Bibliographie
Archival Sources
Algemeen Verslag van de Residentie Menado over 1849, in ANRI, Archives Residency Manado, inv. 51 (1851).
Algemeen Verslag van de Residentie Menado over 1850, in ANRI, Archives Residency Manado, inv. 51 (1851).
Francis, E. Rapport van den Kommissaris voor Menado, in ANRI, Archives Residency Manado, inv. 166 (c. 1847).
Gansneb Tengnagel, S.C.E.M.W. Beknopte nota betrekkelijk de Residentie Manado, in ANRI, Archives Residency Manado, inv. 168 (1848).
Grudelbach, J. Gevoelen over de topographische schetsen van den luitenant J.J. ten Siethoff, in ANRI, Archives Residency Manado, inv. 46 (1846).
Jansen, A.J.F. Aanteekeningen bij gelegenheid van een reis door de Minahassa, in ANRI, Archives Residency Manado, inv. 168 (1853).
Korte aanteekeningen. Korte aanteekeningen betrekkelijk de Menahasa, in ANRI, Archives Residency Manado, inv. 165 (c. 1853).
Pietermaat, Daniel François Willem. Jaarlijksch verslag van de Residentie Manado over het jaar 1829, in KITLV, Leiden, Collection western manuscripts, inv. 70. (c. 1830).
Siethoff, J.J. ten. Topographische schetsen van een gedeelte der residentie Menado, in ANRI, Archives Residency Manado, inv. 46. (1845).
Printed sources
Anderson, Warwick and Ricardo Roque. “Imagined laboratories: Colonial and national racialisations in Island Southeast Asia.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 49(3), 2018: 358–371.
Bleeker, Pieter. Reis door de Minahassa en den Molukschen archipel, gedaan in de maanden September en October 1855. Vol. 1. Batavia: Lange, 1856.
Bosma, Ulbe and Remco Raben. De oude Indische wereld 1500–1920. Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2003.
Buijze, W. “Multatuli op Ambon.” Over Multatuli 28, 1997: 16–22.
Douwes Dekker, Eduard [Multatuli]. Volledige Werken, edited by G. Stuiveling. 9 volumes. Amsterdam: Van Oorschot, 1950–1956.
Douwes Dekker, Eduard [Multatuli]. Max Havelaar, Or the coffee auctions of the Dutch Trading Company. [Translated by Roy Edwards]. London: Penguin Classics, 1987.
Douwes Dekker, Eduard [Multatuli]. Max Havelaar of de koffiveilingen der Nederlandsche Handelmaatschappy, edited and annotated by Annemarie Kets. Amsterdam: Prometheus, 1998 (first publ. 1860).
Fabian, Johannes. Time and the Other. How anthropology makes its object. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983.
Fasseur, C. “Onhoorbaar groeit de padi. Max Havelaar en de publieke zaak.” Over Multatuli 20, 1988: 41–54.
Fasseur, C. “Cornerstone and Stumbling Block: Racial Classification and the Late Colonial State in Indonesia.” In The late colonial state in Indonesia. Political and Economic Foundations of the Netherlands Indies, 1880–1942, edited by Robert Cribb, pp. 31–56. Leiden: KITLV Press, 1994.
Fragment. “Fragment uit een reisverhaal.” Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië 18(1), 1856: 391–432; 18(2), 1856: 1–38, 69–100, 141–160.
Francis, E. Herinneringen uit den Levensloop van een Indisch Ambtenaar van 1815 tot 1851: Medegedeeld in brieven, Vol. 3. Batavia: Van Dorp, 1859.
Godée Molsbergen, E.C. Geschiedenis van de Minahassa tot 1829. Weltevreden: Landsdrukkerij, 1928.
Graafland, N. De Minahassa. Haar verleden en haar tegenwoordige toestand. Vol. 1. Rotterdam: Wijt, 1867.
Graafland, N. De Minahassa. Haar verleden en haar tegenwoordige toestand. Batavia: Kolff, 1898, 2 vols (second ed.).
Haasbroek, N.D. Prof. F. Kaiser en S.H. de Lange in hun relatie tot de astronomische plaatsbepalingen van omstreeks 1850 in het voormalige Ned. Indië. Delft: Rijkscommissie voor Geodesie, 1977.
Hart, C. van der. Reize rondom het eiland Celebes en naar eenige der Moluksche eilanden. ‘s Gravenhage: Fuhri, 1853.
Henley, David E.F. 1996. Nationalism and regionalism in a colonial context. Minahasa in the Dutch East Indies. Leiden: KITLV Press, 1996.
Henley, David. Jealousy and justice. The indigenous roots of colonial rule in northern Sulawesi. Amsterdam: VU Uitgeverij, 2002.
Henley, David. Fertility, food and fever. Population, economy and environment in North and Central Sulawesi, 1600–1930. Leiden: KITLV Press, 2005.
Herrmann, K.T. “Eerste dagverhaal, september 1837–juli 1838.” Maandberigten vanwege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap 41, 1839: 104–108.
Herrmann, K.T. “Rapport over het burgerlijk bestuur in het district Amurang.” Extract Acten van het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap 1840, pp. 242–247 (Rotterdam: Wijt, n.d.).
Kol, H.H. van. “Vaderlijke zorg.” Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië, third series, 1, 1902: 985–990.
Kortenhorst, J. “Correspondentie van Eduard en Pieter Douwes Dekker.” Tirade 19, 1975: 599–628.
Lange, S.H. de. Verslag der reis van de geographische ingenieurs S.H. de Lange en G.A. de Lange van Batavia naar de residentie Manado en terug, van 23 Jan. 1852 tot 20 Maart 1853. Batavia, unknown publisher, 1853.
Lange, S.H. de. “Menado en Kema als vrijhaven.” (edited by G.A. de Lange), Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië, new series, 1, 1897: 667–707.
Lopez, Ariel C. Conversion and Colonialism. Islam and Christianity in North Sulawesi, c. 1700–1900. PhD thesis, University of Leiden, 2018.
Meulen, Dik van der. Multatuli. Leven en werk van Eduard Douwes Dekker. Nijmegen: SUN, 2002.
Perron, E. du. De man van Lebak / Verzameld werk. Deel 4 (edited by E. du Perron-de Roos, F.E.A. Batten and H.A. Gomperts). Amsterdam: G.A. van Oorschot, 1956. http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/du_p001verz06_01/colofon.php
[Pietermaat, D.F.W. et al.]. “Statistieke aanteekeningen over de residentie Menado.” Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië 3, 1840: 109–167.
Pieterse, Saskia. “‘I am not a Writer’: Self-Reflexivity and Politics in Multatuli’s Max Havelaar.” Journal of Dutch Literature 1(1), 2010: 55–73. http://www.journalofdutchliterature.org/index.php/jdl/article/viewFile/8/8
Pos, Arie. “De pen eens krijgsmans of een vreemde eend in Indie. J.B.J. van Doren en zijn Herinneringen.” in Een tint van het Indische Oosten: Reizen in Insulinde 1800–1950, edited by Rick Honings, pp. 85–106. Hilversum: Verloren, 2015.
Praamstra, Olf. “Het kastekort van Menado.” Over Multatuli 31, 1993: 44–54.
Resink, G.J. “Multatuli’s Minahassische.” Ons Erfdeel 22 (5), 1979: 748–749.
Rhijn, L.J. van. Reis door den Indischen Archipel, in het belang der evangelische zending. Rotterdam: Wyt., 1851.
Riedel, J.G.F. “De Minahasa in 1825. Bijdrage tot de kennis van Noord-Celebes.” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 18, 1872: 458–568.
Saks, J. [Pieter Wiedijk] Eduard Douwes Dekker, zijn jeugd en Indische jaren. Rotterdam: W.L. & J. Brusse’s Uitgeversmaatschappij, 1937.
Salverda, Reinier. “‘A Dutch Political Novel’: Max Havelaar in English.” The Low Countries 19, 2011: 280–281. https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_low001201101_01/_low001201101_01_0038.php
Schefold, Reimar. “The heroic theft: myth and achievement in Minahasa society.” in Minahasa past and present. Tradition and transition in an outer island region of Indonesia, edited by Reimar Schefold, pp. 22–31. Leiden: CNWS, 1995.
[Scherius, R.] “Eenige bijdragen tot de kennis en den toestand der afdeeling Gorongtalo (eiland Celebes).” Verhandelingen en Berigten betrekkelijk het Zeewezen en de Zeevaartkunde 7, 1847: 399–421.
Schouten, M.J.C.”Myth and reality in Minahasa history: the Waworuntu-Gallois confrontation.” Archipel 34, 1987: 119–141.
Schouten, M.J.C. “The Minahasans: eternal rivalry.” in Indonesia in focus, edited by N. de Jonge, V. Dekker and R. Schefold, pp. 116–121. Meppel: Edu’Actief, 1988.
Schouten, M.J.C. Leadership and social mobility in a Southeast Asian society: Minahasa, 1677–1983. Leiden: KITLV Press, 1998.
Schulte Nordholt, Henk. “Dekker, Havelaar en Bali.” Indische Letteren 2, 1987: 149–160.
Stuiveling, Garmt. “Een onvoltooid meesterwerk.” Over Multatuli 11, 1982: 95–111.
Veer, Paul van ‘t. [1976a]. “Multatuli in Menado: de weg naar Lebak.” Hollands Maandblad 18, 1976: 11–24.
Veer, Paul van ‘t. [1976b]. “E. Douwes Dekker over het Indisch strafrecht.” Hollands Maandblad 18, 1976: 25–30.
Veer, Paul van ‘t. Het leven van Multatuli. Amsterdam: De Arbeiderspers, 1979.
Wallace, Alfred Russel. The Malay archipelago. The land of the orang-utan and the bird of paradise. A narrative of travel, with studies of man and nature. New York: Dover, 1962 (first publ., 1869).
Warren, J.F. The Sulu zone, 1768–1898. The dynamics of external trade, slavery and ethnicity in the transformation of a Southeast Asian maritime state. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1981.
Washbrook, David. “Ethnicity and Racialism in Colonial Indian Society.” in Racism and Colonialism, Essays on Ideology and Social Structure, edited by Robert Ross, pp. 159–162. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1982.
Watuseke, F.S. “C. P. Brest van Kempen resident van Manado?” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 129(2/3), 1973: 350–352.
Watuseke, F.S. and D.E.F. Henley. “C.C. Predigers verhandeling over het plaatselijk bestuur en de huishouding van de Minahasa in 1804.” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 150(2), 1994: 357–380.
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Notes
Algemeen Verslag van de Residentie Menado over 1849; Algemeen Verslag van de Residentie Menado over 1850, Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia (ANRI), Archives Residency Manado, inv. 51. Also in G. Stuiveling (ed.) (1956) Multatuli. Volledige Werken, vol 9: 214–226, 226–227. According to this Algemeen Verslag, the previous annual report was the one about 1829 (Pietermaat, c. 1830; Pietermaat et al. 1840). There is however also an Algemeen Verslag about 1833 (in ANRI Manado, inv. 48).
Lopez 2018: 63–66, 117–119; Francis 1859.
Schouten 1998: 41–42; see also Henley’s article in this dossier.
For an overview of economic developments in Minahasa in the nineteenth century, see Schouten 1998: 53–74.
Douwes Dekker 1998 (first published 1860); Douwes Dekker 1987. An English-language summary and succinct backgrounds of Max Havelaar can be found in Pieterse 2010. See also Salverda 2011.
See Dutch Foundation for Literature, https://www.letterenfonds.nl/en/books/max-havelaar.
Underlining in the original document.
Douwes Dekker, letter to his brother Pieter, Manado, 15-1-1851, in Volledige Werken, 9: 109. Buitenpost refers to an administrative post beyond Java and Madura.
Particularly in Schouten 1987; Schouten 1998: 75–104.
Including the Volledige Werken (Complete Works) of Multatuli, edited by Garmt Stuiveling, which from now on will be referred in the footnotes as “VW.”
This is in accordance with the approach of, for instance, Stuiveling (1982: 96) and Van der Meulen (2002: 17).
Van ’t Veer 1976a: 11.
Van Rhijn 1851: 308; Douwes Dekker to Kruseman, 24-2/6-5 1851, in VW 9: 115. Underlining in the original. See also letter by Douwes Dekker, 15-1-1851, to Pieter, in VW 9: 105; Haasbroek 1977: 115.
Data disclaims the persistent idea that Brest van Kempen, later Douwes Dekker’s antagonist in Lebak and one of the central characters in the novel Max Havelaar, had had a past as civil servant in Manado. In his Naschrift (“Afterword”) to the text by Watuseke (1973: 352), Frits Jaquet provides the following data, found in the National Archives (NA) of the Netherlands: Verbaal 26 January 1853 no. 1: Indisch Besluit 26 August 1851 no. 1: “Two years’ furlough in the Netherlands granted to R. Scherius, Resident of Menado. C.P. Brest van Kempen appointed as his successor.” Stuiveling (1982: 108) notes that Brest van Kempen was in the Netherlands in June 1852. The brothers De Lange, who carried out geographical research in the Residency of Manado in the period March 1852–March 1853, had personal contact with both R. Scherius and A.L. Andriesse[n], as is evident in the acknowledgments in their report (De Lange 1853: 39).
This rapid succession of functionaries was probably an effect of the report submitted in 1853 to the Governor-General by the engineer S.H. de Lange (see De Lange 1897: 667).
Graafland 1867: 5.
Douwes Dekker to Kruseman, 24-2/6-5 1851, in VW 9: 196. Underlining in the original. The author clarifies his account with a rough drawing. The height of Mount Klabat is actually 1,995 metres.
See also note to Tine, October 1850, in VW 9: 101–102.
“Men is zijn God op bergen meer nabij,” actually the second strophe of a poem that had been conceived some years earlier, on Mount Salak in West Java. The same strophe, with some slight adaptations, is also included in Max Havelaar (Douwes Dekker 1998: 145).
General Report for 1849, in VW 9: 219.
Scherius 1847.
Short notes by Douwes Dekker, 14-8-1849; 20-8-1849, in the Memoriaal, VW 9: 82.
Korte aanteekeningen c. 1853: I5–I6; Van der Hart 1853: 160–161; Van Rhijn 1851: 301. About the Rijkschroeff family, see Bosma and Raben 2003: 166–167.
Memoriaal, 19-8-1849, in VW 9: 84–85.
Bleeker 1856: 31; Henley (2005: 167–174) provides a detailed and informative table about the numbers and composition of the population in Minahasa, 1568–1930. As for slavery, this practice was legally abolished in the Dutch East Indies in 1859. Although it had been formally abolished in Minahasa before 1820, in practice some families (in particular Eurasians) could keep slaves, as long as they had been officially registered.
See Fasseur 1994; Anderson and Roque 2018; Washbrook 1982.
Henley 2005: 170. About the reliability of Minahasa population data in that period, see Henley 2005: 177.
On party-throwing among Europeans and Eurasians in East Indonesian coastal towns, see Bosma and Raben 2003: 153, 163; Pos 2015; Van der Hart 1853: 145–152.
Letter to Pieter, 15-1-1851, in VW 9: 108.
After the surname of his wife Tine (Everdine Huberte van Wijnbergen).
Letter to Pieter, 15-1-1851, in VW 9: 112. Three palen is about 4.5 kilometres.
Graafland 1898, 2: 353–354; see also Resink 1979: 488. It is relevant that Graafland wrote these memoires several years later, when Douwes Dekker’s fame had already been established in the Netherlands, not just as a writer but also as a capricious and unashamedly atheist public figure.
De Lange 1897: 670.
Letter to Pieter, 15-1-1851, in VW 9: 110. Underlining in the original. The know-how about the Residency of some secretaries is evident from, for example, the report by Gansneb Tengnagel (1848), who held that function in the mid-1840s.
Letter to Kruseman, 24-2/6-5, 1851, in VW 9: 158–159. See also Idee 784, in VW 4: 506, among other passages.
Henley 2002: 45; Schouten 1998: 72.
Idee 705, in VW 4: 435.
Francis 1859: 277.
The colonial government had a monopoly from 1822 to 1899. Therefore, the Minahasa regulation lasted much longer than the much-discussed Cultuurstelsel in Java, that was in effect from about 1830 till 1870.
Letter to Pieter Douwes Dekker, 15-1-1851, in VW 9: 110.
Prediger (1804) in Watuseke and Henley 1994: 369; Wenzel (1825) in Godée Molsbergen 1928: 190; Pietermaat et al. 1840.
Memoriaal, 16-8-1849, in VW 9: 83–84; Riedel 1872: 561.
Schouten 1998: 48–49; Henley 1996: 34–37.
Memoriaal, 16-8-1849, in VW 9: 83.
Men were identified as dapoorman, dapoormensch (both meaning “head of household”) or boedjang (“bachelor”). Memoriaal, 16-8-1849, in VW 9: 84.
Notes in Dekker’s Memoriaal, 16-8-1849, in VW 9: 83–84.
Memoriaal, 16-8-1849, in VW 9: 83.
Schouten 1998: 30–31, 44–45.
Wenzel 1825, cited in Riedel 1872: 480–481.
This may have been the often-used perintah halus, “gentle hint,” which in reality was a command.
Wenzel 1825, cited in Riedel 1872: 480–481.
Memoriaal 10-8-1849, 11-8-1849, in VW 9: 80, 82.
General Report for 1849, in VW 9: 220.
Graafland 1898, 1: 89. The visits of whalers provided a distraction and contributed to trade; however, often this was pursued illegally. A crew on shore leave, and defectors, sometimes created problems for secretary Douwes Dekker (Du Perron 1956: 173).
Gansneb Tengnagel 1848, in ANRI Manado inv. 168: 8; Ten Siethoff 1845, in ANRI Manado inv. 46: 162; Schouten 1998: 86.
Francis c. 1847, in ANRI Manado inv. 166: 122–137.
See letters by Opziener J. Wilson (7-4-1832; 1833), in ANRI Manado inv. 106.
Schouten 1998: 88.
Fragment 1856: 94–97. Scherius also applied sanctions such as downgrading, for example in the case of the chief of Ponosakan. This man was however rehabilitated by a later Resident (Jansen 1853). In the 1820s, Resident Pietermaat suspended chiefs of Tomohon, Remboken, and Kakaskasen for extortion and abuse of power (Pietermaat c. 1830: 36).
“Aantekening van Dekker,” 17-7-1851, in VW 9: 213–214. Underlining in the original. Negorij (negeri) means “village.”
In 1853, De Lange (1897: 670) portrayed three of the opzieners, “of whom the first can barely write a Dutch letter, the second cannot write at all, and the [third] can scarcely write a Malay letter.”
However, this decision by Van Olpen (dated 10-2-1844) met with strong disapproval from his superior, the governor of the Moluccas G. de Serrière (letter dated 6-10-1844 in KITLV, western manuscripts, nº 70), and thus probably had little effect.
Gansneb Tengnagel 1848, ANRI Manado, inv. 168: 10–11; Ten Siethoff 1845, in ANRI Manado, inv. 46: 81–83; Grudelbach 1846, in ANRI Manado, inv. 49; Wenzel 1825, cited in Riedel 1872: 526–529.
Ten Siethoff 1845, in ANRI Manado inv. nº 46: 82, 135, 162–163.
Idem, p. 83. One gantang is about 3 kg.
According to Alfred Russel Wallace (1962: 234), Lodewijk’s father “was generally known as the king of Ternate.”
Bosma and Raben 2003: 349.
General Report for 1849, in VW 9: 225.
Ibid.
Note in Memoriaal, 13-5-1851, in VW 9: 208. The Dutch-language version of this Publicatie, as it is usually called, earned a place in various journals and books after Dekker had become a famous author. Text in VW 9: 201–205. It appeared for the first time in print (with authorship assigned to “Eduard Douwes Dekker (Multatuli)”) in the Soerabaiasch Handelsblad of 25-10-1878; then in Oost en West of 17-1-1879; and the Nederlandsche Spectator 26-4-1879 (note 141 by Annemarie Kets, in Douwes Dekker 1998: 377). This same version is included in, for example, De Lange 1897; Van Kol 1902.
Herrmann n.d.: 244.
A perception that has latently persisted, and which Fabian (1983) identified and analysed also among anthropologists in the late twentieth century.
General Report for 1849, in VW 9: 215–216.
Fasseur 1988: 45.
Publicatie, in VW 9: 203.
On the importance of rice in Minahasa worldview, see Schouten 1998: 21 and passim; Schefold 1995. Of all the foodcrops, rice was most valued and the first to be consumed (Herrmann 1839: 105). See also Henley (2005: 66) about the priority given to the consumption of rice and the postponement of delivery to the government.
Publicatie, in VW 9: 203–204.
Schouten 1988; Riedel 1872: 56.
Schouten 1998: 22–24.
“Groot[e] Bestuurde[r] te Batavia,” meaning “the Governor-General.” A similar reference is that of the “High Gentleman in Buitenzorg” (“Groote-Heer te Buitenzorg,”) indicating the palace of this supreme official. This reference occurs in the Assistant-Resident’s speech to the headmen of Lebak (West Java), one of the most famous excerpts from the book Max Havelaar. Various comparisons can be, and in fact have been, made between the two texts, including by Multatuli himself (Douwes Dekker 1998: 377; Van der Meulen 2002: 250).
See Schouten 1998: 56; Warren 1981.
Draft-letter to the Governor-General, 8-5-1851, in VW 9: 206–208.
Draft-letter 30-5-1851 to Governor General, 30-5-1851, in VW 9: 209–211.
VW 9: 210. These details (like in the previous note) were recorded by Edgar du Perron during his research in the Landsarchief (State Archives) in Batavia, in 1937 and 1938 (Du Perron 1956, 4: 171–173). Paul van ’t Veer (1979: 452) observed that many of the documents consulted by Du Perron were later untraceable in the Indonesian Arsip Nasional. See also Van der Meulen 2002: 245.
In missive Scherius to the Governor-General, 6-8-1851, in VW 9: 229.
Van der Meulen 2002: 283; Attachment to letter by Douwes Dekker to Secretary General of Colonial Affairs, 3-12-1853, in VW 9: 336–337.
VW 9: 271–273; Praamstra 1993; Buijze 1997.
Van der Meulen 2002: 350–352; Praamstra 1993.
Schouten 1998: 53–54.
Schouten 1998: 53; Douwes Dekker 1998: 69.
Letter to Pieter Douwes Dekker, Amsterdam 15-10-1853, in Kortenhorst 1975: 613. Jan was Douwes Dekker’s second brother. Semarang is a city in Central Java.
Van der Meulen 2002: 264–266; VW 9: 273–282; Schulte Nordholt 1987: 155.
As established in the Regeringsreglement (Government Regulation) of 1818.
The fourth edition (1873) – with notes – of this work, first published in 1862, is in VW 2: 183–298.
Van ‘t Veer 1976a, 1979; Van der Meulen 2002; Saks 1937; Du Perron 1956.
In Max Havelaar references to his stay in Manado are plenty (Douwes Dekker 1998: 73, 76, 77, 134, and so on, as well as in later added notes), but always in a superficial way.
Letter to Kruseman, 24-2/6-5 1851, in VW 9: 147. See also letter to Tine, 28-9-1859, in VW 10: 60–63.
Letter to Pieter, 15-1-1851, in VW 9: 111; Van ‘t Veer 1976b.
As his notes and letters (in VW 9: 49–240) suggest.
General Report for 1849, in VW 9: 225.
De Lange 1897: 674–686; Schouten 1998: 72–73 and passim; N.P. Wilken, letter 30-1-1856, in Archives Council for the Missions (presently: Het Utrechts Archief), inv. 34.6; Henley 2005: 279–280, 317–319.
Examples in Schouten 1998: 79; Lopez 2018: 48–82.
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