 3/1) slip on exterior; brown (7.5YR 5/2), unslipped surface in interior. Average hardness; non-porous, very dark grey (10YR 3/1) fabric with some tiny lime inclusions.
- 107 A similar base profile from Amorium: Böhlendorf-Arslan 2012: 155, fig. 2.5 (late 8th-early 9th cent (...)
187(No 815): Base fragment107; Kimistene, summit of the Acropolis, western slope, found in 2005. pl. 16/135.
Max. h 2.7 cm., d of rim 8.6 cm., max. w 7.4 cm., max. th 0.5 cm.
Flat base. Exterior is blackened.
Light reddish brown (5YR 6/4), unslipped surface on exterior; light reddish brown (5YR 6/3), unslipped surface in interior. Average hardness; very sparsely porous, light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) fabric with frequent lime and medium grit inclusions.
188(No 1342): Base fragment; Kimistene, cistern, eastern slope, found in 2005. pl. 17/136.
Max. h 2.0 cm., d of rim 12.0 cm., max. w 6.8 cm., max. th 1.1 cm.
Exterior is blackened.
Grey (10YR 6/1), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2) fabric with some tiny lime and sand inclusions.
189(No 79): Base fragment; Bath B, room 3, found in 2007. pl. 17/137.
Max. h 3.7 cm., d of base 12.0 cm., max. w 9.3 cm., max. th 0.7 cm.
Light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4), unslipped surface on exterior; greyish brown (10YR 5/2), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, dark grey (10YR 4/1) fabric with occasional sand and rare mica inclusions.
190(No 462): Base fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, just below the summit, towards Deresemail creek, found in 2005. pl. 17/138.
Max. h 1.9 cm., d of rim 12.2 cm., max. w 6.2 cm., max. th 0.4 cm.
Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) slip on exterior; light red (2.5YR 6/6), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, fine, light red (2.5YR 6/6) fabric with some tiny lime inclusions.
- 108 Similar base profiles: Arthur 2012: 283, fig. 10, no 5 (10th cent.?); and Japp 2010: 69, fig. 9, no(...)
191(No 1380): Base fragment108; Kepez, Necropolis, found in 2005. pl. 17/139.
Max. h 6.0 cm., d of base 12.8 cm., max. w 14.9 cm., max. th 1.1 cm.
A flat base and diagonal body wall.
Very pale brown (10YR 7/4) slip on exterior; light grey (10YR 7/2), unslipped surface on exterior. Average hardness; non-porous, fine, very pale brown (10YR 7/4) fabric with some tiny lime inclusions.
192(No 1251): Base fragment; Kimistene, western slope of the temenos, found in 2005. pl. 17/140.
Max. h 4.2 cm., d of rim 15.4 cm., max. w 14.1 cm., max. th 1.7 cm.
Light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) slip on exterior; pink (5YR 7/4), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with some tiny lime and sand inclusions.
193(No 710): Base fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s eastern slope, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 17/141.
Max. h 7.5 cm., d of rim 18.4 cm., max. w 10.3 cm., max. th 1.4 cm.
Wet smoothing marks on interior.
Light red (2.5YR 6/6) slip on exterior; pink (5YR 7/4) slip on interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, pink (5YR 7/4) fabric with some tiny lime and sand inclusions.
- 109 Typologically they are similar to LR1 amphorae, small jug or jug handles from Elaeousa-Sebaste in C (...)
- 110 Similar handle fragments from Tripolis: Duman 2014: 226, fig. 3, nos 8, 15, 17 and 20-22 (third qua (...)
- 111 Also at Tripolis: Duman 2014: 230, fig. 3, nos 20-22.
- 112 A similar Middle Byzantine fragment from Caria: De Staebler 2012: 72, Fig. 15 (9th-12th cent. A.D.)
194Most of the handles were attached from shoulder to rim or rising high above rim. Some thick-walled vessels have a ridged or grooved handle. Some small handles (pls. 17, 23, nos 142-146) may belong to one handled jugs. Nos 148-150 on pl. 23 and nos 154-156 on pls. 18 and 23 have a vertical and oval form109109. Some others have a round cross-section or strap form. Handles of some amphorae, flagons or jars feature single or double rows, or irregular series of holes that had been opened with a sharp and pointy tool110. Some of them are featuring sharp and pointy tool decorations (pls. 18 and 23, nos 157-160)111 or vertical impressed decoration irregular to each other112.
195(No 1049): Handle fragment; Kepez, found in 2005. pl. 23/142.
Max. h 2.4 cm., max. w 2.4 cm., max. th 0.6 cm.
Light brown (7.5YR 6/4), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Soft paste; non-porous, fine, yellowish red (5YR 5/6) fabric with frequent tiny lime inclusions.
196(No 819): Handle fragment; Kimistene, summit of the Acropolis, western slope, found in 2005. pl. 23/143.
Max. l 3.2 cm., max. w 2.5 cm., max. th 1.0 cm.
Grey (10YR 5/1), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, greyish brown (10YR 5/2) fabric with some sand and tiny lime inclusions.
197(No 1341): Handle fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, just below the summit, towards Deresemail creek, found in 2005. pl. 23/144.
Max. l 4.2 cm., max. w 2.8 cm., max. th 1.2 cm.
Light reddish brown (5YR 6/4), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, reddish brown (5YR 6/6) fabric with some tiny lime inclusions.
198(No 970): Handle fragment; Kimistene, cistern, eastern slope, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 17/145.
Max. h 3.8 cm., max. w 4.2 cm., max. th 1.3 cm.
Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, greyish brown (10YR 5/2) and brown (10YR 5/3) mottled fabric with some sand and tiny lime inclusions.
199(No 975): Handle fragment; Kimistene, cistern, eastern slope, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 17/146.
Max. h 6.3 cm., max. w 4.4 cm., max. th 1.5 cm.
Light brown (7.5YR 6/4), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Soft paste; non-porous, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) fabric with occasional medium grit inclusions.
200(No 255): Handle fragment; western tomb, found in 2007. pl. 23/147.
Max. l 5.4 cm., max. w 2.5 cm., max. th 1.9 cm.
Carbon on exterior.
Red (2.5YR 4/6) slip on exterior; red (2.5YR 5/6), unslipped surface in interior. Average hardness; nonporous, fine, red (2.5YR 5/8) fabric with frequent mica and sand inclusions.
201(No 703): Handle fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s eastern slope, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 23/148.
Max. l 6.3 cm., max. w 4.5 cm., max. th 2.5 cm.
Red (2.5YR 5/6) slip both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, light red (2.5YR 6/6) fabric with fabric with some tiny lime and mica inclusions.
202(No 711): Handle fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s eastern slope, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 23/149.
Max. l 7.7 cm., max. w 2.8 cm., max. th 2.8 cm.
Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, light red (2.5YR 6/6) fabric with some tiny lime and sand inclusions.
203(No 451): Handle fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, just below the summit, towards Deresemail creek, found in 2005. pl. 23/150.
Max. h 4.5 cm., max. w 5.9 cm., max. th 2.3 cm.
Handle is attached horizontally on body.
Brown (7.5YR 6/4) slip on exterior; light brown (7.5YR 6/4), unslipped surface in interior. Hard and thin paste; non-porous, fine, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) fabric with some grit and rare mica inclusions.
204(No 88): Handle fragment; Bath B, room 5, found in 2007. pl. 23/151.
Max. l 8.1 cm., max. w 4.9 cm., max. th 0.8 cm.
Exterior is burnished.
Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) slip on exterior; reddish brown (5YR 5/3), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, fine, light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) fabric with frequent tiny lime and large grit inclusions.
205(No 1121): Handle fragment; Acropolis, found in 2005. pl. 17/152.
Max. l 4.6 cm., max. w 5.8 cm., max. th 2.0 cm.
Pink (7.5YR 7/4) on all of the unslipped surface. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) fabric with fabric with some tiny lime and sand inclusions.
206(No 80): Handle fragment; Bath B, room 3, found in 2007. pl. 17/153.
Max. h 7.6 cm., max. w 4.4 cm., max. th 1.6 cm.
Carbon on exterior.
Red (2.5YR 5/6) slip on exterior; reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, red (2.5YR 4/6) fabric with some lime and rare sand inclusions.
207(No 258): Handle fragment; western tomb, found in 2007. pl. 18/154.
Max. h 5.9 cm., max. w 8.4 cm., max. th 2.3 cm.
Reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4) slip on exterior; light reddish brown (5YR 6/4), unslipped surface in interior. Soft paste; very sparsely porous, yellowish red (5YR 5/6) and greyish brown (10YR 5/2) mottled fabric with some mica as well as tiny lime and medium grit inclusions.
208(No 450): Handle fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, just below the summit, towards Deresemail creek, found in 2005. pl. 23/155.
Max. l 5.0 cm., max. w 3.1 cm., max. th 2.9 cm.
Brown (7.5YR 5/3), unslipped surface on all of sherd. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, brown (7.5YR 5/3) fabric with rare sand and tiny lime inclusions.
209(No 453): Handle fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, just below the summit, towards Deresemail creek, found in 2005. pl. 23/156.
Max. l 6.5 cm., max. w 2.6 cm., max. th 2.6 cm.
Pink (5YR 7/4) ), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, light reddish brown (5YR 6/6) fabric with some tiny lime and sand inclusions.
210(No 641): Handle fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, western slope, found in 2005. pl. 23/157.
Max. l 3.7 cm., max. w 4.7 cm., max. th 2.1 cm.
Light brown (7.5YR 6/4), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, brown (7.5YR 5/3) fabric with frequent tiny lime and sand inclusions.
211(No 449): Handle fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, just below the summit, towards Deresemail creek, found in 2005. pl. 18/158.
Max. h 4.4 cm., max. w 4.6 cm., max. th 2.1 cm.
Light brown (7.5YR 6/4), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with some tiny lime and sand inclusions.
212(No 1122): Handle fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, found in 2005. pl. 23/159.
Max. l 6.8 cm., max. w 7.5 cm., max. th 2.1 cm.
Light reddish brown (2.5YR 6/4) slip on exterior; light reddish brown (5YR 6/4), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) fabric with frequent tiny lime inclusions.
213(No 445): Handle fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, just below the summit, towards Deresemail creek, found in 2005. pl. 18/160.
Max. l 12.2 cm., max. w 5.7 cm., max. th 1.9 cm.
Light brown (7.5YR 6/4) on all of the unslipped surface. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) fabric with some sand and tiny lime inclusions.
214(No 1444): Handle fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, just below the summit, towards Deresemail creek, found in 2005. pl. 23/161.
Max. l 4.0 cm., max. w 3.9 cm., max. th 1.2 cm.
Weak red (10R 5/4) slip on exterior; light reddish brown (2.5YR 6/4), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, red (2.5YR 5/6) fabric with frequent tiny lime inclusions.
215(No 1125): Handle fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, found in 2005. pl. 23/162.
Max. l 4.2 cm., max. w 4.3 cm., max. th 1.6 cm.
Exterior is burnished.
Light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) slip on exterior; reddish brown (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, reddish brown (5YR 6/6) fabric with some tiny lime inclusions.
216(No 817): Handle fragment; Kimistene, summit of the Acropolis, western slope, found in 2005. pl. 18/163.
Max. h 6.8 cm., max. w 5.9 cm., max. th 0.8 cm.
Exterior is burnished.
Grey (2.5Y 5/1) slip on exterior; light grey (2.5Y 7/1), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, fine, greyish brown (2.5Y 5/2) fabric with frequent tiny lime inclusions.
217(No 874): Handle fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, underground cave, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 24/164.
Max. l 7.6 cm., max. w 5.2 cm., max. th 2.2 cm.
Exterior is burnished.
Dark grey (2.5Y 4/1) slip on exterior; brown (10YR 5/3), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, very dark grey (2.5Y 3/1) fabric with frequent lime and large grit inclusions.
218(No 639): Handle fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, western slope, found in 2005. pl. 24/165.
Max. l 7.8 cm., max. w 5.7 cm., max. th 1.8 cm.
Light brown (7.5YR 6/4), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Average hardness; non-porous, fine, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) fabric with some tiny lime and sand inclusions.
219(No 1286): Handle fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s terrace, found in 2005. pl. 18/166.
Max. h 10.1 cm., max. w 8.9 cm., max. th 1.5 cm.
Red (2.5YR 5/6) on all of the unslipped surface. Hard paste; non-porous, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) and reddish brown (2.5YR 4/3) mottled fabric with some sand and tiny lime inclusions.
220(No 1448): Handle fragment; uncertain. pl. 18/167.
Max. h 10.9 cm., max. w 6.7 cm., max. th 1.7 cm.
Grey (2.5Y 5/1) slip on exterior; light brownish grey (2.5Y 6/2), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, fine, grey (2.5Y 5/1) fabric with rare mica and some large grit inclusions.
221(No 1319): Handle fragment; Kimistene, summit of the Acropolis, southern slope, found in 2005. pl. 24/168.
Max. h 9.8 cm., max. w 5.8 cm., max. th 1.5 cm.
Light brown (7.5YR 6/4) on all of the unslipped surface. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) some lime inclusions.
222(No 635): Handle fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, found in 2005. pl. 24/169.
Max. h 9.0 cm., max. w 6.5 cm., max. th 1.9 cm.
Red (2.5YR 5/6) slip both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, red (2.5YR 5/6) fabric with rare mica and some small grit inclusions.
223(No 1254): Handle fragment; Kimistene, Necropolis I, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 24/170.
Max. h 7.2 cm., max. w 4.1 cm., max. th 1.5 cm.
Brown (7.5YR 5/3) on all of the unslipped surface. Hard paste; non-porous, brown (7.5YR 4/3) fabric with some sand and tiny lime inclusions.
224(No 1253): Handle fragment; Kimistene, Necropolis I, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 24/171.
Max. h 3.9 cm., max. w 10.3 cm., max. l 6.3 cm.
Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Average hardness; non-porous, red (2.5YR 5/8) fabric with frequent lime and sand as well as medium grit and mica inclusions.
225(No 1442): Handle fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s terrace, found in 2005. pl. 18/172.
Max. h 4.9 cm., max. w 8.6 cm., max. th 5.9 cm.
Light brown (7.5YR 6/3) on all of the unslipped surface. Hard paste; non-porous, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) and light red (2.5YR 6/6) mottled fabric with some sand and tiny lime inclusions.
226They represent almost exclusively closed tableware forms, most probably jugs. Some decoration on exterior surface is visible.
227(No 1048): Body fragment; Kepez, found in 2005. pl. 25/173.
Max. h 2.2 cm., max. w 2.1 cm., max. th 0.7 cm.
Exterior is burnished.
Brown (7.5YR 5/3) slip on exterior; reddish brown (5YR 5/4), unslipped surface in interior. Average hardness; non-porous, reddish brown (5YR 5/4) and dark reddish grey (2.5YR 3/1) mottled fabric with some tiny lime inclusions.
228(No 849): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 18/174.
Max. h 4.4 cm., d of rim 4.2 cm., max. w 2.7 cm., max. th 0.4 cm.
Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) slip both on exterior and interior rim; red (2.5YR 5/6) paint on exterior slip. Hard paste; non-porous, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) and grey (5YR 5/1) mottled fabric some tiny lime and sand inclusions.
229(No 140): Body fragment; uncertain. pl. 18/175.
Max. h 3.6 cm., d of rim 6.2 cm., max. w 4.4 cm., max. th 0.4 cm.
Red (10R 5/6) slip on exterior; reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, red (2.5YR 4/6) fabric with frequent tiny lime and sand inclusions.
230(No 1313): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, found in 2005. pl. 25/176.
Max. h 1.7 cm., max. w 1.8 cm., max. th 0.6 cm.
Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) slip on exterior; reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface in interior. Average hardness, thin paste; non-porous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 6/8) fabric with rare mica and frequent lime inclusions.
231(No 780): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s terrace, illegally excavated area under the temple’s podium, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 25/177.
Max. h 1.7 cm., max. w 2.7 cm., max. th 0.5 cm.
Dark grey (2.5Y 4/1), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Soft paste; non-porous, black (2.5Y 2.5/1) fabric with some medium grit and lime inclusions.
232(No 810): Body fragment; Kimistene, summit of the Acropolis, western slope, found in 2005. pl. 25/178.
Max. h 1.9 cm., max. w 2.5 cm., max. th 0.7 cm.
Exterior is burnished.
Very dark grey (10YR 3/1) slip on exterior; dark grey (2.5Y 4/1), unslipped surface in interior. Average hardness; non-porous, dark grey (2.5Y 4/1) and greyish brown (10YR 5/2) mottled fabric with rare mica inclusions.
233(No 781): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s terrace, illegally excavated area under the temple’s podium, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 25/179.
Max. h 2.3 cm., max. w 1.9 cm., max. th 0.5 cm.
Dark grey (2.5Y 4/1), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Soft paste; non-porous, black (2.5Y 2.5/1) fabric with frequent tiny lime and some quartz inclusions.
234(No 756): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s terrace, illegally excavated area under the temple’s podium, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 25/180.
Max. h 2.8 cm., max. w 2.9 cm., max. th 0.5 cm.
Grey (10YR 5/1), unslipped surface on exterior; light brownish grey (10YR 6/2), unslipped surface in interior. Average hardness; non-porous, greyish brown (10YR 5/2) fabric with frequent tiny lime and some quartz inclusions.
235(No 752): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s terrace, illegally excavated area under the temple’s podium, found in 2005. pl. 25/181.
Max. h 2.1 cm., max. w 3.1 cm., max. th 0.8 cm.
Exterior is blackened.
236Light brown (7.5YR 6/4), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Soft paste; non-porous, fine, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) fabric with some lime inclusions.
237(No 1346): Body fragment; Kimistene, cistern, eastern slope, found in 2005. pl. 25/182.
Max. h 2.4 cm., max. w 3.1 cm., max. th 0.9 cm.
Reddish brown (5YR 5/4), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Average hardness; very sparsely porous, very dark grey (7.5YR 3/1) fabric with frequent lime and large grit as well as rare quartz inclusions.
238(No 1373): Body fragment; Kepez, Necropolis, found in 2005. pl. 25/183.
Max. h 2.4 cm., max. w 2.2 cm., max. th 0.7 cm.
Red (2.5YR 5/6) slip on exterior; reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4), unslipped surface in interior. Soft paste; non-porous, fine, red (2.5YR 5/6) fabric with some lime as well as medium grit and rare mica inclusions.
239(No 755): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s terrace, illegally excavated area under the temple’s podium, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 25/184.
Max. h 2.5 cm., max. w 2.5 cm., max. th 0.5 cm.
All of the surface is blackened.
Very pale brown (10YR 7/3), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Average hardness; very sparsely porous, black (10YR 2/1) fabric with some lime and sand inclusions.
240(No 765): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s terrace, illegally excavated area under the temple’s podium, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 25/185.
Max. h 3.0 cm., max. w 2.8 cm., max. th 0.8 cm.
Dark grey (2.5Y 4/1), unslipped surface on exterior; brown (7.5YR 5/2), unslipped surface in interior. Soft paste; very sparsely porous, brown (7.5YR 4/2) fabric with frequent lime and small grit inclusions.
241(No 718): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s terrace, illegally excavated area under the temple’s podium, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 25/186.
Max. h 2.4 cm., max. w 3.2 cm., max. th 0.8 cm.
Interior surface is blackened.
Grey (10YR 5/1) slip on exterior; grey (10YR 6/1), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, fine, grey (10YR 6/1) fabric with some lime inclusions.
242(No 1295): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s terrace, illegally excavated area, found in 2005. pl. 25/187.
Max. h 2.7 cm., max. w 3.0 cm., max. th 0.7 cm.
Exterior is burnished which is also grooved.
Dark grey (2.5Y 4/1) slip on exterior; dark grey (2.5Y 4/1), unslipped surface in interior. Average hardness; very sparsely porous, fine, black (2.5Y 2.5/1) fabric with some sand and mica inclusions.
243(No 733): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s terrace, illegally excavated area under the temple’s podium, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 25/188.
Max. h 3.0 cm., max. w 2.9 cm., max. th 0.5 cm.
Exterior is burnished.
Very dark grey (Gley 1 3/N) slip on exterior; grey (Gley 1 6/N), unslipped surface in interior. Average hardness; non-porous, fine, dark grey (Gley 1 4/N) fabric with frequent tiny lime inclusions.
244(No 773): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s terrace, illegally excavated area under the temple’s podium, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 25/189.
Max. h 3.1 cm., max. w 3.7 cm., max. th 0.5 cm.
Very dark grey (5YR 3/1), unslipped surface on exterior; grey (Gley 1 5/N), unslipped surface in interior. Average hardness; non-porous, very dark grey (10YR 3/1) fabric with frequent tiny lime and some quartz inclusions.
245(No 501): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, just below the summit, towards Deresemail creek, found in 2005. pl. 25/190.
Max. h 3.1 cm., max. w 2.9 cm., max. th 0.7 cm.
Exterior is burnished. Interior surface is blackened.
Brown (7.5YR 5/4) slip on exterior; very dark grey (Gley 1 3/N), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, very dark grey (Gley 1 3/N) fabric with some tiny lime and rare mica inclusions.
246(No 993): Body fragment; Kepez, found in 2005. pl. 25/191.
Max. h 3.4 cm., max. w 2.5 cm., max. th 0.8 cm.
Light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) slip on exterior; brown (7.5YR 5/4), unslipped surface in interior. Soft paste; very sparsely porous, brown (7.5YR 5/4) and dark grey (7.5YR 4/1) mottled fabric with some lime and small grit inclusions.
247(No 644): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, western slope, found in 2005. pl. 25/192.
Max. h 3.0 cm., max. w 3.1 cm., max. th 0.7 cm.
Light reddish brown (2.5YR 7/4), unslipped surface on exterior; pale red (2.5YR 6/2), unslipped surface in interior. Hard and thin paste; non-porous, pink (5YR 7/4) fabric with frequent tiny lime and sand inclusions.
248(No 738): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, just below the summit, towards Deresemail creek, found in 2005. pl. 25/193.
Max. h 3.0 cm., max. w 3.5 cm., max. th 0.6 cm.
Reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4) slip on exterior; reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface in interior. Hard and thin paste; non-porous, fine, reddish brown (5YR 5/4) fabric with some sand as well as rare mica and lime inclusions.
249(No 657): Body fragment; Kimistene, cistern, eastern slope, found 2005. pl. 25/194.
Max. h 3.0 cm., max. w 4.1 cm., max. th 1.1 cm.
Exterior is burnished. Shallow grooves on exterior.
Light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) slip on exterior; pinkish grey (7.5YR 6/2), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with some tiny lime inclusions.
250(No 724): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s terrace, illegally excavated area under the temple’s podium, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 25/195.
Max. h 3.0 cm., max. w 4.0 cm., max. th 0.7 cm.
Very pale brown (10YR 8/2) slip on exterior; pink (7.5YR 7/4), unslipped surface in interior; Average hardness; non-porous, fine, pink (7.5YR 7/4) fabric with rare mica as well as sand and lime inclusions.
251(No 826): Body fragment; Kimistene, summit of the Acropolis, western slope, found in 2005. pl. 25/196.
Max. h 2.7 cm., max. w 5.7 cm., max. th 0.4 cm.
Pink (5YR 7/4) slip on exterior; light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) slip on interior. Average hardness; non-porous, fine, red (2.5YR 5/6) fabric with some tiny lime inclusions.
252(No 923): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, found in 2005. pl. 25/197.
Max. h 3.1 cm., max. w 4.7 cm., max. th 0.6 cm.
Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 6/8) fabric with occasional tiny lime inclusions.
253(No 933): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, found in 2005. pl. 25/198.
Max. h 3.3 cm., max. w 4.1 cm., max. th 0.8 cm.
Reddish yellow (5YR 7/6), unslipped surface on exterior; pink (5YR 7/4), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, fine, light red (2.5YR 6/8) fabric with some tiny lime inclusions.
- 113 A similar example from Sagalassus: Vionis 2013: 35, fig. 13a.
254(No 808): Body fragment; Kimistene, summit of the Acropolis, western slope, found in 2005. pl. 18/199.
Max. h 4.2 cm., max. w 4.2 cm., max. th 0.6 cm.
Wavy line decoration on exterior113.
Light brown (7.5YR 6/3), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Soft paste; porous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with frequent tiny lime and sand inclusions.
255(No 1203): Body fragment; Kimistene, summit of the Acropolis, southern slope, found in 2005. pl. 25/200.
Max. h 3.6 cm., max. w 5.0 cm., max. th 0.6 cm.
Light red (2.5YR 6/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, fine, light red (2.5YR 6/6) fabric with occasional tiny lime inclusions.
256(No 807): Body fragment; Kimistene, summit of the Acropolis, western slope, found in 2005. pl. 25/201.
Max. h 3.6 cm., max. w 4.3 cm., max. th 0.6 cm.
Light red (2.5YR 6/8) slip on exterior; reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) slip on interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, red (2.5YR 5/6) and dark grey (7.5YR 4/1) mottled fabric with frequent tiny lime inclusions.
257(No 915): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southeastern slope, on the way to the cistern, on a rocky slope, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 25/202.
Max. h 3.5 cm., max. w 5.9 cm., max. th 0.8 cm.
Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, yellowish red (5YR 5/8) fabric with frequent tiny lime inclusions.
258(No 774): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s terrace, illegally excavated area under the temple’s podium, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 25/203.
Max. h 3.5 cm., max. w 4.8 cm., max. th 0.8 cm.
Light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) slip on exterior; pink (5YR 7/4), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, fine, pink (5YR 7/4) occasional tiny lime inclusions.
259(No 676): Body fragment; Kepez, found in 2005. pl. 25/204.
Max. h 3.5 cm., max. w 2.7 cm., max. th 1.1 cm.
Yellowish red (5YR 5/6), unslipped surface on exterior; reddish brown (5YR 5/4), unslipped surface in interior. Average hardness; very sparsely porous, red (2.5YR 4/6) and dark grey (5YR 4/1) mottled fabric with frequent tiny lime inclusions.
260(No 929): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, found in 2005. pl. 25/205.
Max. h 3.6 cm., max. w 4.0 cm., max. th 0.9 cm.
Exterior is burnished.
Very pale brown (10YR 8/3) slip on exterior; light red (2.5YR 6/6), unslipped surface in interior. Average hardness, thin paste; non-porous, fine, light red (2.5YR 6/6) fabric with occasional tiny lime inclusions.
261(No 1334): Body fragment; Kimistene, cistern, eastern slope, found in 2005. pl. 25/206.
Max. h 3.3 cm., max. w 4.7 cm., max. th 1.0 cm.
Greyish brown (10YR 5/2), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, very dark grey (10YR 3/1) fabric with occasional tiny lime inclusions.
262(No 825): Body fragment; Kimistene, summit of the Acropolis, western slope, found in 2005. pl. 26/207.
Max. h 3.6 cm., max. w 5.5 cm., max. th 0.6 cm.
Reddish yellow (5YR 7/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Soft paste; non-porous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with some tiny lime and medium grit inclusions.
- 114 A similar decoration: Arthur 2012: 283, fig. 10, no 5 (10th cent. A.D.?).
263(No 818): Body fragment; Kimistene, summit of the Acropolis, western slope, found in 2005. pl. 18/208.
Max. h 4.2 cm., max. w 4.3 cm., max. th 0.7 cm.
Incised wavy line decoration on exterior114.
Greyish brown (10YR 5/2), unslipped surface on exterior; dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2), unslipped surface in interior. Average hardness; non-porous, dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2) fabric with occasional tiny lime and sand inclusions.
264(No 339): Body fragment; Bath B, room 1, found in 2007. pl. 26/209.
Max. h 3.9 cm., max. w 3.4 cm., max. th 0.4 cm.
Reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4) slip on exterior; reddish brown (5YR 5/4), unslipped surface in interior. Hard and thin paste; non-porous, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with some tiny lime inclusions.
265(No 1501): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s terrace, found in 2005. pl. 26/210.
Max. h 3.8 cm., max. w 4.2 cm., max. th 0.8 cm.
Very pale brown (10YR 8/3), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, very pale brown (10YR 7/4) fabric with frequent sand inclusions.
266(No 751): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s terrace, illegally excavated area under the temple’s podium, found in 2005. pl. 26/211.
Max. h 4.0 cm., max. w 3.4 cm., max. th 0.5 cm.
Grey (10YR 6/1), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, fine, greyish brown (10YR 5/2) fabric with occasional quartz inclusions.
267(No 677): Body fragment; Kimistene, cistern, eastern slope, found in 2005. pl. 26/212.
Max. h 3.9 cm., max. w 4.2 cm., max. th 0.7 cm.
Red (2.5YR 5/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Soft paste; very sparsely porous, red (2.5YR 4/6) fabric with frequent sand inclusions.
268(No 917): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southeastern slope, on the way to the cistern, on a rocky slope, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 26/213.
Max. h 3.9 cm., max. w 4.5 cm., max. th 0.7 cm.
Reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6), unslipped surface on exterior; light red (2.5YR 6/6), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) fabric with some sand and rare mica inclusions.
269(No 1392): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, just below the summit, towards Deresemail creek, found in 2005. pl. 26/214.
Max. h 4.0 cm., max. w 4.3 cm., max. th 0.8 cm.
Light brown (7.5YR 6/4), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, brown (7.5YR 5/3) fabric with some tiny lime inclusions.
270(No 1361): Body fragment; Kepez, found in 2005. pl. 26/215.
Max. h 4.3 cm., max. w 4.3 cm., max. th 0.8 cm.
Pale brown (10YR 6/3), unslipped surface on exterior; brown (7.5YR 5/3), unslipped surface in interior. Soft paste; non-porous, brown (7.5YR 5/3) fabric with frequent tiny lime and some sand inclusions.
271(No 985): Body fragment; Kepez, found in 2005. pl. 26/216.
Max. h 3.8 cm., max. w 4.0 cm., max. th 1.4 cm.
Dark grey (10YR 4/1), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, very dark grey (10YR 3/1) fabric with frequent lime and large grit inclusions.
272(No 793): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s terrace, illegally excavated area under the temple’s podium, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 26/217.
Max. h 4.0 cm., max. w 5.0 cm., max. th 1.2 cm.
Stamped decoration on exterior.
Light reddish brown (2.5YR 6/4) slip on exterior; light red (2.5YR 6/6) surface on unslipped interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, fine, light red (2.5 YR 6/6) fabric with frequent tiny lime and sand inclusions.
273(No 1452): Body fragment; uncertain. pl. 26/218.
Max. h 3.9 cm., max. w 4.0 cm., max. th 1.1 cm.
Light red (2.5YR 6/6), unslipped surface on exterior; light reddish brown (5YR 6/4), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with occasional tiny lime inclusions.
274(No 827): Body fragment; Kimistene, summit of the Acropolis, western slope, found in 2005. pl. 26/219.
Max. h 4.3 cm., max. w 5.4 cm., max. th 0.9 cm.
Exterior is burnished.
Red (2.5YR 5/8) slip on exterior; light red (2.5YR 6/6), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, red (2.5YR 5/6) fabric with some sand and rare lime inclusions.
275(No 1147): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s terrace, first slope on the north, found in 2005. pl. 26/220.
Max. h 4.1 cm., max. w 3.4 cm., max. th 0.9 cm.
Red (2.5YR 5/8) slip on exterior which is also burnished. Light red (2.5YR 6/6), unslipped surface in interior. Hard and thin paste; non-porous, fine, light red (2.5YR 6/6) fabric with some tiny lime and occasional grit inclusions.
276(No 865): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s terrace, illegally excavated area with bucranium altar, found in 2005. pl. 26/221.
Max. h 4.0 cm., max. w 5.3 cm., max. th 1.3 cm.
Exterior is burnished.
Reddish brown (5YR 5/4) slip on exterior; light grey (5YR 7/1), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; nonporous, bluish black (Gley 2 2.5/1) fabric with frequent tiny lime inclusions.
277(No 1291): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s terrace, illegal excavation area, found in 2005. pl. 26/222.
Max. h 4.4 cm., max. w 4.4 cm., max. th 0.8 cm.
Interior surface is blackened.
Grey (10YR 5/1), unslipped surface on exterior; dark grey (10YR 4/1), unslipped surface in interior. Soft paste; very sparsely porous, fine, very dark grey (10YR 3/1) fabric with some tiny lime inclusions.
278(No 811): Body fragment; Kimistene, summit of the Acropolis, western slope, found in 2005. pl. 26/223.
Max. h 4.3 cm., max. w 3.6 cm., max. th 1.2 cm.
Dark grey (10YR 4/1), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Average hardness; sparsely porous, pale brown (10YR 6/3) some tiny lime and large grit inclusions.
279(No 741): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s terrace, illegally excavated area under the temple’s podium, found in 2005. pl. 26/224.
Max. h 4.0 cm., max. w 3.0 cm., max. th 0.5 cm.
Very dark grey (10YR 3/1), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Average hardness; non-porous, fine, grey (10YR 5/1) fabric with some sand inclusions.
280(No 750): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s terrace, illegally excavated area under the temple’s podium, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 26/225.
Max. h 3.7 cm., max. w 6.8 cm., max. th 0.9 cm.
Wheel marks on interior.
Dark grey (2.5Y 4/1), unslipped surface on exterior; grey (2.5Y 5/1), unslipped surface in interior. Average hardness; non-porous, fine, dark grey (2.5Y 4/1) fabric with occasional lime inclusions.
281(No 496): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, just below the summit, towards Deresemail creek, found in 2005. pl. 26/226.
Max. h 4.4 cm., max. w 4.8 cm., max. th 1.1 cm.
Two horizontal bands on exterior.
Light brownish grey (10YR 6/2), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, reddish brown (5YR 4/4) and very dark grey (10YR 3/1) mottled fabric with frequent lime and medium grit inclusions.
282(No 1458): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, found in 2005. pl. 26/227.
Max. h 4.5 cm., max. w 2.9 cm., max. th 1.0 cm.
Pale brown (10YR 6/3), unslipped surface on exterior; reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) and brown (7.5YR 5/3) mottled fabric with some large grit inclusions.
283(No 624): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, found in 2005. pl. 26/228.
Max. h 3.8 cm., max. w 6.9 cm., max. th 1.2 cm.
Exterior is burnished.
Reddish brown (5YR 5/4) slip on exterior; reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with some sand and lime inclusions.
284(No 1331): Body fragment; Kepez, found 2005. pl. 26/229.
Max. h 4.5 cm., max. w 5.2 cm., max. th 0.6 cm.
Light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) slip on exterior; yellowish red (5YR 5/6), unslipped surface in interior. Soft paste; non-porous, yellowish red (5YR 5/6) and grey (5YR 5/1) mottled fabric with frequent tiny lime and sand as well as occasional mica inclusions.
285(No 747): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s terrace, illegally excavated area under the temple’s podium, found in 2005. pl. 26/230.
Max. h 5.6 cm., max. w 3.8 cm., max. th 0.9 cm.
Very dark grey (2.5Y 3/1) slip on exterior; very dark grey (2.5Y 3/1), unslipped surface in interior. Average hardness; very sparsely porous, fine, very dark grey (2.5Y 3/1) fabric with frequent tiny lime and occasional medium grit inclusions.
286(No 712): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s eastern slope, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 26/231.
Max. h 4.9 cm., max. w 4.4 cm., max. th 0.8 cm.
Wheel marks on interior.
Light brownish grey (10YR 6/2), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, fine, greyish brown (10YR 5/2) fabric with some lime and grit inclusions.
287(No 1401): Body fragment; Hadrianoupolis, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 27/232.
Max. h 4.9 cm., max. w 4.7 cm., max. th 0.7 cm.
Exterior is burnished.
Red (2.5YR 4/6), shiny slip on exterior; dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, very dark grey (10YR 4/1) and red (2.5YR 5/6) mottled fabric with some lime and occasional grit inclusions.
288(No 1347): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, just below the summit, towards Deresemail creek, found in 2005. pl. 27/233.
Max. h 4.9 cm., max. w 4.7 cm., max. th 0.8 cm.
Exterior is burnished.
Pink (7.5YR 7/4) slip on exterior; light red (2.5YR 6/6), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, red (2.5YR 5/6) fabric with some tiny lime inclusions.
289(No 470): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, just below the summit, towards Deresemail creek, found in 2005. pl. 27/234.
Max. h 5.0 cm., max. w 5.4 cm., max. th 0.8 cm.
Exterior is burnished. Wheel marks on interior.
Pink (7.5YR 8/3) slip on exterior; light reddish brown (5YR 6/4), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; nonporous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with occasional tiny lime and sand inclusions.
290(No 512): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, just below the summit, towards Deresemail creek, found in 2005. pl. 27/235.
Max. h 5.5 cm., max. w 4.9 cm., max. th 0.8 cm.
Exterior is burnished.
Pink (7.5YR 8/3) slip on exterior; pink (7.5YR 7/4), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with rare mica inclusions.
291(No 352): Body fragment; Bath B, room 1, found in 2007. pl. 27/236.
Max. h 5.4 cm., max. w 6.2 cm., max. th 0.7 cm.
Red (2.5YR 5/6) slip on exterior; reddish yellow (5YR 7/6), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; nonporous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with occasional tiny lime inclusions.
292(No 210): Body fragment; Bath A, room 1, found in 2006. pl. 27/237.
Max. h 5.7 cm., max. w 4.8 cm., max. th 1.1 cm.
Light red (2.5YR 6/8), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; sparsely porous, fine, light red (2.5YR 6/8) fabric with some sand inclusions.
293(No 969): Body fragment; Kimistene, cistern, eastern slope, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 27/238.
Max. h 6.0 cm., max. w 6.8 cm., max. th 0.8 cm.
Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; sparsely porous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 6/8) fabric with frequent tiny lime and sand inclusions.
294(No 455): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, just below the summit, towards Deresemail creek, found in 2005. pl. 27/239.
Max. h 6.5 cm., max. w 6.4 cm., max. th 0.9 cm.
Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with occasional tiny lime and sand inclusions.
295(No 1398): Body fragment; Kimistene, summit of the Acropolis, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 27/240.
Max. h 6.7 cm., max. w 6.6 cm., max. th 1.2 cm.
Light red (2.5YR 6/8), unslipped surface on exterior; reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with some tiny lime and sand inclusions.
296(No 879): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, underground cave, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 27/241.
Max. h 5.0 cm., max. w 7.7 cm., max. th 1.3 cm.
Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with occasional tiny lime inclusions.
297(No 1320): Body fragment; Kimistene, summit of the Acropolis, southern slope, found in 2005. pl. 27/242.
Max. h 5.0 cm., max. w 6.2 cm., max. th 0.7 cm.
Light brown (7.5YR 6/3), unslipped surface on exterior; light brown (7.5YR 6/4), unslipped surface on exterior. Average hardness; non-porous, fine, brown (7.5YR 6/3) fabric with some tiny lime and sand inclusions.
298(No 1376): Body fragment; Kepez, Necropolis, found in 2005. pl. 27/243.
Max. h 4.7 cm., max. w 7.6 cm., max. th 0.7 cm.
Light brownish grey (10YR 6/2) slip on exterior; very pale brown (10YR 7/4), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, pale brown (10YR 6/3) fabric with some tiny lime and sand inclusions.
299(No 1355): Body fragment; Kimistene, cistern, eastern slope, found in 2005. pl. 27/244.
Max. h 4.8 cm., max. w 5.3 cm., max. th 1.3 cm.
Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, reddish brown (5YR 5/4) fabric with infrequent tiny lime and rare quartz inclusions.
300(No 875): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, underground cave, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 27/245.
Max. h 6.7 cm., max. w 6.3 cm., max. th 0.8 cm.
Exterior is burnished.
Brown (10YR 5/3) slip on exterior; very pale brown (10YR 7/4), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) fabric with some sand and rare mica inclusions.
301(No 1248): Body fragment; Kimistene, western slope of the temenos; found in 2005. pl. 27/246.
Max. h 4.9 cm., max. w 6.0 cm., max. th 0.9 cm.
Exterior is burnished.
Dark grey (2.5Y 4/1) slip on exterior; grey (2.5Y 5/1), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, dark grey (2.5Y 4/1) fabric with frequent mica and sand inclusions.
302(No 701): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s eastern slope, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 27/247.
Max. h 6.8 cm., max. w 5.5 cm., max. th 0.8 cm.
Light red (2.5YR 6/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, red (2.5YR 5/6) fabric with occasional tiny lime and quartz inclusions.
303(No 869): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, underground cave, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 28/248.
Max. h 7.2 cm., max. w 6.5 cm., max. th 0.7 cm.
Exterior is burnished.
Pink (7.5YR 7/4) slip on exterior; light red (2.5YR 6/6), unslipped surface in interior. Average hardness; very sparsely porous, fine, light red (2.5YR 5/6) fabric with frequent lime as well as grit and mica inclusions.
304(No 702): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s eastern slope, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 28/249.
Max. h 9.8 cm., max. w 7.0 cm., max. th 0.8 cm.
Yellowish red (5YR 5/6) thin slip on exterior; yellowish red (5YR 5/6), unslipped surface in interior. Exterior is burnished. Hard and thin paste; very sparsely porous, red (2.5YR 4/8) and yellowish red (5YR 5/6) mottled fabric with frequent lime inclusions.
305(No 1298): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, temple’s terrace, illegal excavation area, found in 2005. pl. 28/250.
Max. h 7.0 cm., max. w 8.1 cm., max. th 0.7 cm.
Exterior is burnished.
Light red (2.5YR 6/6) slip on exterior; light red (2.5YR 6/6), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, red (2.5YR 5/6) fabric with some tiny lime inclusions.
306(No 469): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, just below the summit, towards Deresemail creek, found in 2005. pl. 28/251.
Max. h 8.1 cm., max. w 8.8 cm., max. th 1.3 cm.
Exterior is burnished.
Very pale brown (10YR 8/2) slip on exterior; pinkish grey (7.5YR 7/2), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) fabric with frequent tiny lime and some grit inclusions.
307(No 467): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, just below the summit, towards Deresemail creek, found in 2005. pl. 28/252.
Max. h 7.6 cm., max. w 8.0 cm., max. th 0.8 cm.
Interior surface is blackened.
Dark grey (2.5Y 4/1), unslipped surface both on exterior and upper interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, brown (10YR 4/3) fabric with occasional medium grit inclusions.
308(No 1375): Body fragment; Kepez, Necropolis, found in 2005. pl. 28/253.
Max. h 8.1 cm., max. w 7.2 cm., max. th 0.8 cm.
Dark grey (10YR 4/1), unslipped surface on exterior; brown (10YR 5/3), unslipped surface in interior. Soft paste; porous, fine, brown (10YR 5/3) occasional tiny lime and sand inclusions.
309(No 446): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, just below the summit, towards Deresemail creek, found in 2005. pl. 28/254.
Max. h 9.7 cm., max. w 5.6 cm., max. th 1.1 cm.
Red (2.5YR 5/6) slip on exterior; light red (2.5YR 6/6), unslipped surface in interior. Average hardness; non-porous, fine, red (2.5YR 5/6) fabric with occasional tiny lime inclusions.
310(No 882): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, southern slope, underground cave, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 28/255.
Max. h 8.0 cm., max. w 6.9 cm., max. th 1.8 cm.
Reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4), unslipped surface on exterior; brown (7.5YR 5/4), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; porous, reddish brown (2.5YR 4/3) fabric with large lime and grit inclusions.
311(No 1246): Body fragment; Kimistene, western slope of the temenos; found in 2005. pl. 28/256.
Max. h 6.0 cm., max. w 7.0 cm., max. th 1.2 cm.
Trumb impressed strips and combed bands on exterior. It is also decorated with a horizontal band of finger impressions as a “pinched decoration”, which occurs on jugs from the Medieval to Post-Medieval periods.
Reddish yellow (5YR 7/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) and grey (5YR 5/1) mottled fabric with some mica as well as frequent lime and medium grit inclusions.
312(No 964): Body fragment; Kimistene, cistern, eastern slope, surface find, found in 2005. pl. 29/257.
Max. h 6.7 cm., max. w 10.3 cm., max. th 1.4 cm.
Light brown (7.5YR 6/4), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; sparsely porous, fine, brown (7.5YR 5/4) fabric with occasional sand and tiny lime inclusions.
313(No 182): Body fragment; surface find from the Village Boncuklar, found in 2005. pl. 29/258.
Max. h 8.2 cm., max. w 9.5 cm., max. th 0.6 cm.
Grey (10YR 5/1) slip on exterior; light brownish grey (10YR 6/2), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, fine, grey (10YR 5/1) fabric with some sand and rare tiny lime inclusions.
314(No 1305): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, found in 2005. pl. 29/259.
Max. h 8.5 cm., max. w 10.7 cm., max. th 1.1 cm.
Exterior is burnished.
Light red (2.5YR 6/6) slip on exterior; light brown (10YR 6/3), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, fine, light brown (10YR 6/3) fabric with some tiny lime inclusions.
315(No 987): Body fragment; Kepez, found in 2005. pl. 29/260.
Max. h 3.8 cm., max. w 9.2 cm., max. th 1.0 cm., max. l 10.3 cm.
All of the surface is blackened.
Red (2.5YR 5/6) slip on exterior; light reddish brown (5YR 6/4), unslipped surface in interior. Soft and thin paste; sparsely porous, fine, light red (5YR 6/6) fabric with frequent medium grit and mica inclusions.
316(No 820): Body fragment; Kimistene, summit of the Acropolis, western slope, found in 2005. pl. 29/261.
Max. h 8.2 cm., max. w 9.2 cm., max. th 1.8 cm, max. l 10.3 cm.
Exterior is burnished.
Greyish brown (10YR 5/2) slip on exterior; light grey (2.5Y 7/1), unslipped surface in interior. Average hardness; non-porous, fine, dark grey (2.5Y 4/1) fabric with frequent tiny lime inclusions.
- 115 J. Witte assumes that in Amorium there were five or more brick fabrics and several clay sources for (...)
317These materials included roof tiles, bricks, pipes and other architectural terracottas that constitute some of the most common finds at numerous Middle Byzantine sites. Most of them should be local production with various fabrics115. Most of them are originated from Kimistene and could had been reused in walls, floors and hearth constructions.
Pl. 20
Nos 267-270: Architectural ceramics; no 267: A pipe fragment; and nos 269-270: Tile fragments
Pl. 21
Nos 268-277: Architectural ceramics, no 268: A brick fragment; and nos 272 as well as 276-277: Tile fragments
Pl. 30
Nos 266-275: Architectural ceramics; no 266: A pipe fragment; and nos 271-275: Tile fragments
Pl. 31
Nos 278-279: Architectural ceramics, tile fragments
- 116 Similar pipe fragments from Sagalassus: Degeest 2000: 141, 255, fig. 136, type 2K100.
318Both in Kimistene and Hadrianoupolis Middle Byzantine terracotta wheel-made water or drainage pipe frag- ments116 were found which were maintaining connections to both of the settlements’ water supply that should be studied in detail. Several size ranges were found, by far the most common one is the medium size, i.e. the one with a diameter of 13.0-10.0 cm.
319(No 618): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, found in 2005. pl. 19/262.
Max. h 8.3 cm., d of rim 9.4 cm., max. w 8.9 cm., max. th 1.3 cm.
Light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) slip both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, yellowish red (5YR 5/6) fabric with frequent tiny lime as well as some rare small grit and quartz inclusions.
320(No 1252): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Necropolis I, found in 2005. pl. 19/263.
Max. h 10.5 cm., d of rim 13.4 cm., max. w 7.3 cm., max. th 1.8 cm.
Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, yellowish red (5YR 5/6) fabric with frequent tiny lime and some small grit inclusions.
- 117 Degeest 2000: 141 and 255, fig. 137.
321(No 1447): Rim fragment; uncertain. pl. 19/264.
Max. h 8.6 cm., d of rim 18.0 cm., max. w 7.5 cm., max. th 1.4 cm.
Light red (2.5YR 6/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, light red (2.5YR 6/8) fabric with some tiny lime and small grit inclusions.
A similar example was found in Sagalassus117.
322(No 395): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, northwestern slope of the temple, found in 2005. pl. 19/265.
Max. h 7.9 cm., d of rim 22.0 cm., max. w 10.0 cm., max. th 2.0 cm.
Red (2.5YR 5/8), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, red (2.5YR 5/8) fabric with some tiny lime as well as occasional sand and medium grit inclusions.
323(Nos 1544a-b): Rim fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, slope of the temple, illegally excavated area under the podium, found in 2005. pl. 30/266.
Two fragments.
Max. h 14.2 cm., max. w 10.4 cm., max. th 2.0 cm.,
Light red (2.5YR 6/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; sparsely porous, reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4) and light red (2.5YR 6/6) mottled fabric with some sand and lime inclusions.
324(No 633): Body fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, found in 2005. pl. 20/267.
Max. h 9.5 cm., max. w 7.3 cm., max. th 1.0 cm.
Reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4) slip on exterior; reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, yellowish red (5YR 5/6) fabric with some tiny lime inclusions.
325Its upper part is broken.
326(No 1534): Kimistene, Acropolis, found in 2005. pl. 21/268.
Max. w 18.3 cm., max. l 19.8 cm., max. th 3.4 cm.; frame: 2.7 x 3.3 cm.
Light red (2.5YR 6/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; porous, fine, reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4) fabric with frequent lime and large grit inclusions.
- 118 Anderson 2011: 93. Comparable examples from Chersonesus in the Crimea are dated to the 9th-10th cen (...)
- 119 Witte 2012: 338, nos 352-353: For the impressed examples with animal paws at Amorium J. Witte assum (...)
327All of the Middle Byzantine tile fragments were found in Kimistene, and they should had covered the top of the primitive observation structure at the summit of the Acropolis. The Middle Byzantine tiles from southwestern Paphlagonia have basically moulded relief designs, often with two parallel lines which diverge and taper at one end118. Some fragments are heavy, thick and flat with a flanged profile. Since the architecture stops in Hadrianoupolis during the Middle Byzantine period, there is no later tile finds from Eskipazar. Many brick and tile fragments show designs made in the wet clay by finger or tool tips; the most common decoration is a set of two or three straight lines drawn parallel and next to two opposing edges on the top surface. Similarly to Amorium119 on no 275 on pl. 30 there is an impressed dog paw on the exterior.
328(No 396): Tile fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, northwestern slope of the temple, found in 2005. pl. 20/269.
Max. h 3.1 cm., max. w 5.0 cm., max. l 5.0 cm., max. th 1.5 cm.
Reddish yellow (5YR 7/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; very sparsely porous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 7/6) fabric with frequent medium grit as well as medium grog and tiny lime inclusions.
329(No 614): Tile fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, northwestern slope of the temple, found in 2005. pl. 20/270.
Max. h 3.8 cm., max. w 6.4 cm., max. l 10.2 cm., max. th 2.0 cm.
Pale brown (10YR 6/3), unslipped surface on exterior; dark reddish grey (5YR 4/2), unslipped surface in interior. Hard paste; non-porous, very dark grey (Gley 1 3/N) fabric with some tiny lime inclusions.
330(No 1404): Tile fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, northwestern slope of the temple, found in 2005. pl. 30/271.
Max. h 4.5 cm., max. w 11.5 cm., max. l 10.5 cm., max. th 2.1 cm.
Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Soft paste; non-porous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with some tiny lime and mica inclusions.
331(No 1537): Tile fragment; Kimistene, found in 2005. pl. 21/272.
Max. w 18.1 cm., max. l 16.4 cm., max. th 4.0 cm.
Light red (2.5YR 6/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; sparsely porous, fine, light red (2.5YR 6/6) fabric with frequent lime as well as sand and small grit inclusions.
332(No 1543): Tile fragment; Kimistene, found in 2005. pl. 30/273.
Max. w 4.7 cm., max. l 4.0 cm.
Red (2.5YR 5/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, red (2.5YR 5/6) fabric with some sand and lime inclusions.
333(No 1542): Tile fragment; Kimistene, found in 2005. pl. 30/274.
Max. w 5.5 cm., max. l 4.2 cm.
Red (2.5YR 5/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; non-porous, fine, reddish brown (2.5YR 4/3) fabric with some sand and small grit inclusions.
334(No 1539): Tile fragment; Kimistene, found in 2005. pl. 30/275.
Max. w 12.4 cm., max. l 11.4 cm.
Impression of a dog paw on exterior.
Light reddish brown (2.5YR 6/4), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; porous, fine, light red (2.5YR 6/6) fabric with frequent lime as well as sand and small grit inclusions.
335(No 1535): Tile fragment; Kimistene, found in 2005. pl. 21/276.
Max. w 13.7 cm., max. l 12.7 cm., max. th 2.2 cm.
Decorated with moulded relief lines.
Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; porous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with some tiny lime and sand inclusions.
- 120 A similar fragment from Amorium: Witte 2012: 324, pl. 10/45, no 171.
336(No 1536): Tile fragment; Kimistene, found in 2005. pl. 21/277.
Max. w 20.5 cm., max. l 21.1 cm., max. th 2.6 cm.
Decorated with three wavy finger grooves along two opposite edges and diagonally across surface from corner to corner120.
337Light red (2.5YR 6/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Hard paste; sparsely porous, fine, light red (2.5YR 6/6) fabric with frequent lime as well as sand and small grit inclusions.
338(No 1403): Tile fragment; Kimistene, Acropolis, northwestern slope of the temple, found in 2005. pl. 31/278.
Max. h 5.8 cm., max. w 9.0 cm., max. l 10.5 cm., max. th 2.0 cm.
Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), unslipped surface both on exterior and interior. Soft paste; sparsely porous, fine, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with some tiny lime as well as occasional sand and small grit inclusions.
339(No 1407): Tile fragment; Kimistene, found in 2005. pl. 31/279.
Max. h 4.5 cm., max. w 12.0 cm., max. l 10.2 cm., max. th 2.8 cm.
Greyish brown (10YR 5/2), unslipped surface on exterior; yellowish red (5YR 5/6), unslipped surface in interior. Soft paste; non-porous, fine, reddish brown (5YR 4/4) fabric with some lime and small grit as well as rare mica inclusions.
340Especially from the debris of the Bath A we have some later sherds which were not being documented and left either in the Museum of Amasra or at the site depot. Among others a Turkish pipe of early 19th cent. has been found in the debris of the Bath A.
341All of the Middle Byzantine pottery finds from southwestern Paphlagonia were treated in detail; their typologies, fabrics, hardness, wall thickness and surface treatments were identified and described individually. Numismatic finds are the major helpful benchmark for assessing region’s chronology in combination with the pottery finds. The numismatic assemblage in southwestern Paphlagonia is very small, but it shows some traits that allow for preliminary interpretation.
- 121 This is a common case for the entire Paphlagonia: Glatz and Düring 2015: 424.
- 122 Glazed tableware from Azov (Azak) in Rostov Oblast, Russia: Bocharov, Maslovskii and Sitdikov 2014: (...)
342Both the glazed and unglazed pottery finds show that southwestern Paphlagonia was connected with other parts of the Black Sea region. Although very few Middle Byzantine glazed fragments are found121, similar glazed decorated sherds to the ones from Kimistene are known from several sites around the Black Sea area, for instance in Bulgaria, Romania and along the Ukrainian coast, especially at Chersonesus and Azak122.
- 123 Hayes 1992: 53.
- 124 Vionis et al. 2010: 460.
343Traditional Roman coarse shapes were alive in Byzantine times, but with differences in fabric, typology and surface treatment; the most striking feature of the Middle Byzantine pottery is the continuity of forms throughout the entire period123. Firmly dated evidence from the Aegean and Saraçhane after the 7th cent. A.D. shows a preference for closed round-bodied cooking pots in western Asia Minor. The same pattern is noted at Sagalassus in the 12th-13th cent. occupational layers, where flat-bottomed globular cooking pots with strap handles and a small rim diameter are the norm124. Apart from their meaning in terms of changing ceramic technology, economic and settlement patterns, new pottery forms in Middle Byzantine Paphlagonia, such as nos 76-82 on pl. 7, make us wonder whether they reflect a changing pattern in cooking practices and eating habits.
- 125 Izdebski 2012: 60; and Vroom 2005: 14-16.
- 126 Özdoğan, Marro and Tibet 1999: 226.
- 127 Cassis 2015: 338.
- 128 Cassis 2015: 327.
- 129 Glatz and Düring 2015: 388.
- 130 Erciyas 2012: 170.
- 131 Vroom 2006: 168.
- 132 Vanhaverbeke et al. 2009; as well as Vanhaverbeke and Waelkens 2003: 304-305.
- 133 A recent contribution on this subject: Moore 2013.
344Middle Byzantine coarse pottery is represented in southern Black Sea area with kitchen or storage wares which cannot be dated more closely. So far very few Middle Byzantine deposits from the southern Black Sea area are known and only recently there are some field reports which offer some dates for these finds restrictedly125: Eğriceova near Araç in the chora of Pompeiopolis at the altitude of 1530 m provides some evidences for Byzantine pottery126. In northeastern Paphlagonia in Cide the assemblage of the Byzantine ceramics is largely restricted to unglazed table and kitchen wares which indicate a peasant economy in the region127. They are from both the Middle as well as Late Byzantine periods128, and are dominated by medium to large jars and simple open bowls129. At Hamamtepe Höyük in the chora of Pontic Comana pottery of 10th-11th cent. A.D. is found, details of which are not clarified in published reports130. Some unique wares, such as ‘Glazed White Wares’ at Kaman-Kalehöyük in Central Anatolia clearly indicate some activities on this inland area during the Early and Middle Byzantine times131. Sagalassus is one of the very sites in Turkey chora of which is investigated systematically for its Byzantine phase and from where some pottery finds are reported132. Knowledge about Byzantine burial practices in Anatolia is also inconsistent, especially for southwestern Paphlagonia. The role of pottery in burial practises is therefore almost completely unknown133.
- 134 Fünfschilling and Laflı 2012: 62.
345Serving equipment, such as deep or flat dishes by wood as well as glass drinking cups should had not been rare in the Late Roman-Early Byzantine inventories of household equipments in southwestern Paphlagonia. Such items tended to appear in houses, as found in large quantities in the domus134. Middle Byzantine vessel fragments found in Kimistine represent a domestic assemblage, produced in order to satisfy basic daily needs: cooking practices and eating habits, serving, transport and storage. What is striking is the larger proportion of closed vessels. The majority of the Middle Byzantine pottery at southwestern Paphlagonia seems to have been produced in locally, whereas we still need more information about their fabrics.
- 135 Anderson 2008: 238.
- 136 Ahrweiler 1962: 9 and 28; as well as Matthews, Metcalfe and Cottica 2009: 190-191.
- 137 Anderson and Robinson 2012: 21; as well as Matthews, Metcalfe and Cottica 2009: 182. For the Byzant (...)
- 138 Belke 1996: 268. For Safranbolu: Belke 1996: 187.
346There are also some evidences that one can use for the settlement history of southwestern Paphlagonia during the Middle Byzantine period: in this region only few sites were continuously inhabited from Roman to Middle Byzantine times135. Nature of population changes in Hadrianoupolis during the Early Byzantine period is not known in detail; but it is clear that the city was re-populated during the mid 6th and 7th cent. A.D. It also exhibits a pattern commonly known from most parts of Asia Minor: a numismatic reduction, or even a gap, starting in A.D. 660s, and this lack of coinage is only overcome in A.D. 830s at the earliest as most of Anatolian sites. The hiatus in the assemblage here stretches even into the late 10th cent., for which various reasons can be postulated. It is not necessary to connect this common gap with specific Arab incursions in A.D. 720s known from the written sources136, because it is typical for Asia Minor, and especially for Paphlagonia as a whole. As the lack of pottery finds shows, Hadrianoupolis belongs to the majority of Late Antique Anatolian towns that were abandoned during the mid 8th cent. A.D. This fact can be deduced not only from the finds, but also from the etymology of the Turkish name of the later settlement: ‘Viranşehir’ (=ruinous city) resp. ‘Eskipazar’ (=old bazaar). At the so-called Acropolis of Byzantine Hadrianoupolis, i.e. Deliklikaya, which should had been used as a small Byzantine citadel during the Middle Byzantine period, there was neither a proper survey, nor an excavation; but one can assume that this building was used after 8th cent. A.D. as a small garrison for the observation of the plain of Eskipazar. It is, however, not possible yet to suppose that Hadrianopoulis was transformed into a Byzantine kastron, as seen in some other Middle Byzantine sites137. After the final Turkish-Seljuk conquest in the late 11th-early 12th cent. the indigenous Byzantine population seems to have shifted mostly to the north, to the new regional centre, Safranbolu (Theodoropolis; Taraklıborlu/Zalifre in early Turkish sources), where a Christian community existed until the beginning of 20th cent. A.D.138.
- 139 Booth 2004: 59 and map 4.
- 140 Teall 1959: 100 and n. 53.
- 141 Vroom 2015: 353; and Karpov 1993: 57.
347Terracotta evidence in the form of both pottery and tile suggests the existence of an occupation at the observation post on the summit of the Acropolis of Kimistene in the Middle Byzantine period between late 9th/early 10th and late 11th/early 12th cent. This observation outpost was a small and poor settlement where little material culture survives, often undecorated body sherds that are very difficult to date. Kimistene was probably used for safe storage or defence during the extensive Turkish incursions into the region in 11th/12th cent. A.D. Ceramics and tile clusters, as well as material remains in the landscape, including agricultural structures and others, speak to a continued Byzantine presence on the Acropolis of Kimistene as well as in few places around it over 150-200 years between early 10th and early 12th cent. A.D. By the 12th cent. A.D. most of the inland Anatolia including the Byzantine province of Paphlagonia had come under the Turkish-Seljuk control, and only a narrow coastal strip with natural strongholds along southern Black Sea coast remained under Byzantine overlordship between A.D. 1181 and 1282139. According to some Byzantine authors wheat was abundantly produced in Paphlagonia during the Byzantine period, large tracts of which were suitable for agricultural purposes, especially for wheat and wine production140. During the Middle Byzantine period coastal Paphlagonia was, however, cut off from its interior agricultural hinterland which was involved in Late Antique agricultural practices. Thus, coastal Paphlagonia was only accessible from the sea; towns and citadels were forced to consume their grain and goods as effective as possible141.
- 142 Belke 1996.
- 143 Izdebski 2012: 62.
- 144 Summerer and von Kienlin 2010: 124.
348The Paphlagonian sites collected at “Tabula Imperii Byzantini” by K. Belke in 1996 show an interesting feature of the distribution of the Byzantine fortified sites in this region142. The majority of them was located in the north, closer to the Black Sea than to central Anatolia, which may suggest that the actual role of these sites was to defend the access from the sea inland or to control the agricultural hinterland143. Also Pompeiopolis was moved to a few kilometers away, to Kızkalesi on the crest of a hill where a Byzantine citadel was built with spoils144. Why the residents of Pompeiopolis left their city during the 7th cent. A.D., is still to be clarified. On the base of archaeological data in Kimistene it can be concluded that at the end of 11th/beginning of 12th cent. A.D. there was not a sudden abandonment, but rather a gradual decline. Nevertheless, Kimistene was one of the very few fortified Middle Byzantine sites in Paphlagonia from where small finds are published in detail. Wood must had been very popular as construction material in southwestern Paphlagonia during the Middle Byzantine period, and thus it is conceivable that neither in Hadrianoupolis, nor in Kimistene no wooden building left any trace, because they completely disappeared during the later Turkish periods.
349There is almost no finds in southwestern Paphlagonia which could be associated with the arrival of nomadic Turks/Seljuks and their presence in the territory in late 11th and early 12th cent. A.D. Archaeological appearance of the arrivals of Turks to southwestern Paphlagonia/Karabük needs a further and careful analysis.