We would like to thank the General Directorate of Antiquities and Museums of Turkey for granting the necessary permit, thus making this survey possible. Our thanks also go to the directors and stuffs of the Eskişehir, Kütahya and Bilecik Museums, government representatives and the team members of each year.
- 1 Burney 1956.
- 2 Surface material collected by K. Bittel was later published by J. Mellaart (Mellaart 1955).
- 3 French 1961; 1967; 1969.
- 4 The project was supported by the Istanbul University Research Fund and the American Research Instit (...)
- 5 Efe 2003.
1Until the nineteen-sixties, our limited knowledge of the distribution of prehistoric sites in inland northwestern Anatolia was mainly based on the surface surveys carried out by K. Kökten, C. Burney1 and K. Bittel2. The surveys in İznik-İnegöl areas by D. French3 (1960-1961, 1965-1966) and J. Cullberg (1964-65) has provided the first preliminary site distribution and material evidence concerning the region. Much later, between the years 1988-1995, T. Efe conducted surface surveys in the Kütahya, Bilecik and Eskişehir provinces4 (Fig. 1) which not only better clarified the site distribution and improved the chronological framework of the region, but also better defined the borders of what he called “cultural regions” and “pottery zones”5.
Fig. 1
Geographical Map of Inland Northwestern Anatolia and immediate surroundings
- 6 Efe 1990c; 1991; 1992; 1993b; 1994b; 1995; 1996a; 1996b; 1997.
- 7 Efe 1990a; 1993a; 1994a; 1994c.
- 8 For the Second Millennium pottery of the area see: Sarı 2013.
2During the survey, sites ranging from the Neolithic up to the Classical Period had been identified. Annual reports of the survey appeared in “Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı”6. The survey material from the Neolithic/Chalcolithic periods and Early Bronze Age had already been partially published7. This time we introduce here the Second Millennium sites visited and the pottery collected from their surface during the survey. We have to keep in mind that we are dealing here with surface material which means that we won’t be able to clarify the chronological framework as well as the statistical evaluation of wares and forms. However, this article aims to provide new information on the site distribution and the pottery characteristics of this poorly known area of inland northwestern Anatolia in terms of the second Millennium B.C. Eighty-nine sites in total have been taken into consideration. Although the area around Hamam Karahisar to the east of the Sivrihisar mountain range was part of the survey area, it has not been included here8.
- 9 Kull 1988.
- 10 Bilgen 2013; Bilgen and Bilgen 2015.
- 11 Darga 2004.
- 12 Bilgen 2005.
- 13 Emre 1978.
- 14 Üyümez et al. 2007.
3The chronology of the second Millennium pottery of the region has not so far been satisfactorily established. This is mainly due to the absence of an excavation which yields an uninterrupted sequence of the Second Millennium B.C. The Second Millennium settlement of Demircihüyük consisting of four habitation levels is dated to the second half of the Middle Bronze Age9. Although a Middle Bronze Age settlement with three habitation levels was completely excavated at Seyitömer no detailed analyses of pottery has so far appeared10. The Late Bronze Age remains have been excavated only in a very limited area at Şarhöyük near Eskişehir11. Likewise, the pottery has not yet been introduced to the literature. Three MBA cemeteries have been excavated in the region: Çavlum12, Yanarlar13 and Dedemezarı14.
4Çavlum lies in the Alpu Plain to the east of Eskişehir and the last two cemeteries are situated in the Afyon plain which remains outside the survey area. For the reasons cited above, it has not been possible to give a detailed analysis and chronological evaluation of the survey pottery in terms of the Middle and Late Bronze ages.
5The survey area encompassing ca. 150 km2 covers the most northwestern extremity of Central Anatolian Plateau (Upper Sakarya and Eskişehir plains), central part of Inland Western Anatolian Plateau or Threshold (the area covering roughly the Kütahya province) and the Eastern Marmara Region (Bilecik province). The area is an important buffer zone for the connections between inland Anatolia and the Marmara basin and beyond.
- 15 Darkot and Tuncel 1978: 17-19.
6The Upper Sakarya and Eskişehir plains are bounded by the Sivrihisar mountain range and Emirdağ from the east and south. Sündüken mountain range, on the other hand, runs east-west enclosing the Eskişehir plains from the north. The Inland Western Anatolian Plateau (Threshold) with two or three rows of mountains running in a SE-NW direction, extends between the Lakes District and the Susurluk Valley (South Marmara region) and separates the Central Anatolian Plateau from the Aegean coastline. These are not mountain ranges, instead they are series of mountains in rows. They are separated from each other by lowlands. From east to west, we have Emirdağ, Türkmen Dağı, Yirce Dağları, Domaniç and finally Uludağ forming the westernmost range of mountains. Between Emirdağ and Türkmen Dağı are situated Phrygian Highlands. Immediately to the west of this row are located the plains of Afyon, Altıntaş, Örencik and Tavşanlı-Kütahya. Therefore, this mountainous range separates these plains from those of Upper Sakarya and Eskişehir. The second row of mountains, on the other hand, is formed, from east to west, by the Sandıklı Mountains, Ahır Dağı, Murat Dağı, Şaphane Dağı, Eğrigöz and Akdağ15. The survey area in this region covers only roughly the province of Kütahya (the Altıntaş-Örencik, Tavşanlı-Kütahya plains and its immediate surroundings, as well as Emet and Simav regions). No prehistoric settlement has been discovered around Simav. The Upper Sakarya and Eskişehir plains as well as the Altıntaş plain (south of Kütahya) are watered by the Sakarya River and its tributary, the Porsuk.
7The Bilecik province situated between Central Anatolia and the Marmara basin is comprised of rough terrain which forms the western extremity of the Köroğlu mountain range to the north of the Sündüken Dağları. The area forms a buffer-zone between the Eskişehir and İznik-İnegöl plains. After the pass at Bozüyük, the Karasu river valley leads the traffic northward into the Bilecik, Osmaneli and Gölpazarı areas. The communication between this valley and the İnegöl plain seems to have been provided by way of the Pazaryeri plain to the west. Pazaryeri and Gölpazarı are the only plains in the area worth mentioning. The paucity of land suitable for cultivation is most likely the main reason why the area was not densely settled during the Bronze Ages.
8The plains and natural passes along the river valleys provide traffic within Inland Western Anatolia, as well as with the neighbouring regions. Routes from the Konya Plain, both to the east and the west of the Phrygian Highlands converge in the Eskişehir Plain; the eastern route passes between the Sultan Dağları and the Emirdağ via Akşehir and Bolvadin, and subsequently through Emirdağ and Çifteler into the plain of Eskişehir; the western route northward through Afyon and Kütahya then follows the Upper Porsuk Valley into the western part of the plain. Mellaart points out that one alternative route exists leading from Tavşanlı northward over Domaniç mountain directly onto the İnegöl plain16. The traffic with the Aegean coastline, on the other hand, is somewhat facilitated by the river valleys and narrow plains along Büyük Menderes (the Meander) and the Gediz (Hermus) running in an east-west direction.
9The sites and the pottery are introduced in five cultural/geographical areas, according to the topography and clusters that the Second Millennium sites form:
-
Upper Sakarya Plains and the Phrygian Highlands
-
Upper Porsuk Valley and the Eskişehir Plains
-
Northern part of the Kütahya province (The Areas of Kütahya-Tavşanlı, Seyitömer and Domaniç)
-
Southern part of the Kütahya province (the Altıntaş, Örencik and Emet areas)
-
The Bilecik Province
10In this part, we will briefly introduce each site.
Fig. 2
a. Karapazar (Google map); b. Yakakayı (Google map); c. Porsuk II, from the south; d. Tavşanlı, from the north. The flat area to the left is lower settlement; e. Yeşildon, from the southeast
11In this area, twenty seven sites have been visited.
12Aşağı Kepen/Büyük Höyük (1)
Location: 6.5 km SW of Sivrihisar; the immediate west of Aşağı Kepen village. It is on a natural hillock. The eastern part is destroyed by the Sivrisar-Emirdağ road.
Dimensions: Oval mound. Length: 400 m; Width: 350 m; Area: ca. 10 ha (cat. 1).
Comment: The cultural deposit is not thick; the cone of the hill might not be occupied at all.
Bibliography: Efe 1996a: 140 (Site 190).
13Kızılcaköy (2)
Location: Situated 24 km in the East of Çifteler; 150 m to the north from the Sakarya river.
Dimensions: Oval mound. Length: ca. 250 m; Width: ca. 170 m; Area: 3 ha (cat. 3); Height: ca. 7.5 m.
Pottery: n° 167
Bibliography: Efe 1996a: (Site 188).
14Bahçecik II / Sivrihisar (3)
Location: 15 km NW of Sivrihisar; 700 m south of the Bahçecik village and 150 m to the north of the Dedemözü stream.
Description: Low mound.
Dimensions: Diameter: ca. 75 m; Area: ca. 0.5 ha (cat. 4); Height: ca. 3m.
Bibliography: Efe 1996a: 139 (Site 186).
15Ilıcabaşı II (4)
Location: SE of Eskişehir and SW of Çifteler, 3 km NE of Ilıcabaşı village; 500 m to the west of the stream.
Dimensions: Diameter: ca. 200 m; Area: ca. 3 ha (cat. 3); Height: ca. 4 m.
Pottery: n° 184.
Bibliography: Efe 1996a: 143 (Site 204).
16Hamitli Höyük (5)
Location: 15 km west of Çifteler; 350 m east of Orhaniye village; 250 m to the right of the road leading to the village.
Dimensions: Diameter: ca. 210 m; Area: ca. 3.5 ha (cat. 3); Height: ca. 7 m.
Bibliography: Efe 1996a: 142 (Site 202).
17Çayır Höyük (6)
Location: West of Çifteler, 2.5 km in the NE of Hayriye village. A small stream runs along the west and SW edge of the mound.
Dimensions: Diameter: ca.140 m; Area: ca. 1.5 ha (cat. 3); Height: ca. 8 m.
Pottery: n° 105, 166.
Bibliography: Efe 1996a: 142 (Site 201).
18Kurtlar Höyük (7)
Location: Located on the western part of Sivrihisar mountain range; 1.7 km east of Balçıkhisar village and 300 m to the south of the Balçıkhisar-Beylikova road. The surface of the mound gently slopes down to the south.
Dimensions: Diameter: ca. 200 m; Area: ca. 3 ha (cat. 3); Height: ca. 10 m.
Pottery: n° 242
Bibliography: Efe 1996a: 136 (Site 169).
19Külhüyük (8)
Location: 11 km south of Alpu and 3 km east of the Işıkören village.
Dimensions: Roughly circular mound. Diameter: ca. 200 m; Area: ca. 3 ha (cat. 3); Height: ca. 8 m.
Pottery: n° 121, 208
Bibliography: Efe 1996a: 135 (Site 135).
20Akyurt (9)
Location: Immediately to the SE of Akyurt village.
Dimensions: Length: ca. 190 m; Area: ca. 3 ha (cat. 3); Height: ca. 7 m.
Bibliography: Efe 1996a: 136 (Site 166).
21Hamidiye I (10)
Location: 40 km SE of Eskişehir; 800 m NW of Hamidiye; on the right side of the road to Hamidiye.
Dimensions: Diameter: ca. 200 m; Area: ca. 3 ha (cat. 3); Height: ca. 12 m.
Bibliography: Efe 1996a: 137 (Site 174).
22Arapören (11)
Location: Located 17 km NE of Seyitgazi; 2 km NE of Doğançayır (Arapören) and 200 m east of Seyitsuyu.
Dimensions: Diameter: ca. 110 m; Area: ca. 1 ha (cat. 3); Height: ca. 8 m.
Bibliography: Efe 1996a: 137 (Site 173)
23Katırkulesi (12)
Location: Located 11.5 km NE of Seyitgazi; 3.5 km SW of Doğançayır and 300 m east of Seyitsuyu.
Dimensions: Diameter: 250 m; Area: 5 ha (cat. 2); Height: 13 m.
Bibliography: Efe 1996a: 137 (Site 172).
24Güllühöyük (13)
Location: 2.2 km NE of the modern Village of Güllüce; 4.5 km NE of Küllüoba; just to the north of the canal. Disturbance pits all over the surface.
Dimensions: It is a low mound. The outer limits of the mound is not easy to determine. Diameter: 330 m; Area: 4 ha (cat. 2).
Pottery: n° 13, 49, 76, 113, 168, 231
Bibliography: Efe 1995: 251 (Site 131), ill. 4.
25Suluhöyük (14)
Location: East of Eskişehir; 3800 m SE of Türkmentokat and 1250 m to the north from the Eskişehir-Ankara road. Marshy area to the south.
Description: There is a round higher mound in the east with long terracing to the west.
Dimensions: Length: 280 m; Area: ca. 2 ha (cat. 2).
Pottery: n° 142
Bibliography: Efe 1995: 252 (Site 135).
26İmişehir (15)
Location: 22 km east of Eskişehir, 1900 m north of the Eskişehir-Ankara road and on the western edge of İmişehir village. There is a modern cemetery on the mound.
Dimensions: Diameter: 96 m; Area: 0.7 ha (cat. 4); Height: ca. 10 m.
Bibliography: Efe 1995: 252 (Site 133).
27Toraman Höyük (16)
Location: Located in the SW of Eskişehir, between the villages Kravdan and Kalkanlı; 2.5 km west of Kalkanlı. Additional settlement remains on the rocky platform to the south.
Dimensions: It is an oval mound. Length: ca. 260 m; Width: 150 m; Area: 3.5 ha (cat. 3); Height: 12 m.
Pottery: n° 142
Bibliography: Efe 1995: 250 (Site 127).
28Alpanoz (17)
Location: 13 km north of Seyitgazi; 1.5 km east of Sarayönü (Alpanoz); 1 km east of Eskişehir-Seyitgazi road.
Dimensions: Diameter: 120 m; Area: 1 ha (cat. 3); Height: 5 m.
Bibliography: Efe 1995: 249 (Site 119)
29Soğulcak (18)
Location: 6.6 km SE of Seyitgazi; 1400 m east of Soğulcak village; next to the left side of the Soğulcak-Beykışla road; between the two small streams.
Dimensions: Length: 120 m; Area: 1 ha (cat. 3); Height: 11 m.
Bibliography: Efe 1997: 216-217 (Site 209), ill. 6 (ware).
30Küllühöyük (Seyitgazi) (19)
Location: Southeast of Eskişehir; on the western edge of the town of Seyitgazi.
Dimensions: Length: 150 m; Area: 1.5 ha (cat. 3); Height: 3 m.
Pottery: n° 20, 22, 64, 99, 115, 129, 126, 240
Bibliography: Efe 1994: 249 (Site 122).
31Eğriova Höyüğü (20)
Location: 15.4 km south of Seyitgazi; 1200 m east of the Şükranlı-Sarıcailyas road and just besides and north of Eğriova stream.
Dimensions: Diameter: 85 m; Area: 0.5 ha (cat. 4); Height: 6 m.
Bibliography: Efe 1997: 217 (Site 212).
32Kulapa Höyük (21)
Location: Situated 1.5 km SW of the Kulapa village.
Dimensions: Diameter: ca. 240 m; Area: 4.5 ha (cat. 3); Height: 9 m.
Bibliography: Efe 1997: 217 (Site 211).
33Akın Höyük (22)
Location: South of Eskişehir; southwest of Seyitgazi; 500 m SE of the Akın village.
Dimensions: Diameter: 120 m; Area:1 ha (cat. 3).
Pottery: n° 236
Bibliography: Efe 1997: 218 (site 217).
34Sübren (23)
Location: 14 km south of Eskişehir; on the eastern edge of the Sübren village. There is a modern cemetery on the mound.
Dimensions: An oval mound. Length: ca. 230 m; Width: 120 m; Area: 2 ha (cat. 3); Height: 12 m.
Bibliography: Efe 1997: 219 (Site 219).
35Karapazar (24)
Location: 18 km south of Eskişehir; 1 km west of Karapazar village; a small stream runs past from the north.
Dimensions: It is comprised of a conical high mound and a lower settlement (Fig. 2a). Diameter of the cone ca. 200 m; Area: 3 ha (cat. 3); Height: 25 m. The lower settlement measures ca. 150 m in diameter reaching as far as the road to the south. The dating of the lower settlement is not certain.
Bibliography: Efe 1995, ill. 4, 5 (Site 111).
36Kurupınar/Avdan (25)
Location: 22 km south of Eskişehir; 720 m south of Avdan village and on the immediate left side of Avdan-Ayvacık road.
Dimensions: Diameter: 75 m; Area: 0.5 ha (cat. 4); Height: 9.5 m.
Bibliography: Efe 1995 (Site 110).
37Sandıközü (26)
Location: Located to the south of Eskişehir, on the outskirts of Türkmen Dağı; to the immediate east of Sandıközü village, right before entering the village and on a natural hill.
Dimensions: Diameter: 190 m; Area: 3 ha (cat. 3); Height: 11 m.
Bibliography: Efe 1995: 246 (Site 109).
38Kayabaşı/İnli (27)
Location: 10 km SW of Sabuncupınar in Upper Porsuk Valley; just on the right, before entering the village.
Dimensions: Flat settlement both on the rocky platform and the field immediately to the west. Diameter: less than 100 m; Area: 0,5 ha (cat. 4).
Bibliography: Efe 1990b: 408 (Site 12).
39This area presents thirty sites with deposits belonging to the second millennium.
40Yalınlı (28)
Location: East of Eskişehir, in the east of Alpu Plain; between the Porsuk river and the railway.
Dimensions: Diameter: 75 m; Area: 0.5 ha (cat. 4); Height: 4.5 m.
Pottery: n° 34, 151
Bibliography: Efe 1997: 219 (site 221)
41Toğray Höyük (29)
Location: Located in the eastern part of the Alpu plain; 1800 m NE of Doğray, between the Eski Porsuk river and the canal; 100 m to the east of the Doğray-Mahmure road.
Dimensions: Diameter: 170 m; Area: 2 ha (cat. 3); Height: 4.5 m.
Bibliography: Efe 1997 (Site 220).
42Porsuk II (30)
Location: Situated 3 km north of Koşmat village and 1300 m to the east of Esence village; on the southern bank of the Porsuk river.
Dimensions: This is one of the largest mound known in the Eskişehir area (cat. 1). However, it is not clear if the Second Millennium site spread on the whole surface of the mound (Fig. 2c). Slightly oval mound: Length: 650 m; width: 450 m. Area: ca. 28 ha (cat. 1); Height: 8 m.
Bibliography: Efe 1997: 220 (Site 224), ill. 10 (mound’s view from the south).
43Büyük Höyük/Bozan (31)
Location: Located in the eastern part of Alpu plain; 3 km south of the Bozan village. A stream runs past from the east.
Dimensions: Diameter: 160 m; Area: 2 ha (cat. 3); Height: 15 m.
Bibliography: Efe 1996a: 134 (Site 162).
44Yeşildon (32)
Location: Located in the Alpu plain; 2 km SE of the Yeşildon village.
Dimensions: Circular mound associated with a long terrace to the east (Fig. 2e). Length (terrace included): 250 m; Area: 5 ha (cat. 2); Height of the cone: 8 m.
Bibliography: Efe 1996a: 134 (Site 160), ill. 7 (a view from the mound).
45Köprübaşı Höyüğü (33)
Location: East of Eskişehir, in the Alpu plain; 4 km east of Alpu; 50 m from the Porsuk river. The top of the mound is almost completely removed.
Dimensions: Diameter: 90 m; Area: 0.7 ha; Height: 3 m.
Pottery: n° 148, 210
Bibliography: Efe 1996b: 134 (Site 159), ill. 6.
46Kaynakobası (34)
47Location: Located 5.5 km SE of Alpu; on the immediate right side of the road from Aktepe village to Güneli. Copious spring 400 m to the SE.
48Dimensions: Diameter: 150 m; Area: 2 ha (cat. 3); Height: 13 m.
49Bibliography: Efe 1996a: 135 (Site 163).
50Doğancı (35)
Location: East of Eskişehir, in the Alpu plain; 4.5 km NE of Alpu. 400 m to the east of the road from Alpu to Çerkez Çukurhisar.
Dimensions: A nice circular mound. Diameter: 160 m; Area: 2 ha (cat. 3); Height: 16 m.
Bibliography: Efe 1996a: 134 (Site 156).
51Çukurhisar II/Alpu (36)
Location: East of Eskişehir, in the Alpu plain; immediately SW of the modern village of Çerkes Çukurhisar. Modern pits and ditches on the surface.
Dimensions: Diameter: 165 m; Area: 2 ha (cat. 3); Height: 13 m.
Pottery: n° 46, 50, 77, 93, 116, 150
Bibliography: Efe 1996a: 134 (Site 155).
52Osmaniye/ Alpu (37)
Location: East of Eskişehir, in the Alpu plain; 500 m north of the Osmaniye Village.
Dimensions: Low mound with a terrace on the east reaching as far as the stream. Diameter: 100 m; Area: 2 ha (cat. 3); Height: 7.5 m.
Pottery: n° 128
Bibliography: Efe 1996a: 133 (Site 152).
53Bahçecik I/Küçük Çayır Höyük (38)
Location: East of Eskişehir, in the Alpu plain; 4 km to the west of Bahçecik village.
Dimensions: Diameter: 100 m; Area: 1 ha (cat. 3); Height: 7.5 m.
Pottery: n° 68, 160, 169, 207
Bibliography: Efe 1996: (Site 148).
54Karahüyük /Midaion (39)
Location: Located 28 km east of Eskişehir, in the Alpu plain; 9 km SW of Alpu and 8.5 km SE of Karahüyük village; 300 m north of the Eskişehir-Alpu road.
Dimensions: Second larger mound of the Alpu plain. Diameter: 500 m; Area: 20 ha (cat. 1); Height: 14 m.
Bibliography: Efe 1996: (Site 149); Bilgen 2006 (with a topographic plan of the site); Bilgen 2007: ill. 1-3.
55Yakakayı (40)
Location: One of the largest mounds of the Alpu plain in the east of Eskişehir; 2.8 km SE of Kızılcaören village.
Dimensions: There is a cone in the middle measuring ca. 200 x 110 m (Fig. 2b). Diameter (together with lower settlement): 350 m; Area: 10 ha (cat. 1); Height: 15 m.
Pottery: n° 52, 89, 114, 146, 170, 235
Bibliography: Efe 1996: 132 (site 145).
56Kızlar Höyük (41)
Location: 15 km SW of Sepetçi village and 250 m to the north of the Sepetçi-Gündüzler road.
Dimensions: Flat settlement. Length: 125 m; Area: 1 ha (cat. 3); Height: 3 m.
Bibliography: Efe 1996a: (Site 146).
57Karacahöyük (42)
Location: It lies 3.5 km east of Eskişehir in the middle of Karacahöyük village.
Dimensions: Conical high mound. Diameter: 215 m; Area: 3.5 ha (cat. 3); Height: 15.7 m.
Pottery: n° 17, 145, 194
Bibliography: Efe 1995: 253 (Site 140).
58Alyamak Höyük (43)
Location: 2.7 km NE of the mound of Şarhöyük.
Dimensions: Diameter: 195 m; Area: 3 ha (cat. 3); Height: 11 m.
Pottery: n° 24, 79, 111
Bibliography: Efe 1995: 253 (Site 138).
59Şarhöyük (Doryleion) (44)
Location: Situated on the northern outskirts of the city of Eskişehir. Hittite remains have been unearthed on the southern slope of the mound.
Dimensions: Diameter: 350 m; Area: 10 ha (cat. 1); Height: 17 m.
Excavations: Muhibbe Darga (2005-2012), Taciser Sivas (2005-2012) and Directorate of the Eskişehir Archaeological Museum (from 2013 on).
Bibliography Efe 1995: 252 (Site 136). Concerning the Hittite period: Sivas and Darga 2000; Darga 2004.
60Çiftlik Hüyük (45)
Location: Now, in the western part of the city of Eskişehir; 100 m east of the road to Kütahya; the Porsuk river is 200 m to the east. Disturbances on the upper part of the mound.
Dimensions: Diameter: 100 m; Area: 0.8 ha (cat. 4); Height: 10 m.
Pottery: n° 21, 118, 174, 178
Bibliography: Efe 1990b: 409 (Site 16), ill. 18 (photo).
61Kumbağ Höyük (46)
Location: 10 km north of Eskişehir; 1 km south of the Kozkayı village and 50 m to the west of the Eskişehir-Kozkayı road. A large disturbance pit on top of the mound.
Dimensions: Diameter: 200 m; Width: 100 m; Area: 1.5 ha (cat. 3); Height: 12 m.
Bibliography: Efe 1993: 347 (Site 61).
62Aşağı Söğütönü (47)
Location: Now almost on the western edge of the city of Eskişehir; 700 m to the SE of Aşağı Söğütönü village; 80 m from the Eskişehir-Bozüyük road.
Dimensions: Diameter: ca. 160 m; Area: ca. 2 ha (cat. 3); Height: ca. 13 m.
Pottery: n° 12, 29, 98
Bibliography: Efe 1993: 347 (Site 62).
63Keskin (48)
Location: 15 km NW of Eskişehir; on the eastern edge of the village of the same name; a copious spring nearby.
Dimensions: Diameter: ca. 160 m; Area: ca. 2 ha (cat. 3); Height: ca. 9 m.
Bibliography: Efe 1993b: 346 (Site 59).
64Çukurhisar (49)
Location: Located 16 km NW of Eskişehir; on the northern edge of the Çukurhisar village; immediately to the right side of the Eskişehir-Bozüyük road.
Dimensions: Diameter: 210 m; Area: 3.5 ha (cat. 3); Height: 16 m.
Bibliography: Efe 1996a: 133 (Site 154).
65Oklubalı (50)
Location: Located in the western part of the Eskişehir plain. NW of the Oklubalı village. The Porsuk flows 150 m from the north. Conical high mound. A stone wall (fortification ?) exposed due to a disturbance on the northern outskirts.
Dimensions: Diameter: 150 m; Area: 0.8 ha (cat. 4); Height: 15 m.
Bibliography: Efe 1992: 562 (Site 39).
66Demircihüyük (51)
Location: located 4.5 km NW of Çukurhisar; 1.5 km south of Zemzemiye village; 350 m to the north of the Eskişehir-Bozüyük road and 350 m to the west of the Söğüt road.
The southern outskirts of the site have been damaged by the construction of a road. A four-phased MBA settlement has been excavated on the eastern outskirts of the mound and further in the fields.
Dimensions: Diameter: not more than 100 m in diameter. Area: inferior to 1 ha (cat. 4).
Excavation: 1975-1978: M. Korfmann
Bibliography: Efe 1988; 1992: 563 (Site 41); Kull 1988.
67Oluklu Hüyük (52)
Location: 12.7 km SE of Söğüt; 500 m SW of the Oluklu village; near the west bank of a small stream.
Dimensions: Diameter: 200 m; Area: 3 ha (cat. 3); Height: 10 m.
Pottery: n° 97, 119
Bibliography: Efe 1990b: 411 (Site 26).
68Bahçehisar/Kandilli (53)
Location: Located in the western part of the Eskişehir Plain; 9 km SE of Bozüyük; 5 km NW of İnönü and 4 km NE of Kandilli village. The Sarısu, a small branch of the Porsuk River runs along the north flank of the site. Oval mound. We don’t know if the settlement of the second millennium covered the entire surface of the mound.
Dimensions: Length: 480 m; Width: 300 m; Area: ca. 11 ha (cat. 1); Height: 7, 5 m.
Pottery: n° 55, 60, 84, 106, 110, 165, 186, 220
Bibliography: French 1969: fig. 35, n° 322; Efe 1992: 563, ill. 7-9.
69Yeniköy Höyük (54)
Location: SW of Eskişehir; 600 m to the NW of the Kümbetyenice village; immediately on the right side of the road to Aşağı Kuzfındık; the Güvemez stream runs past 100 m from the north.
Dimensions: Diameter: 150 m; Area: 2 ha (cat. 3); Height: 10 m.
Pottery: n° 83
Bibliography: Efe 1990b: 410 (Site 20).
70Esnemez (55)
Location: Located 10 km SW of İnönü; 2 km SW of the Esnemez village. Immediately on the left side of the road leading to the Esnemez village.
Dimensions: Flat settlement. Small site (cat. 4).
Bibliography: Efe 1994b: 577 (Site 38).
71Erenköy I (56)
Location: 16 km south of İnönü; 1.7 km distance from the modern village of Erenköy; on the immediate left side of the road leading to Erenköy.
Dimensions: Diameter: 100 m; Area: less than 1 ha (cat. 4); Height: 11m.
Pottery: n° 117, 127, 158, 162, 226
Bibliography: Efe 1990b: 411 (Site 22).
72Killi Höyük (57)
Location: SW of Bozüyük; 2 km SW of the Yenidodurga village; Kurudere runs past the east side of the mound; 350 m west of the Bozyük-Seyitömer road.
Dimensions: Diameter: 200 m; Area: 3 ha (cat. 3); Height: 11m.
Pottery: n° 124
Bibliography: Efe 1990b: 411 (Site 24).
73Bozüyük (58)
Location: The mound from which the modern town Bozüyük took its name was demolished to ground level during the rail road construction between the years 1895-1896.
Dimensions: Diameter: ca. 50 m; Area: ca. 0.2 ha (cat. 4); Height: ca. 13 m.
Bibliography: Koerte 1899. Koerte published the archaeological material he collected during the operation on the railroad construction. See also Efe 1992: 564 (Site 162).
74Fifteen sites dating to the Middle and Late Bronze Ages have been located in this area.
75Malatça (59)
Location: 40 km SE of Kütahya; on the northern edge of the modern village of Malatça (now Demirözü village). A terrace to the east.
Dimensions: Diameter of the cone: 250 m; Area: 5 ha (cat. 2); Height: 11.5 m.
Pottery: n° 30, 32, 37, 41, 63, 67, 122, 189
Bibliography: Efe 1994b: 575 (Site 94), fig. 10-12.
76Beşkarış (60)
Location: South of Kütahya; 10 km SE of Altıntaş; in the middle of Beşkarış village. The whole mound is severely damaged by terracing for houses. On the western part, a profile (14 m in height) is formed.
Dimensions: Diameter: 200 m; Area: 3 ha (cat. 3); Height: 20 m.
Pottery: n° 23, 131, 141, 143, 175
Bibliography: Efe 1993: 351 (Site 87), ill. 14-16.
77Hebilin Höyük (61)
Location: On the Altıntaş-Dumlupınar road, close to the turnoff to the Cirliyek village, on the right side before getting to the village. The mound is situated on a slope and a small stream runs along the mound.
Dimensions: Diameter: 120 m; Area: 4.5 ha (cat. 3); Height: 13 m.
Bibliography: Efe 1993: 351 (Site 88), ill. 18.
78Gecek (62)
Location: SE of Kütahya; 4 km NW of Altıntaş; 200 m north of the Gecek village; on the left side of the road to Çayırbaşı village. Severe disturbance on the east side.
Dimensions: Diameter: 230 m; Area: 4 ha (cat. 3); Height: 14 m.
Pottery: n° 16, 28 40, 45, 72, 82, 103, 107, 154, 179
Bibliography: Efe 1993b: 350 (Site 80).
79Abya (Pınarcık) (63)
Location: 11.5 km SW of Altıntaş; NW of Pınarcık village; inside the classical site.
Dimensions: Diameter: 100 m; Area: 0.7 ha (cat. 4); Height: 6 m.
Pottery: n° 199
Bibliography: Efe 1993b: 350 (site 77).
80Gökçeler (64)
Location: 12.5 km SE of Aslanapa; immediately to the east of Gökçeler village. A small stream flows along west and north sides of the mound. A large mound with a lower settlement to the east.
Dimensions: Diameter of the mound: 250 m; Area: 5 ha (cat. 2); Height: 17 m.
Bibliography: Efe 1993b: 352 (Site 91).
81Haydarlar (65)
Location: South of Kütahya; 13 km east of Aslanapa and on the eastern edge of the modern village of Haydarlar.
Dimensions: Diameter: 100 m; Area: 0.8 ha (cat. 4); Height: 5 m.
Pottery: n° 31, 36, 44, 149
Bibliography: Efe 1993b: 348 (Site 67).
82Kıranharmanyeri (66)
Location: 26 km SW of Altıntaş; in the middle of Kıranharmanyeri village.
Description: Low conical mound.
Dimensions: Diameter: 90m; Area: 0.6 ha (cat. 4); Height: 4 m.
Bibliography: Efe 1993b: 349 (Site 75).
83Höyüktepe (67)
Location: Situated to the NE of Ören village.
Dimensions: Diameter: 130 m; Area: 1.3 ha (cat. 4); Height: 8 m.
Bibliography: Efe 1993b: 349 (Site 72).
84Sağlar (68)
Location: 7.5 km southwest of Aslanapa and 1200 m northwest of Bezirgan village. Modern cemetery on top of the mound.
Dimensions: Diameter: 90 m; Area: 0.5 ha (cat. 4); Height: 10 m.
Pottery: n° 70, 159, 223
Bibliography: Efe 1993b: 349 (Site 69), ill. 7 (ware).
85Ortaca (69)
Location: South of Kütahya; 9 km NW of Aslanapa; 400 m SW of Ortaca village. A small stream runs past from the NE.
Dimensions: Diameter: 230 m; Area: 4 ha (cat. 3); Height: 8 m.
Pottery: n° 3, 14, 15, 26, 66, 75, 120, 134, 135, 147, 153, 202, 206, 209, 218
Bibliography: Efe 1993: 348 (Site 65).
86Hacıkebir (70)
Location: 5 km NE of Çavdarhisar and 500 m in the west of Hacıkebir village.
Dimensions: One of the largest mounds of the area. 3 slight cones on the surface. Diameter: 430 m; Area: 14 ha (cat. 1); Height: 9 m.
Pottery: n° 27, 56, 80, 95, 109, 125, 132, 156, 163, 171, 172, 187, 198, 213, 221, 222, 224, 225, 237, 245
Bibliography: Efe 1994b: 572 (Site 97).
87Akpınar (71)
Location: South of Kütahya; immediately to the west of Gediz-Çavdarhisar road; 10 km from Çavdarhisar and 1 km east of Akpınar village.
Dimensions: Diameter: 110 m; Area: 1 ha (cat. 3); Height: 8 m.
Pottery: n° 69, 136
Bibliography: Efe 1994b: 572 (Site 98).
88Işıklar (72)
Location: East of Emet; 800 m SW of Aydıncık village; 300 m to the south from the Aydıncık-Emet road. A small stream runs past from the north.
Dimensions: Slightly oval mound. Diameter: 105 m; Area: 0.8 ha (cat. 4); Height: 10.5 m.
Bibliography: Efe 1994b: 572-573 (Site 100).
89Örentepe (73)
Location: 2 km SW of the Konuş village. Ören stream runs past from the north side.
Dimensions: Diameter: 100 m; Area: 0.8 ha (cat. 4); Height: 10.5 m.
Bibliography: Efe 1994b: 574 (Site 102).
90Subak (74)
Location: 10.5 km east of Emet; 600 m SW of Subak village. The mound is situated between two streams. The classical settlement on top stretches beyond both streams.
Dimensions: Diameter: 100 m; Area: 0.8 ha (cat. 4); Height: 8.5 m.
Pottery: n° 182
Bibliography: Efe 1994b: 574 (Site 103), ill. 6-8.
91This region, which covers a smaller area, contains only eight sites of the second millennium period.
92İkizhöyük (75)
Location: Situated 2.5 km NE of Kütahya, 600 m SE of İkizhöyük village, on the south bank of the Porsuk river.
Dimensions: Length: 55 m; Area: 0.2 ha (cat. 4); Height: 4 m.
Pottery: n° 19, 43, 100
Bibliography: Efe 1994b: 575 (Site 95).
93Parmakören (76)
Location: 3 km north of Kütahya; 1300 m to the SE of Parmakören village.
Dimensions: Diameter: 120 m; Area: 1 ha (cat. 4); Height: 11 m.
Pottery: n° 183, 200
Bibliography: Efe 1991: 168 (Site 37), res. 21 (a view from the mound).
94Seyitömer Höyük (77)
Location: 25 km NW of Kütahya; in the old town of Seyitömer.
Dimensions: Length: 150 m; Width: 140 m; Area: 1.7 ha (cat. 3); Height: 23.5 m.
The excavations: 1989: Eskişehir Archaeological Museum
1990-1995: Afyon Archaeological Museum
2006-until today: N. Bilgen (Dumlupınar University)
Bibliography: Efe 1991: 167 (Site 35). For the Middle Bronze Age settlement of the site, see: Bilgen 2013; Bilgen and Bilgen 2001.
95Hüyüktepe (78)
Location: NW of Kütahya; 5 km SW of Seyitömer.
Description: The oval mound has been settled on top of a natural hill. It presents only Late Bronze Age deposit.
Dimensions: Length: 180 m; Width: 100 m; Area: 0.8 ha (cat. 4); Height: ca. 4 m.
Pottery: n° 11, 42, 57, 71, 78, 81, 91, 96, 101, 102, 104, 130, 133, 152, 214
Bibliography: Efe 1991: 168 (Site 36), ill. 20.
96Köprüören (79)
Location: West of Kütahya; 1 km SW of the Köprüören village. Water canals around the slopes and two disturbance pits to the west.
Dimensions: Diameter: 200 m; Area: 3 ha (cat. 3); Height: 11 m.
Bibliography: Efe 1990b: 408 (Site 10).
97Kayıköy (80)
Location: SE of Tavşanlı; at the same distance between Kuruçay and Kayıköy villages; 1.5 km to Kayıköy and 60 m from Kocaçay.
Dimensions: Diameter: 160 m; Area: 2 ha (cat. 3); Height: 14 m.
Bibliography: Efe 1990b: 407-408 (Site 9), ill. 13 (a view from the site).
98Tavşanlı (81)
Google map picture:
Location: Immediately to the south of Tavşanlı; on the west bank of the Kocasu Stream.
Dimensions: The site is composed of two different sectors called Upper City and Lower City17. Oval mound (Fig. 2d). Length: 400 m; Width: 300 m; Area: 10 ha (cat. 1); Height: 10 m. The Lower City between the mound and Kocaçay is 250 m in diameter.
Pottery: n° 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 18, 33, 35, 38, 39, 47, 48, 51, 53, 54, 58, 61, 62, 65, 73, 74, 86, 87, 88, 90, 92, 94, 108, 123, 137, 138, 139, 140, 155, 157, 161, 164, 173, 176, 177, 180, 181, 185, 192, 193, 195, 196, 197, 201, 203, 204, 205, 211, 212, 215, 216, 217, 219, 227, 228, 229, 230, 232, 233, 234, 238, 239, 241, 243, 244
Bibliography: Efe 1990b: 407 (Site 8), ill. 11-12; Özgüç 1946: 558-565, pl. LXXV-LXXVII.
99Kocahüyük (82)
Location: South of Domaniç; just to the east of the Domaniç-Çiftlik road; 700 m to the north of Çiftlik village.
Dimensions: Diameter: 300 m; Area: 7 ha (cat. 2); Height: 13 m.
Pottery: n° 85, 108, 112
Bibliography: Efe 1990b: 405-406 (Site 1), ill. 2-5; Efe 1991: 164.
100The Bilecik province presents seven sites of the second millennium period.
101Kalehöyük (83)
Location: 3 km to the NW of Söğüt; in a deep valley where the two streams converge; on top of a natural hillock. The cultural deposit is not thick.
Dimensions: Diameter: 100 m; Area: 0.8 ha (cat. 4).
Bibliography: Efe 1993b: 346 (Site 57).
102Demirköy (84)
Location: Midway between Bözüyük and Bilecik; 10 km from Bözüyük; 1200 m NE of Demirköy village; 250 m east from the Bozüyük-Bilecik road; on the east bank of the Karasu; on a rocky platform. A severe disturbance along the east slope.
Dimensions: Oval mound. Length: 100 m; width 50 m; Area: 0.9 ha (cat. 4); Height: 9.5 m.
Pottery: n° 59, 188, 190
Bibliography: French 1967: 50, figs. 8: 24-49, 9: 19; Efe 1992: 565 (Site 46), ill. 3-18.
103Pazaryeri II (85)
Location: 3 km east of Pazaryeri, 600 m south from the Bozüyük-Pazaryeri road; a small stream runs past the east side of the mound.
Dimensions: Diameter: 150 m; Area: 1.7 ha (cat. 3); Height: 5 m. The northern half seems to have been completely destroyed.
Bibliography: Efe 1992: 565 (Site 47).
104Kınık (86)
Location: Southwest of Bilecik; 5 km NW of Pazaryeri; just besides the road leading to Kınık village; on the east bank of Sorgun stream.
Dimensions: Diameter: 150 m; Area: 1.8 ha (cat. 3); Height: 4 m.
Pottery: n° 25
Bibliography: Efe 1992: 565 (Site 49).
105Gökhöyük (87)
Location: 5 km to the NE of Osmaneli; at the İznik turnout of the old Istanbul Road. The settlement is on the top and outskirts of a natural hillock, the western part of which was cut by the Iznik Road.
Dimensions: Dimensions of the preserved part: Length: 200 m; Width: 150 m; Area: 2 ha (cat. 3).
Bibliography: Efe et al. 2014: 499, ill. 2:7.
106Yılık Höyük (88)
Location: North of the Bilecik province, ca. 2 km south-east of the Cumalı village.
Dimensions: Diameter: 150 m; Area: 1.8 ha (cat. 3); Height: 5 m.
Excavation: A small scale excavation had been carried out at the site by the Eskişehir Archaeological Museum.
Pottery: n° 10
Bibliography: Aydın 1987: 32ff; Efe 1992: 566 (Site 50).
107Arıcaklar (89)
Location: This mound is 4.5 km to the east of Gölpazarı; immediately just on the right side of the road coming from Gölpazarı, half a kilometer to the NW of Arıcaklar village. Prehistoric material is sealed under a thick deposit from the Classical Period. The mound is very high; so we can anticipate that the Second Millennium is represented on the mound, although no evidence has been provided.
Dimensions: Large oval mound. Length: 260 m; Width: 180 m; Area: 3.5 ha (cat. 3); Height: 21.50 m.
Bibliography: Efe 1992: 567 (Site 55)
108To begin with, we would like to briefly introduce the survey methodology in order to better assess the survey results achieved in terms of the Second Millennium B.C.
109The surface surveys in the area by C. Burney and D. French in the 50’s and 60’s were mainly confined to the mounds in the plains easily visible from a distance. Among these Eskişehir Province was the least known area in terms of prehistoric site distribution. Dündar Tokgöz, the former Director of the Eskişehir Archaeological Museum conducted an intensive survey in the Eskişehir province in the late 1970’s. Unfortunately, his survey results have not been introduced to the literature. The site distribution map partly based on his survey results was fetched from the museum by T. Efe, right before his survey and it saved him a lot of time and effort in finding the mounds. During the surface survey, additional new mounds and flat settlements have also been discovered; thus, in total, more than 200 prehistoric sites have been visited. Among these, 89 sites that we introduce here yielded Second Millennium pottery.
110The survey has been conducted under difficult conditions, basically due to the insufficiency of the financial possibilities. We cannot claim that every remote corner of the region has been reached. From time to time, the team walked in the fields to look for the flat settlements.
- 18 Sivas and Sivas 2002-2005.
111Finally between the years 2001-2005 T.T. Sivas and H. Sivas conducted surface surveys in the provinces of Eskişehir, Kütahya and Afyonkarahisar18. During these surveys a few additional, small-sized mounds from the Second Millennium have been discovered. Here, they are not included, since no map has so far been published with the exact locations of these sites.
112The site size was measured using 20 m-long tape line, a spirit level and a meter stick (for the height of the site). During the preparation of the catalogue of the surveyed sites, almost all of the sites visited have been spotted in Google Earth and the values for their sizes verified.
- 19 The chronological subdivision used were: Chalcolithic (or Late Chalcolithic), EBA I, II, III, Secon (...)
113Only random sampling has been carried out for the material collection. Sometimes, the flat tops of the large-sized mounds and the lower settlements have been sherded separately. We tried to collect as many sherds as possible at the site without making any selection. After washing the material, only diagnostic sherds (rim, handle, base and decoration) have been sorted out for the collection. Although the main goal of this survey was to investigate the pre- and proto-historic settlements, the materials from the later periods has been registered as well (cf. Table 1)19.
Table 1: Periodization of surveyed sites
|
Region
|
No
|
Sites
|
AST
n°
|
Chalcolithic
|
Early Bronze Age
|
2nd millennium
|
1st millennium
|
Classical
|
Byzantine
|
|
Upper Sakarya plains and the Phrygian Highlands
|
1
|
Aşağı Kepen
|
190
|
|
EBA II
|
2nd mill
|
1st mill
|
Classical
|
|
|
2
|
Kızılcaköy
|
188
|
|
EBA ?
|
2nd mill
|
|
Classical
|
|
|
3
|
Bahçecik II (Sivrihisar)
|
186
|
|
EBA II-III
|
2nd mill
|
|
Classical
|
|
|
4
|
Ilıcabaşı II
|
204
|
|
EBA II-III
|
2nd mill
|
|
Classical
|
|
|
5
|
Hamitli
|
202
|
|
EBA II-III
|
2nd mill
|
|
Classical
|
|
|
6
|
Çayır Höyük
|
201
|
|
EBA II-III
|
2nd mill
|
|
Classical
|
|
|
7
|
Kurtlar Höyük
|
169
|
|
EBA II-III
|
2nd mill
|
|
Classical
|
|
|
8
|
Külhüyük
|
135
|
|
EBA II-III
|
2nd mill
|
|
Classical
|
|
|
9
|
Akyurt
|
166
|
|
EBA ?
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
10
|
Hamidiye I
|
174
|
|
EBA III
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
11
|
Arapören
|
173
|
|
EBA II-III
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
12
|
Katırkulesi
|
172
|
|
EBA II-III
|
2nd mill
|
|
Classical
|
|
|
13
|
Güllühöyük
|
131
|
Chalco
|
EBA
|
2nd mill
|
Phrygian
|
|
|
|
14
|
Suluhöyük
|
135
|
|
EBA
|
2nd mill
|
Phrygian
|
|
|
|
15
|
İmişehir
|
133
|
|
EBA II-III
|
2nd mill
|
Phrygian ( ?)
|
Classical
|
|
|
16
|
Toraman Höyük
|
127
|
Late chalco
|
EBA II-III
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
17
|
Alpanoz
|
119
|
|
EBA II-III
|
2nd mill
|
|
Classical
|
|
|
18
|
Soğulcak
|
209
|
|
EBA II-III
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
19
|
Küllühöyük
|
122
|
|
EBA II-III
|
2nd mill
|
Phrygian
|
|
|
|
20
|
Eğriova Höyüğü
|
212
|
|
EBA
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
21
|
Kulapa Höyük
|
211
|
|
EBA II-III
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
22
|
Akın Höyük
|
217
|
|
EBA II-III
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
23
|
Sübren
|
219
|
|
EBA
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
24
|
Karapazar
|
24
|
|
EBA
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
25
|
Kurupınar/Avdan
|
|
|
EBA
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
26
|
Sandıközü
|
|
|
EBA
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
27
|
Kayabaşı/İnli
|
12
|
|
Flat settl.
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
28
|
Yalınlı
|
221
|
|
EBA II-III
|
2nd mill
|
Phrygian
|
|
|
|
Upper Porsuk valley and the Eskişehir Plain
|
29
|
Doğray Höyük
|
|
|
EBA
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
30
|
Porsuk II
|
224
|
|
EBA II-III
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
31
|
Büyük Höyük/Bozan
|
162
|
|
EBA ?
|
2nd mill
|
|
Classical
|
|
|
32
|
Yeşildon
|
160
|
|
EBA ?
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
33
|
Köprübaşı Höyüğü
|
159
|
|
EBA II-III
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
34
|
Kaynakobası
|
163
|
|
EBA II-III
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
35
|
Doğancı
|
156
|
|
EBA II-III
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
36
|
Çukurhisar II/Alpu
|
155
|
|
EBA ?
|
2nd mill
|
|
Classical
|
|
|
37
|
Osmaniye/Alpu
|
152
|
|
EBA II-III
|
2nd mill
|
|
Classical
|
|
|
38
|
Bahçecik I
|
150
|
|
EBA ?
|
2nd mill
|
|
Classical
|
|
|
39
|
Karahüyük/Midaion
|
|
|
EBA
|
2nd mill
|
Phrygian
|
Classical
|
|
|
40
|
Yakakayı
|
145
|
|
EBA III
|
2nd mill
|
|
classical
|
|
|
41
|
Kızlar Höyük
|
146
|
|
EBA I-II
|
2nd mill
|
|
Classical
|
|
|
42
|
Karacahöyük
|
140
|
|
EBA
|
2nd mill
|
Phrygian
|
|
Byzantin
|
|
43
|
Alyamak Höyük
|
138
|
|
EBA II-III
|
2nd mill
|
Phrygian
|
|
|
|
44
|
Şarhöyük/Doryleion
|
136
|
|
EBA
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
45
|
Çiftlik Hüyük
|
16
|
|
EBA
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
46
|
Kumbağ Höyük
|
61
|
|
EBA III
|
2nd mill
|
1st mill
|
|
|
|
47
|
Aşağı Söğütönü
|
62
|
|
EBA II-III
|
2nd mill
|
1st mill
|
|
|
|
48
|
Keskin
|
59
|
|
EBA II-III
|
2nd mill
|
|
Classical
|
|
|
49
|
Çukurhisar
|
154
|
|
EBA
|
2nd mill
|
|
Classical
|
|
|
50
|
Oklubalı
|
39
|
|
EBA II-III
|
2nd mill
|
|
Classical
|
|
|
51
|
Demircihüyük
|
41
|
|
EBA
|
MBA
|
|
|
|
|
52
|
Oluklu Höyük
|
26
|
|
EBA
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
53
|
Bahçehisar/Kandilli
|
42
|
|
EBA II-III,
Über.
|
MBA
|
|
Classical
|
Byzantine
|
|
54
|
Yeniköy
|
20
|
|
EBA
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
55
|
Esnemez
|
38
|
|
Flat settl.
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
56
|
Erenköy I
|
22
|
|
EBA
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
57
|
Killi Höyük
|
24
|
|
EBA
|
2nd mill
|
Phrygian
|
|
|
|
58
|
Bozüyük
|
45
|
|
EBA ?
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
Southern Kütahya
|
59
|
Malatça
|
94
|
|
EBA II-III
|
2nd mill
|
|
Classical
|
|
|
60
|
Beşkarış
|
87
|
|
EBA II-III
|
2nd mill
|
1st mill
|
|
|
|
61
|
Hebilin Höyük
|
88
|
|
EBA II-III
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
62
|
Gecek
|
80
|
|
EBA II-III
|
2nd mill
|
1st mill
|
|
|
|
63
|
Abya
|
77
|
|
EBA II-III
|
2nd mill
|
1st mill
|
|
|
|
64
|
Gökçeler
|
91
|
|
2 sherds EBA
|
2nd mill
|
|
Classical
|
|
|
65
|
Haydarlar
|
67
|
|
EBA I-II
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
66
|
Kıranharmanyeri
|
75
|
|
EBA III
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
67
|
Höyüktepe
|
72
|
|
EBA II-III
|
2nd mill
|
1st mill
|
|
|
|
68
|
Sağlar
|
69
|
|
EBA I-II
|
2nd mill
|
1st mill
|
|
|
|
69
|
Ortaca
|
65
|
|
EBA II-III
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
70
|
Hacıkebir
|
97
|
|
EBA II-III
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
71
|
Akpınar
|
98
|
|
EBA ?
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
72
|
Işıklar
|
100
|
|
EBA ?
|
2nd mill
|
|
Classical
|
|
|
73
|
Örentepe
|
102
|
|
EBA II
|
2nd mill
|
1st mill
|
Classical
|
|
|
74
|
Subak
|
103
|
Late chalco
|
EBA II-III
|
1 sherd LBA
|
|
Classical
|
|
|
Northern Kütahya
|
75
|
İkizhöyük
|
95
|
|
EBA II-III
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
76
|
Parmakören
|
37
|
|
EBA II-III
|
LBA
|
|
Classical
|
|
|
77
|
Seyitömer Höyük
|
35
|
|
EBA
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
78
|
Hüyüktepe
|
36
|
|
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
79
|
Köprüören
|
10
|
|
EBA
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
80
|
Kayıköy
|
9
|
|
EBA ?
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
81
|
Tavşanlı
|
8
|
|
EBA
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
82
|
Kocahüyük
|
1
|
Paleolithic (in the fields to the west)
|
EBA ?
|
2nd mill (höyük)
|
|
|
Byzantin
|
|
Bilecik province
|
83
|
Kalehüyük
|
57
|
|
|
2nd mill
|
|
Classical
|
|
|
84
|
Demirköy
|
46
|
Late Chalco
|
EBA III
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
85
|
Pazaryeri II
|
47
|
Middle and Late chalco
|
EBA
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
86
|
Kınık
|
49
|
Chalco
|
EBA
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
87
|
Gökhöyük
|
|
|
EBA
|
2nd mill
|
|
|
|
|
88
|
Yılık Höyük
|
50
|
Chalco
|
EBA I-II
|
LBA III
|
|
|
|
|
89
|
Arıçaklar/Aracaklar
|
55
|
|
EBA
|
2nd mill
|
|
Classical
|
|
114Due to the fact there were very few excavated sites in the survey area for the Second Millennium (Demircihöyük, Seyitömer) and by consequence a paucity of well stratified contexts, the chronological frame for the Middle and Late Bronze Age was largely based on wider regional synchronism (Beycesultan, Troia, Gordion, Boğazköy) (cf. Fig. 3). In the current state of research, it is not possible to distinguish accurately the material from the Middle and Late Bronze Age. Thus, for a large majority of sherds of the corpus is labelled Second Millennium.
Fig. 3
Map of the Second Millennium sites
115Nearly all Second Millennium sites were established on the mounds as a continuation of earlier settlements; flat settlements such as Kayabaşı/İnli (27), Kızlar Höyük (41), Esnemez (55), Hüyüktepe (78) and Kalehöyük (83) are few. Since the material of the preceding EB III period is often sealed under the Second Millennium deposit on the mounds, it is not, most of the time, possible to determine on how many of them the occupation continues uninterrupted into the Second Millennium B.C. The settlements normally take the shape of the earlier mound or the natural rise on which the site was established – Hüyüktepe (78), Aşağı Kepen (1). Most of the sites are round, roughly round or oval in shape.
116The sites of Suluhöyük (14) and Yeşildon (32) (Fig. 2e) have long oval terracing on one side. It either has something to do with the subsequent expansion of the site or with the gradual formation of upper and lower settlements. Three large-sized mounds, Karapazar (24) (Fig. 2a), Malatça (59) and Tavşanlı (81) (Fig. 2d), seem to definitely have lower settlements on one side. We are not sure if those of Karapazar and Malatça date from the Second Millennium. The Yakakayı site (40), on the other hand, is comprised of a mound and a lower settlement encircling it all the way around. So, it is very similar in form to certain Mesopotamian tells.
117Due to the favorable geographical conditions (fertile and well-watered plains, richness of natural sources), strategic situation etc. the area was densely inhabited in all periods. Eighty-nine sites from the Second Millennium have so far been discovered in the survey area, encompassing the Provinces of Kütahya, Bilecik and Eskişehir (Fig. 3). Most of these sites are clustered in the Plains of Upper Sakarya, Eskişehir and Altıntaş-Örencik (Southern Kütahya Province). The Tavşanlı-Kütahya plains and the mountainous regions are much less populated. Surprisingly, the eastern part of the Upper Sakarya Plain as well was never densely settled in prehistoric times.
118We distinguished four categories of sites according to their sizes:
-
Category 1: 10-30 ha
-
Category 2: 5-10 ha
-
Category 3: 1-5 ha
-
Category 4: less than 1 hectare (Fig. 3).
119In the entire survey area, the number of category 1 sites in total are 7. The other 6 sites belong to Category 2. The sizes of most sites (51 out of 89 identified) are range between 1 ha to 5 ha (cat. 3). This is by far, the most widespread kind of settlement in the region at this time. Finally, 25 sites measured less than 1 hectare (cat. 4).
120In terms of site distribution, the following five sub-regions have been determined, based on the geographical and cultural conditions.
121The Sakarya River crosses the area from east to west. This region delivered twenty seven sites, most of which are located in the western half of the plain. Only a few small sites from the Second Millennium B.C. are known from the Phrygian Highlands to the west.
122This area delivered one major site (category 1) Aşağı Kepen (1), in the eastern part of the plain. The Second Millennium settlement, however, might not be as impressive as it appears to be. The cone in the middle of the settlement appears not to have cultural accumulation. This site is quite isolated; only two small sites – Kızılcaköy (2) and Bahçeçik II (3) – have been located in its close vicinity.
123The region has 2 sites of category 2 and 19 of category 3. If we take the lower settlement into consideration, we can evaluate Karapazar (24) under category 2 sites. Finally, category 4 is only represented by 5 settlements.
124The eastern part of the plain is called Alpu Plain. The plain is terminated in the west by the plains of İnönü and Bozüyük. The Porsuk and its tributary, Sarısu run through the plain. Most of the sites line up along these rivers. The upper Porsuk Valley which provides traffic between Kütahya and Eskişehir plains was poorly occupied during the Second Millennium B.C.
125With 31 sites, this plain is by far the most densely occupied part of the survey area. Five large sites of more than 10 ha have been located in this area. These are, from east to west, Porsuk II (30), Karahüyük/Midaion (39), Yakakayı (40), Şarhöyük/Doryleion (44) and Bahçehisar/Kandilli (53). Porsuk II almost 30 ha in size is the most impressive of all sites. However, we are not sure if the entire surface of the mound was occupied during this time period. Karahöyük/Midaion (30) which is almost 20 ha in size constitutes the second largest mound of the plain. Around these large settlements, there are a range of intermediate sites: 1 site of 5-10 ha, 16 sites of 1-5 ha and 9 sites less than 1 ha. The eastern part of the Eskişehir Plain (the Alpu Plain) is more densely settled than the west.
126The regions I and II are both densely occupied; however, they don’t present the same patterns. In the Upper Sakarya region (I), the major sites (Aşağı Kepen) is quite isolated. On the contrary, in region II, the major sites (30, 39, 40, 44, 53) are surrounded by clusters of sites. This variation could reflect different kinds of political organization.
127Sixteen sites have been located in this area. The site of Hacıkebir (70), which covers 14 ha, appears to be the crucial site of this area. There are 2 sites of category 2, 6 sites of category 3 and 7 sites of category 4. The clustering of sites and their increase in number as they get smaller in size might, as well, have something to do with the political/hierarchical structuring in the area.
128This region is less densely occupied than the previous ones. Only eight sites have been identified in this area. On the western part of the area is located the major site (cat. 1) of Tavşanlı (81) and Kocahüyük (82) which is of intermediate size (cat. 2) is located in the north.
129Except for Kayıköy (80), the other settlements of the area are not located in the immediate vicinity of Tavşanlı (81). The oval flat settlement of Hüyüktepe (78) dated to the LBA is situated on a natural hill in the mountainous area to the north of the Kütahya Plain. The mound of Seyitömer (77) in the immediate vicinity is the only excavated site in this area. The completely excavated level IVA (with 3 architectural layers), the material of which has not yet been adequately published is dated to the MBA.
130Finally, the last region is located in the northern part of our survey area. The settlement system in the “Bilecik Province” is characterized by small and dispersed settlements measuring less than 5 ha. There are only 2 sites of category 4 – Kalehöyük (83), Demirköy (84) – and 5 sites of category 3 – Pazaryeri II (85), Kınık (86), Gökhöyük (87), Yıllık Höyük (88) and Arıçaklar/Aracaklar (89).
131This region seems obviously to be more sparsely populated. This is the only zone in the surveyed area that hasn’t delivered at least one major site. Arıcaklar, situated in the Gölpazarı plain is the largest mound (3.5 ha). This area was most probably culturally – and perhaps politically as well – integrated with the neighbouring İznik-İnegöl area which was much more densely populated than Bilecik Province during the entire time span of the Bronze Ages. İnegöl II and Çardak are the largest mounds.
132Our corpus includes 258 drawn sherds. Only sherds which we considered important for the Second Millennium such as rim sherds, bases, and wall sherds with decorative patterns have been illustrated. The pottery is divided into nine different ware groups, determined mainly according to the surface treatment. The paste is normally fine except the coarse ware. The vast majority of the pottery is wheel made. Wheel marks are usually visible. The cooking-pot rims pieces (n° 176 and 177) are definitely handmade.
133The surface is slipped and burnished. The quality of burnish varies. Sometimes burnishing strokes are visible and occasionally horizontal burnishing stripes or pattern-burnishing are present. Some pieces have matt surfaces. The surface colour is in various hues of red, reddish brown and light brown. The paste is normally very fine. Some pastes are compact and well-fired. Seldom sporadic stone tempering. Mica is not characteristic. The most popular paste colour is brown. Especially thick walls have cores. Most of the well burnished examples of this ware should rather be dated to the Middle Bronze Age.
Fig. 4
Fine Red Slipped Ware
134Comments: This ware is the successor of the so-called Hittite Ware of the Transitional Period into the Middle Bronze Age of the region, the characteristics and stratigraphy of which is well known from Küllüoba20.
135This ware is mainly dated to the Middle Bronze Age. A subcategories of the Fine Red Slipped ware, called Brown Slipped Ware are also attested, but so far sherds have been found at only two sites Tavşanlı (no 205) and Yakakayı (no 170). They are slipped and burnished; well smoothed and occasionally faceted. Slip adheres very well. The surface colour presents various tones of brown. The brown paste, occasionally with core, is very fine, compact and hard fired. No tempering. It differentiates itself from the Fine Red Slipped Ware by having a compact paste and well-adhered brown slip.
Fig. 5
Washed Ware
136This ware is in most ways similar to the Fine Red Sipped Ware. The only difference is that this ware has a thin slip defined as “wash”. Sometimes horizontal burnishing strokes are visible on the surface.
Fig. 6
Orange Washed Ware
137The surface is slipped, matt or slightly burnished. Sometimes, the slip is thin (washed). The color surface varies between Orange, pinkish brown and light brown. The biscuit is fine, normally with no tempering; brown, pink, pinkish brown; without core.
138Comments: This ware is widespread from the early EB III on, in the Kütahya, Uşak and Denizli areas. The Seyitömer early EB III Orange Slipped Ware must be somehow related to this ware.
Fig. 7
Red/Brown Burnished Ware
139No slip, matt or burnished; sometimes with horizontal or vertical burnishing strokes. The surface changes from reddish brown to light brown. Biscuit is fine, no tempering. The clay is reddish brown, pinkish red, brown or light brown in colour.
140Comments: This ware is separated from the Plain Ware practically by its matt or burnished surface.
141Comparison: French 1967: 64 (Second millennium: Red burnished).
Fig. 8
Hittite White/Cream Slipped Ware
142Slipped, matt or slightly burnished. The surface is white or cream in colour. The biscuit is fine. The thick walls sometimes shows sporadic stone tempering. No mica. Paste colour varies from red to reddish brown or light brown.
143Comments: This typical Hittite White/Cream Slipped Ware is especially known from Central Anatolia.
Fig. 9
Demirköy Ware
144No slip, matt or slightly burnished surface. Brown or reddish brown in colour. The clay is fine and always with mica inclusions; red, reddish brown or brown in colour.
145Comments: This ware, hand or wheel made, seems to occur in the Bilecik area from the EB I period onward.
Fig. 10
Plain Ware
146No slipped and no burnish; normally well smoothed. In all kinds of tones of red or brown.
147The clay is normally fine. Stone inclusions occur infrequently. Mica is not typical. Paste colour is the same as the surface. Horizontal grooving or fluting is typical on the vessels of this ware.
Fig. 11
Grey Ware
148Slipped, washed or unslipped; matt or slightly burnished. The surface presents different shades of grey. The biscuit is fine. Thick walls occasionally with sporadic stone tempering. Paste colour is black, dark grey, light brown.
- 21 Bilgen and Bilgen 2015, Fig.103
149Comments: This group of ware is characteristic of the eastern Marmara Region. It is especially represented by “S” profile bowls with horizontal handles on the rim (with or without pedestals) in the Middle Bronze pottery of Seyitömer21.
Fig. 12
Coarse Ware
150No slip and no burnish. The colour varies from reddish brown to brown. Cooking pots are naturally secondarily burnt and often with smoky surfaces. The clay is coarse often with large stone inclusions. Paste colour is the same as that of the surface.
151Comments: This ware is mostly represented by cooking pots with globular bodies and crescent lugs under the rims.
152In the following section each form is described in detail and pertinent parallels in Western Anatolia are cited. Parallels are made on the basis of shape alone. Considering that we are dealing with survey material we are not able to determine the preponderance of any specific shapes or to claim to the completeness of the repertory. We have distinguished twenty five different shapes of pottery, including bowls, dishes, pots and jugs. There are many pieces that are not sufficiently preserved to restore complete profile. The total number of drawn sherds are 246.
153The bowls are the commonest shape. There is a great number of subvarieties in profile. Twelve subgroups have been distinguished according to their profile. The great majority of the bowls of our corpus are wheel made. Wheel marks are usually visible on interiors.
Fig. 14
154The first type is a hemispheric simple bowl with a plain rim (n° 1-2, Tavşanlı). The shape occurs in Orange washed ware (ware 3).
- 22 Kull 1988: 140.
- 23 Lloyd and Mellaart 1965: 83, Fig. P. 3: 8, 10, 16.
155This subgroup can be conical (n° 3 Ortaca, 4 Tavşanlı, 7 Tavşanlı, 10 Yıllık) or hemispherical (n° 5, Tavşanlı, 6 Tavşanlı, 8 Tavşanlı, 9 Tavşanlı). This kind of bowl probably had a flat base. Among them, some have a loop handle above the rim (n° 5 Tavşanlı, 9 Tavşanlı). The conical bowls with incurving rim are attested at Demircihüyük during MBA (Schalen a2)22. The shape is recognized in Fine Red Slipped Ware (ware 1), Orange Washed Ware (ware 3) and Plain Ware (Ware 7). This profile is also quite widespread in Beycesultan23 level V where it is called “bowl with inverted rim”.
- 24 Kull 1988: 143.
- 25 Lloyd and Mellaart 1965: Beycesultan IVc: Fig. 13: 4-5, 8-10.
- 26 French 1969: Fig. 18: 11-13 (Eğriköy), Fig.19: 17 (Tekeliler).
156There is a wide variety of carinated bowls (n° 11 Höyüktepe, 12 Aşağı Söğütönü, 13 Güllühöyük, 14 Ortaca, 15 Ortaca, 16 Gecek, 17 Karacahüyük, 18 Tavşanlı, 19 İkiz Höyük, 20 Küllühöyük, 21 Çiftlik, 22 Küllühöyük, 23 Beşkarış, 24 Alyamak). The inturning rim is more or less sharp. The shape of the base is unknown. One example has a loop handle (n° 13) above the rim. This shape may have a radial pattern burnishing on interior (n° 21). It occurs in Fine Red Slipped Ware (ware 1), Red Washed Ware (ware 2), Orange Washed Ware (ware 3), Red/Brown Burnished Ware (ware 4) and Plain Ware (ware 7). Good parallels are recognizable from the Middle Bronze Age levels of Demircihüyük (Schalen e2 or Schüsseln a3)24 as well as Beycesultan25 and Balıkesir-Akhisar areas26.
Fig. 15
- 27 Efe 1988: EBA: Tafel 49: Phase P: 1.
- 28 French 1969: Fig. 18: 5 (Kennez I).
157The fourth group is the bowl with interior-thickened rim (n° 25 Kınık, 26 Ortaca, 27 Hacıkebir, 28 Gecek, 29 Aşağı Söğütünü, 30 Malatça). They are either hemispherical or conical in shape. This type of bowls occurs in Red Washed Ware (ware 2), Plain Ware (Ware 7) and Grey Ware (ware 8). The shape is known in EBA Demircihüyük27. There is no parallel in Beycesultan during the Middle Bronze Age. It is attested in the Second millennium material of the Balikesir and Akhisar areas28.
158Bowls with S-profile represent the fifth type. They are generally carinated (n° 31 Malatça, 32 Malatça, 33 Tavşanlı, 34 Yalınlı, 35 Tavşanlı, 38 Tavşanlı, 39 Tavşanlı, 36 Haydarlar, 37 Malatça, 40 Gecek) but we also have some examples of simple profile (n° 41 Malatça, 42 Hüyüktepe, 43 İkiz Höyük, 44 Haydarlar). Among this group, there is one example of a shallow flaring bowl with S-profile (n° 40 Gecek). This type of bowl can also boast a loop handle (n° 35 Tavşanlı) with a flat section.
- 29 Lloyd and Mellaart 1965: 83, 103, 118, Fig. P.4: 3, Fig. P.14: 2-4, Fig. P.25: 11, 21, Fig. P.32: 9
- 30 Kull 1988: Schalen b5 or Schüsseln g, 143.
- 31 French 1969: Fig 15: 24 (Pamukçu), Fig. 17: 13 (Eğriköy), Fig. 19: 8 (Kennez I).
159This shape is attested principally in Washed Ware, Red (Ware 2) or Orange (Ware 3), but also in Red/Brown Burnished Ware (ware 4), Plain Ware (ware 7) and Grey Ware (ware 8). This shape is an inheritance of the Early Bronze Age. This shape is also in Beycesultan29 during the first half of the second millennium where it is called “Bowl with concave rim”. Bowls from Dermircihüyük30 (MBA) and Balıkesir and Akhisar areas31 also show similar profile.
- 32 Mellaart and Murray 1995: level Ib: Fig. P.147: 18, 21.
160The sixth subgroup shows a great variety of rim shape and they have fluting under the rim as a common feature (n° 45 Gecek, 46 Çerkes Çukurhisar II, 47 Tavşanlı, 48 Tavşanlı). The general shape of the bowl seems to be conical. Each sherd occurs in a different ware: Orange Washed ware (ware 3), Red/Brown Burnished Ware (Ware 4), Plain Ware (ware 7) and Grey Ware (ware 8). No parallels for this form have been attested in the Middle Bronze Age of Beycesultan; however, we do have parallels in the Late Bronze Age32.
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
- 33 Lloyd and Mellaart 1965: 82, 101, 118, 128.
- 34 Lloyd and Mellaart 1965: Fig. P.12: 1-3, 5, 6, 9.
- 35 Orthmann 1963: Tafel 8: n° 20-21.
- 36 Efe 1994: Fig. 15: 59.
- 37 Kull 1988: 145.
- 38 French 1967: Fig.18: 41 (Pazaryeri I), French 1969: Fig. 15: 27 (Kennez I).
161The bead rim bowl (7) is one of the most characteristic form of the Middle Bronze Age (n° 49 Güllühöyük, 50 Çerkes Çukurhisar II, 51 Tavşanlı, 52 Yakakayı, 54 Tavşanlı, 55 Bahçehisar, 56 Küllühöyük Seyitgazi, 57 Höyüktepe, 58 Tavşanlı, 59 Demirköy, 60 Bahçehisar, 61 Tavşanlı, 62 Tavşanlı, 63 Malatça, 64 Küllühöyük Seyitgazi, 66 Ortaca, 65 Tavşanlı, 67 Malatça, 68 Bahçehisar, 69 Akpınar, 70 Sağlar, 71 Höyüktepe, 72 Gecek, 73 Tavşanlı, 74 Tavşanlı, 75 Ortaca, 76 Güllühöyük, 77 Çerkes Çukurhisar II, 78 Höyüktepe, 79 Alyamak, 80 Hacıkebir, 81 Höyüktepe, 82 Gecek, 83 Yeniköy). It is hemispherical or carinated. We can distinguish several subvarieties. The rim is more or less inverted and embossed. They measure from 10 to 31 cm in diameter. In Beycesultan33, this form is considered the most common bowl shape in Levels V, IVc and IVb. This shape can also boast a horizontal handle. The sherd of our corpus lost its handle but kept the negative mark of a horizontal handle (n° 74 Tavşanlı). Several bowls present relief ornament under the rim, in shape of “mustache”. The same kind of relief decoration are attested in Beycesultan34 and Boğazköy35. One bowl presents a knob on its shoulder (n° 51 Tavşanlı). The bead rim bowl appears in all ware groups, except the Coarse Ware (Ware 9). This shape is an inheritance of the Early Bronze Age. It is recorded in particular at Demircihüyük36. It also occurs in the Demircihüyük Middle Bronze Age layers (Schüssel)37, Beycesultan, Balıkesir and Akhisar areas38.
Fig. 18
- 39 Kull 1988: 145.
- 40 Lloyd and Mellaart 1965: Fig. P.1: 1, 3, 15; Fig. P.12: 4, Fig. 24: 7.
- 41 French 1967: Fig. 18: 40 (Pazaryeri I); French 1969: Fig. 15: 20, 23 (Pamukçu), Fig. 16: 2-5 (Eğrik (...)
162During the Second millennium, the bead rim tends to be flattened (n° 84 Bahçehisar, 85 Kocahöyük, 86 Tavşanlı, 87 Tavşanlı, 88 Tavşanlı, 89 Yakakayı, 90 Tavşanlı, 91 Hüyüktepe, 92 Tavşanlı, 93 Çerkes Çukurhisar II, 94 Tavşanlı, 95 Hacıkebir, 96 Hüyüktepe, 97 Oluklu Höyük, 98 Aşağı Söğütünü I, 99 Küllühöyük Seyitgazi, 100 İkiz Höyük, 103 Gecek, 105 Çayır Höyük, 108 Tavşanlı, 109 Hacıkebir, 110 Bahçehisar, 111 Alyamak, 112 Kocahöyük, 113 Güllühöyük, 114 Yakakayı, 117 Erenköy I). This is one of the commonest shape. These bowls can be hemispherical or carinated. One sherd boasts a horizontal handle (n° 117). They measure between 9 and 32 cm in diameter. This shape can be decorated with horizontal burnishing stripes on the interior (n° 95) or on the exterior (n° 115). There is one example of relief ornament (Knobs) on the rim (n° 108 Tavşanlı). This shape occurs in all ware type, except the Demirköy ware (ware 6). The carinated bowls with flattened bead rim are best paralleled at Demircihüyük39 (Schüssel d1). This type is also attested during the Middle Bronze Age in Beycesultan40 and in Balıkesir and Akhisar areas41.
Fig. 19
- 42 Kull 1998: Tafel 14: n° 11.
- 43 Lloyd and Mellaart 1988: Fig. p. 16: n° 8.
163The simple bowls with T-shaped rim (9) can be carinated (n° 120 Ortaca) or hemispherical (n° 122 Malatça, 123 (Tavşanlı). This shape occurs in Fine Red Slipped Ware (ware 1), in Red and Orange washed ware (ware 2, 3) and in Plain ware (ware 7). A somewhat similar profile is noted from Demircihüyük42 and Beycesultan43.
- 44 Lloyd and Mellaart 1965: 129, Fig. P.32: 1-4.
- 45 Kull 1988: Schalen g3, p. 142, Tafel 9: N° 18; Taf. 28: n° 11; Tafel 30: n° 8.
164The 10th group is a special kind of carinated bowl characterized by its overhanging rim (n° 124 Killi Höyük, 125 Hacıkebir, 126 Küllühöyük, 127 Erenköy, 128 Osmaniye, 129 Küllühöyük, 130 Höyüktepe). In our corpus, this shape occurs essentially in Red Washed Ware (ware 2), but we also have examples of Cream Slipped Ware (ware 5), Demirköy ware (ware 6) and Plain Ware (ware 7). This type appears in Beycesultan in Level IVa44 (Middle Bronze Age) and continues through the Late Bronze Age. It is also known from Demircihüyük MBA45.
- 46 Lloyd and Mellaart 1965: 83, Fig. 3: 21-27.
165Form A11 is a carinated bowl with broad flat-topped rim. This shape occurs in Red and Orange Washed Ware (ware 2 and 3). This is one of the characteristic shape of the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age. This type of bowl is also known from Beycesultan where it appears in Level V46 (n° 131 Beşkarış, 132 Hacıkebir).
- 47 Kull 1988: Tafel 26: n° 19.
166This group includes bowls with various thickened rim shapes (n° 133 Höyüktepe, 134 Ortaca, 135 Ortaca, 136 Akpınar). It includes large bowls measuring between 20 and 34 cm in diameter. This shape is recognized in Red/Brown Burnished Ware (ware 4), Cream Slipped Ware (ware 5) and Plain Ware (ware 7). Bowls with similar profile (n° 136 and 134) are recorded at Demircihüyük47.
167The second category of vessel are the dishes. We distinguished three different types.
Fig. 20
- 48 Kull 1988: 140, Tafel 27: n° 2.
168We distinguish this type from the bowl with simple profile (A1), due to its shallow shape (n° 137 Tavşanlı, 138 Tavşanlı). In our corpus, it appears only in Plain Ware (ware 7). Comparable examples are recorded in Demircihüyük (Schalen a1)48.
- 49 Kull 1988: Tafel 28: n° 6.
169The second type is characterized by an interior-thickened rim (n° 139 Tavşanlı, 140 Tavşanlı, 142 Suluhöyük 141 Beşkarış, 143 Beşkarış, 144 Kızılcaköy). This type measure between 20 and 30 cm in diameter. The rim is more or less inverted. This type of dish occurs in Fine Red Slipped Ware (ware 1), Orange Washed Ware (ware 3) and Plain Ware (ware 7). Comparable examples are recorded in Middle Bronze Age Demircihüyük49.
170The third and last type of dishes is the one which present a T-shape rim. The diameter of these dishes varie between 20 and 30 cm (n° 145 Karacahüyük, 146 Yakakayı, 147 Ortaca, 148 Köprübaşı, 149 Haydarlar, 150 Çerkes Çukurhisar, 151 Yalınlı). This shape was found in Fine Red Slipped Ware (ware 1), Orange Washed Ware (ware 3) and Plain Ware (ware 7).
Fig. 21
171The pots with bead rim are quite common. The profiles of this form are almost straight (n° 153 Ortaca, 154 Gecek, 156 Hacıkebir, 163 Hacıkebir, 165 Bahçehisar, 166 Çayır Höyük, 168 Güllühöyük), or slightly hemispherical (n° 152 Höyüktepe, 155 Tavşanlı, 157 Tavşanlı, 158 Erenköy I, 159 Sağlar, 160 Bahçecik, 162 Erenköy I, 164 Tavşanlı, 167 Kızılcaköy). The bead rim is more or less pronounced. Our examples measured between 18 and 30 of rim diameter. This kind of pot occur mainly in washed
172Ware, Red or Orange Washed Wares (wares 2 and 3), but also in Red/Brown Burnished Ware (ware 4), in Fine Red Slipped Ware (Ware 1) and in Plain Ware (ware 7).
Fig. 22
- 50 Kull 1988: Tafel 2: n° 5; Tafel 8: n° 12.
- 51 Kull 1988: Grösse Töpfe b: 155.
173The globular cooking pot presents a different kind of rim: thickened (n° 174 Çiftlik), flat rim (n° 170 Yakakayı), everted slightly or sharply (n° 169 Bahçecik, 175 Beşkarış, 173 Tavşanlı, 176 Tavşanlı). Cooking pots often present a horizontal grip on the upper part of the body, next to the rim. The grip is crescent-shaped. The cooking pots are obviously represented in coarse ware (ware 9). The other globular pots occurs in Fine Red and Brown Slipped Ware (Ware a), in Red Washed Ware (ware 2) and in Plain Ware (ware 7). The globular cooking pot with crescent grip is best paralleled in Middle Bronze Age of Demircihüyük50. Globular pots with interior-thickened rim resembling our sherd n° 172 (Hacıkebir) was found at Demircihüyük (Grösse Töpfe b)51.
Fig. 23
174Profiles of these globular pots show many variations, especially in the rim shape, the sharpness of angle and the height of rim (n° 179 Gecek, 181 Tavşanlı, 182 Subak, 183 Parmakören, 184 Ilıcabaşı, 185 Tavşanlı, 186 Bahçehisar, 187 Hacıkebir, 188 Demirköy, 189 Malatça). The globular pots with outturning rim generally occur in Red or Orange Washed Ware (ware 2 and 3), or in Plain Ware (Ware 7). There is one example in Red/Brown Burnished Ware (ware 4).
- 52 Kull 1988: Grösse Töpfe c1-3: 155-156.
175Comparable examples of globular pots are recorded in Demircihüyük52.
- 53 Kull 1988: Pithosform a2: 152-153.
176There is one example of pithos with sharp outturning rim (n° 190 Demirköy) in Demirköy Ware (ware 6). A somehow similar form is noted from Demircihüyük53.
Fig. 24
- 54 Kull 1988: Krüge b, Tafel 11: n° 12-13; Tafel 23: n° 5.
177We have four sherds from the neck parts of trefoil-mouthed jugs (n° 191 Erenköy, 192 Tavşanlı, 193 Tavşanlı, 194 Karacahöyük). It occurs in Red Washed Ware (Ware 2), Orange Washed Ware (Ware 3) or Red/Brown Burnished Ware (Ware 4). This shape is an inheritance of the EBA III. This type was found in Demircihüyük54.
- 55 Lloyd and Mellaart 1965: Level 5: p. 86-87, Fig. P. 6: 12-17; Level IVc: p. 105-106, Fig. P. 17: 1- (...)
- 56 Kültepe, Karum II and Ib.
- 57 Bittel 1983: Fig. 15, 16.
178The shape appears for the first time in Central and inland Western Anatolia during the Late EB III period (Transitional Period into the Middle Bronze Age) and becomes the most popular jug form during the Middle and Late Bronze Ages in the region55 and beyond56. The shape has also large-sized examples called “Pithosschnabelkanne”57. We have here pieces from the necks and spouts (n° 196 Tavşanlı, 197 Tavşanlı, 195 Tavşanlı).
- 58 Kull 1988: Tafel 22: n° 2; Tafel 29: n° 1; Tafel 32: n° 24.
179N° 198 from Hacıkebir is a cutaway spout piece. Two examples catalogued here (n° 196 and n° 195) boast a flat handle. The sherd n° 196 has a relief decoration (knobs) on both side of its beak spout. This kind of decoration is also well attested at Demircihüyük58. One example (n° 196 Tavşanlı) is preserved down to the beginning of the shoulder, showing that it is slightly flaring. The five sherds are represented by five different wares: Fine Red Slipped Ware (Ware 1), Red Washed Ware (ware 2), Orange Washed Ware (Ware 3), Red/Brown Burnished Ware (ware 4) and Plain Ware (ware 7).
180The third group is represented by jugs characterized by a narrow cylindrical neck. We can distinguish different rim profiles: outturning (n° 200 Par- makören, 201 Tavşanlı, 202 Ortaca, 203 Tavşanlı, 204 Tavşanlı, 205 Tavşanlı, 206 Ortaca, 208 Külhöyük, 211 Tavşanlı), with thickened rim (n° 209 Ortaca, 210 Köprübaşı, 211 Tavşanlı), with sloping rim (n° 207 Bahçecik). Sherd n° 208 has a round-sectioned handle which is attached to the rim. This shape is represented by several wares: Fine Red Slipped Ware and Brown Slipped Ware (Ware 1), Orange Washed Ware (ware 3), Red/Brown Slipped Ware (Ware 4), Cream Slipped Ware (Ware 5) and Plain Ware (Ware 7).
Fig. 25
- 59 Lloyd and Mellaart 1965: 117, Fig. P. 16: 26.
181The lower part is completely missing (n° 212 Tavşanlı); however, the complete profile can be reconstructed from the analogous example recorded at Beycesultan59. This shape represented by Red Washed Ware (ware 2) appears in Beycesultan in Level IVC.
182Two sherds from small pots (n° 213 Hacıkebir, 214 Hüyüktepe) have been classified under a separate group. They have a globular body with small rim diameter and are represented by Fine Red Slipped Ware (Ware 1) and Plain Ware (Ware 7).
183Six sherds could belong to cups/goblets or miniature vessels. They are characterized by a very thin rim and a small size (under 11 cm in diameter). Since we only have the upper portions of these vessels, we don’t know what kind of a base they have. Generally, the upper part is in the form of a carinated bowl.
184The sherds of our corpus show various profile: simple rim (n° 217 Tavşanlı, 216 Tavşanlı, 215 Tavşanlı), bead rim (n° 218 Ortaca), overhung rim (n° 219 Tavşanlı) and everted rim (n° 220 Bahçehisar). This cup/goblets occurs in Fine Red Slipped Ware (ware 1), in Red and Orange Washed Wares (wares 2 and 3).
- 60 Lloyd and Murray 1995: level III: p. 3, Fig. P.1: 13, 23-24, p. 2: 1-7; Level II: Fig. P.10-11; Lev (...)
1856 sherds of pedestal pieces have been recorded. N° 221 and 225 are solid inside. On the contrary, n° 222, 223, 224, 226 have a hole in the middle. The sherds all come from the pedestal part. So we don’t know what kind of an upper part they have. Three pieces present ornamentation on the pedestal sections. It can be horizontal grooves (n° 224, 226) or a single horizontal relief band all around the pedestal (n° 225). These pedestal pieces have been found in Red Washed Ware (ware 2), Red/Brown Burnished Ware (ware 4) and Plain Ware (Ware 7). This kind of elongated pedestal is a hallmark of the Late Bronze Age. This shape defined as “fruitstand” in the Beycesultan publication, appears in Level III and it is abundant in the succeeding two levels60.
186Three different type of base have been recorded. The gently rounded bases (n° 227 Tavşanlı), the flat bases (n° 231 Güllühöyük, 232 Tavşanlı, 230 Tavşanlı, 229 Tavşanlı, 228 Tavşanlı) and the ring bases (n° 236 Akin, 234 Tavşanlı, 233 Tavşanlı, 235 Yakakayı). Sherd n° 231 is a typical string-cut base.
Fig. 26
- 61 Lloyd and Mellaart 1965: Level IVc: Fig. P.20: n° 9. They called it ‘feeding bottle’.
187The sherd n° 237 (Hacıkebir) is from a tea pot. A pot from Beycesultan (Level III) shows a comparable profile61.
N° 239 (Tavşanlı) is a sherd of a foot from a zoomorphic vessel.
N° 238 (Tavşanlı): Teapot.
N° 240 (Seyitgazi-Küllühöyük): Handle.
N° 241 (Tavşanlı): base, sieve.
Fig. 13
Sherds with pattern burnishing
188Decoration on the pottery is quite sparse in our corpus. Certain pieces have relief decoration either in knobs (n° 51, 108) or in “mustache” motif (n° 65, 67, 72). The motif on one piece is undetermined (n° 86). The incision/grooving is executed in chevrons, zigzag or straight lines (n° 243, 242, 167). Pattern burnishing is also attested (n° 125, 95, 115, 167, 21, 184). Most of the decorated pieces are only wall sherds which do not permit the identification of the shapes of the vessels. Knobs are situated on the exterior and on or under the rim. The “mustache motif” is always applied on the body, just under the rim (n° 56, 65, 67, 72). The pattern-burnished motives (Fig. 13) can be on the exterior (n° 115, 246) or on both the inside and outside (n° 125). Different designs are attested, such as horizontal strips of various sizes, vertical lines or strokes and chevrons (n° 245).
189The research demonstrates that the plains of Upper Sakarya, Eskişehir and Örencik-Altıntaş in the survey area were densely settled during the Second Millennium B.C. The mountainous areas which separate these plains and the rough terrain of the Bilecik province appear to have been rather much less populated. About half of the höyüks are not occupied in the Second Millennium B.C. And almost all of the sites of this time span were already settled during the EBA62. We can estimate that, on many of these höyüks, the habitation continues uninterrupted from the EBA into the MBA. New flat settlements are few. From all the above we can conclude that the Second Millennium sites in the region decreased in number and the ratio of the large-sized settlements increased in return, most probably due to the gradual development of urbanism. Thus, the settlement distribution pattern appears, more or less, to have continued from the previous period.
- 63 The mounds without EBA in the chart are the ones which didn’t deliver EBA material during the surve (...)
- 64 Efe 2003a: 92-96; 2004.
190The sizes of the settlements range between 0.530 ha. Out of a total 89 Second Millennium sites 7 belong to category 1, another 7 to category 2. Category 3 constitutes more than half of the sites (50) and category 4 has 25 sites coming second in the number of sites. Different varieties in sizes of settlements reveal the presence of a hierarchical structuring among them. It is quite probable that those major settlements, some of which – such as Yakakayı, Karapazar and Tavşanlı – have lower settlements as well, acted as political as well as trade centers within the area. Unfortunately, the interaction between these different settlement types remains quite enigmatic, at our present stage of knowledge. The actual status (city, large village) of these large settlements remains unsolved. As the chart of periodization of survey sites (Table 1) shows clearly63, these major sites with smaller settlements around them were already present during the EBA or even earlier in the Late Chalcolithic period. Continuation of habitation on many of the mounds around them can be taken as proof that the hierarchical structuring in the region continued without much change into the Second Millennium. This supports the premise that western Anatolian EBA local kingdoms eventually developed into political entities called “Hittite lands” during the course of the Second Millennium B.C.64. Now, only the excavation of major multiperiod sites like Porsuk II, Kayıköy, Bahçehisar, Tavşanlı or Hacıkebir, will allow for precision regarding the chronological sequences, regional differences in material culture and to witness the formative stage of the urban process throughout the Bronze Ages in the region.
- 65 Efe and Türkteki 2005. This pottery has been the subject of a dissertation by Fatma Şahin (Şahin 20 (...)
191The Late EB III pottery (The Transitional Pottery into the MBA) in the area from which the Second Millennium pottery developed has lately been investigated at Küllüoba65. The last phase (IIA) might already be dated to the beginning of the Central Anatolian Colony Period. This period could not yet be clearly defined in inland western Anatolia. Most likely, certain well burnished delicate pottery collected from the surface of Bahçehisar might also belong to this period.
192Three sites have so far been investigated in the research area in terms of the Middle and Late Bronze Ages: Demircihüyük, Şarhöyük and Seyitömer Höyük. The completely excavated MBA level (IV) at Seyitömer has given us a valuable information on the architecture and different material groups of the period. It has not yet been adequately published however. Demircihüyük MBA with four phases (I-IV) was investigated only in a limited area. Second Millennium pottery of Şarhöyük has also not yet been published. Since we here mainly rely upon the surface material, it is not possible to make a detailed analysis of the Second Millennium pottery of the region in terms of its development, local characteristics and interrelations with those of neighbouring regions.
193We can speak of two different pottery distribution areas in the research area: area 1 encompasses roughly the Eskişehir and Kütahya provinces (subregions I-IV) and area 2 the Bilecik Province (subregion V). The pottery of the first area display a parallel development to that of Central Anatolia from the Late EB III (Transitional Period into the MBA) onwards, although the pottery groups of both regions exhibit certain differences in wares, forms and stylistic features. The pottery of Altıntaş-Örencik Plains/Sub-region III, due to its geographical position, has also certain common characteristics with the Beycesultan type of pottery distributed roughly in the Uşak and Denizli provinces. The area 2 (Bilecik Province) appears to be bonded culturally with İznik-İnegöl areas in the west. The Gray Ware of this area is also attested in the northern Kütahya province (Sub-region IV) as an intrusion. Such pottery particularly characterised by its bowls with horizontal handles on the rim (with or without low pedestals) has lately been recovered at Seyitömer Höyük MBA levels.
194This study clearly demonstrates the archaeological potential of the area in the Second Millennium B.C. We need excavations especially on the large-sized mounds in each of the sub-regions to assess and evaluate the issues concerning the Second Millennium of inland western Anatolia from a broader perspective.