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Notes
Halbherr, Orsi 1888.
Sporn 2002; Prent 2005.
See Sporn 2002, pp. 348–356; Kotsonas 2024, pp. 3–5.
Kommos: Shaw J., Shaw M. (eds.) 2000 (pottery studies: Callaghan, Johnston 2000; Johnston 2000; Johnston 2005). Syme Viannou: Kotsonas 2024.
E.g. Coldstream 1973b; Watrous 1996; Johannowsky 2002; Anzalone 2013. See also Kotsonas 2024, pp. 16–19.
Xanthoudidis 1918. Followed by: Mulliez 2011; Zographaki, Farnoux 2011, p. 633; Farnoux, Kyriakidis, Zographaki 2012, p. 183; Gaignerot-Driessen 2016, pp. 228–229.
Marinatos 1936, p. 254.
Xanthoudidis 1918, pp. 25, 27.
Stissi 2002, p. 232 (cf. p. 239).
Xanthoudidis 1918, p. 28.
Xanthoudidis 1918, pp. 28–29.
Levi 1930–1931, pp. 81–82, fig. 30.
Levi 1930–1931, p. 82, n. 2 cites Levi 1927–1929, p. 420, fig. 555 for comparison.
See Kotsonas 2008, p. 210, type Bvii. Coldstream (Coldstream 1996, pp. 386–388) was the first to note the significance of the height of the lip for chronology, and I have revised and extended this scheme (Kotsonas 2008, pp. 205–211; Kotsonas 2011a).
Levi 1930–1931, pp. 78–83. Xanthoudidis (Xanthoudidis 1918, pp. 27–28) had previously drawn comparisons between the bronze weapons and the ceramic figurines of Axos and Dreros.
A cup found in the same box cannot be identified securely with the cup mentioned in Xanthoudidis 1918, p. 28.
Xanthoudidis 1918, p. 28. Followed by: D’Acunto 2002–2003, p. 56; Farnoux, Kyriakidis, Zographaki 2012, p. 181; Farnoux, Zographaki 2018, pp. 71–72.
Levi 1930–1931, p. 82. Cf. Prent 2005, p. 284: Early Orientalizing.
For Knossian comparisons of similar type, see: Brock 1957, p. 159, type K; Moignard 1996, p. 153, type D. The decoration is matched on a Knossian Orientalizing cotyle (Brock 1957, p. 133, no. 1542), but similar rosettes and ducks are also attested on aryballoi (Brock 1957, p. 182, pattern 14h and p. 185, patterns 17ae to 17aj).
See Tsipopoulou 2005, pp. 405–408, where the type is not represented. Cf. however, two pieces from Kavousi (Gesell, Coulson, Day 1991, p. 175, fig. 13.2: an Early Orientalizing date is suggested for one of the two pieces despite the Knossian Late Orientalizing comparisons. Mook 1993, p. 236, no. P2.176; Mook 2004, p. 177, fig. 12.12: J and K). Pictorial decoration is very rare on east Cretan vases, and occurs mostly on large pots, and not on aryballoi (Tsipopoulou 2005, pp. 499–503).
Levi 1930–1931, pp. 78–82; D’Acunto 2002–2003, p. 56; Prent 2005, p. 284 (with references); Farnoux, Kyriakidis, Zographaki 2012, p. 181; Farnoux, Zographaki 2018, pp. 72–73.
Individual pieces are possibly illustrated in Marinatos 1936, p. 265, fig. 68.
Demargne, Van Effenterre 1937, pp. 19–21.
Tsipopoulou 2005, pp. 61–62; Van Effenterre 2009, pp. 141–146.
Marinatos 1936. Also: D’Acunto 2002–2003; Kotsonas 2013a; Gaignerot-Driessen 2016, pp. 222–225.
Marinatos 1936, pp. 257–268. Also: D’Acunto 2002–2003, pp. 17, 39; Tsipopoulou 2005, pp. 53–54; Gaignerot-Driessen 2016, p. 225.
Demargne, Van Effenterre 1937. Also, Gaignerot-Driessen 2016, pp. 225–228.
Demargne, Van Effenterre 1937, p. 21. Also, Gaignerot-Driessen 2016, pp. 229–233.
Van Effenterre 1948.
Van Effenterre 2009. Cf. Tsipopoulou 2005, pp. 54–56; Rizzotto 2015, pp. 163–166.
Van Effenterre 1948, p. 37; Van Effenterre 2009, p. 154.
Van Effenterre 1948, p. 38; Van Effenterre 2009, p. 154.
Desborough 1952, pp. 260–262. Kanta (Kanta 1980, p. 133) dates tomb 1 to Late Minoan IIIC late, and Gaignerot-Driessen (Gaignerot-Driessen 2016, p. 231) to Late Minoan IIIC–Subminoan. Late Minoan IIIC and Protogeometric material from Dreros is reported in: Nowicki 2000, p. 173; Gaignerot-Driessen 2016, p. 223.
Coldstream 2008, pp. 234, 245, 257–258.
Coldstream 2008, pp. 234, 245, 257–258.
Snodgrass 1971, p. 164.
Tsipopoulou 2005, pp. 53–64.
Tsipopoulou 1987, pp. viii–ix, 9; Tsipopoulou 2005, pp. 25–27, 53; Tsipopoulou 2013, p. 133, where Coldstream is taken (incorrectly) to have included the pottery of Dreros in the “Eteocretan” style. For Coldstream’s view, see Coldstream 2008, pp. 234, 245, 257–258.
Dyhoux 1982, pp. 27–54, 112–118.
Whitley 2006, pp. 612–614; Sjögren 2006–2007.
Lebessi 1987, p. 158; Stampolidis 1993, p. 20; Stampolidis 1994, p. 141; Mook 2004, p. 173; Coldstream 2008, p. 476; Faraklas 2011, p. 41.
Kotsonas 2008, pp. 49–50 (notable ceramic correspondences between the two sites are identifiable only in the Protogeometric B–Early Geometric period), 237–242 (Knossian imports at Eleutherna). The dissociation of Eleuthernian pottery from the Knossian sequence is accepted in Coldstream 2008, p. 476. See also Kotsonas forthcoming.
On the ceramic links between Anavlochos and north-central Crete, see: Tsipopoulou 2005, p. 41; Coldstream 2008, pp. 251, 257; Zographaki 2012, p. 507. The links are confirmed by personal study of new material from burial contexts at Anavlochos (see the conference paper: Vasso Zographaki, Antonis Kotsonas, “Νέα στοιχεία από τον Ανάβλοχο Βραχασίου”, in Αρχαιολογικό Έργο Κρήτης, 3: Πρακτικά της 3ης συνάντησης, Ρέθυµνο, 5‑8 ∆εκεµβρίου 2013). For Early Iron Age pottery from Anavlochos, see also Pilz, Krumme 2011 and Zographaki, Gaignerot-Driessen, Devolder 2012–2013.
Coldstream 2008, pp. 260–261.
Whitley 2009, p. 276.
Eaby 2007; Eaby 2011; Perna 2011.
Gaignerot-Driessen 2016.
Zographaki, Farnoux 2011, p. 633. Note, however, that the architecture is assigned to the Protoarchaic period (Zographaki, Farnoux 2011, p. 631; Farnoux, Kyriakidis, Zographaki 2012, pp. 181–183).
Farnoux, Kyriakidis, Zographaki 2012, pp. 181–183; Zographaki, Farnoux 2014b, p. 106.
Lefèvre-Novaro et al. 2013, p. 15.
Gaignerot-Driessen 2014, p. 15; Gaignerot-Driessen 2016, p. 229.
Sporn 2002, p. 81; Prent 2005, pp. 283–284 (but see the hypothesis on pp. 460–461); Zographaki, Farnoux 2011, p. 631.
See especially Coldstream 1996, pp. 409–412, 414–420; Moignard 1996, pp. 461–462; Coldstream 2001, pp. 65–72; Coldstream, Eiring 2001; Eiring 2001. See the critical review in Kotsonas 2008, pp. 31–41.
See especially Mook 2004. Further literature is cited in Kotsonas 2008, pp. 236–239.
Cf. Kotsonas 2008, pp. 39–40; Kotsonas 2013b, p. 238. Also, Coulié 2013, p. 271. The aryballos found by Xanthoudidis is the sole piece of Orientalizing style, but it is imported from elsewhere in Crete.
The ceramic assemblage from the sanctuary on the west acropolis was considered to be an unfavorable starting point for analytical research on Drerian pottery. This is largely because of the complex excavation history of this context, and the selective representation of the ceramic repertory, which is heavily biased toward kalathoi, basins and ladles.
Xathoudidis 1918, p. 28.
Marinatos 1936, pp. 258–265.
Tsipopoulou 2005, p. 53.
Van Effenterre 1948, pp. 23–24, 59–64; Van Effenterre 2009, pp. 91–92.
Tsipopoulou 2005, pp. 57–64.
The exterior (but not the interior) surface of these vessels is smoothened, and occasionally preserves traces of dark slip.
Kotsonas 2012a, pp. 29–30 (amphoriskos: Tsipopoulou 1985, pp. 40–41; Tsipopoulou 2005, p. 59, no. Η∆2 and p. 358; Van Effenterre 2009, p. 129, no. 21. Body fragment: Van Effenterre 2009, p. 129, pl. ii, no. 3). I examined only the body fragment.
This impression is informed by the finds of the excavations I am co‑directing at Lyktos/Lyttos (see e.g. Kotsonas, Sythiakaki, Chaniotis 2021). For the macroscopic and petrographic analysis of a coarse red micaceous fabric, which is amply represented on Greek pottery from Syme Viannou and probably originates from the Pediada, see Kotsonas 2024, pp. 438–440, 456–458.
Haggis, Mook 1993, p. 277, fabric type XVI (Late Minoan IIIC) [cf. the comment by Peter Day in Coldstream 2000, pp. 466–467]. Cooking jugs with grooved neck, made in micaceous fabric, are attested at Kavousi Kastro from the second half of the 9th century BC (Mook 1993, p. 208).
Cf. Kotsonas 2008, pp. 236–237.
Van Effenterre 1948, pp. 23–24, 37; Van Effenterre 2009, pp. 94–95.
Tsipopoulou 2005, p. 55.
Xanthoudidis 1918, p. 25.
Xanthoudidis 1918, p. 27.
Abbreviations: H: Height; D: Diameter; BD: Base Diameter; RD: Rim Diameter; L: Length; frg(s): fragment(s); MFG: macroscopic fabric group; sf: semifine; f: fine; sc: semicoarse; c: coarse; ca: circa; max.: maximum. Measurements are given in cm. The description of fabric color follows The Munsell Soil Color Charts 2000 edition.
Erickson 2002, pp. 59, 61, especially nos. 61 and 67 (Afrati).
Callaghan, Johnston 2000, p. 259, no. 471 (Kommos); Erickson 2002, pp. 71, 73, no. 99 (Syme Viannou).
Cf. Erickson 2010a, p. 84, no. 121 (Eleutherna); p. 146, no. 327; pp. 157–158, nos. 352–353 (Knossos).
Coldstream, Eiring 2001, p. 78. Cf. Erickson 2010a, pp. 104–108 (Eleutherna).
Callaghan 1978, pp. 12–15; Coldstream, Eiring 2001, p. 82.
See, for example, Erickson 2010a, pp. 64–76 (Eleutherna), 122 (Knossos).
Apostolakou, Zographaki 2006, pp. 97–105. Many pieces are on display at the Archaeological Museum of Agios Nikolaos. For east Crete in general, see Brisart 2014.
Cf. Erickson 2010a, pp. 205–208, nos. 465–480 (Praisos).
Cf. Erickson 2002, p. 73, no. 99 (Syme Viannou).
Van Effenterre 1948, pp. 29–30; Van Effenterre 2009, pp. 110–116.
Kotsonas 2005, p. 160.
Mook 1993, pp. 35, 329, no. P1.93.
Zographaki, Gaignerot-Driessen, Devolder 2012–2013, p. 533, no. i.
Cf. Kotsonas 2008, p. 208, type Bv (Eleutherna, with comparisons from elsewhere in Crete).
Coldstream, Macdonald 1997, p. 213, nos. F.11 and F.14.
Cf. Kotsonas 2008, pp. 206–207, types Bii-Biii (Eleutherna, with comparisons from elsewhere in Crete).
Mulliez 2011; Zographaki, Farnoux 2011, p. 633; Farnoux, Kyriakidis, Zographaki 2012, p. 183; Zographaki, Farnoux 2014b, pp. 106–109; Farnoux, Zographaki 2018, pp. 71–72. The study of the figurines is conducted by Vasso Zografaki and is forthcoming.
Cf. Mook 2004, p. 175, fig. 12/10: A, E, F, L.
Kotsonas 2008, p. 206, type Bii (Eleutherna, with comparisons from elsewhere in Crete).
Kotsonas 2008, p. 207, type Biii (Eleutherna, with comparisons from elsewhere in Crete).
Kotsonas 2008, pp. 207–208, type Biv (Eleutherna, with comparisons from elsewhere in Crete).
Van Effenterre 2009, pp. 123–124, nos. 15, 15bis and 15ter (for the first piece, see also Van Effenterre 1948, pp. 63–64, no. D 38).
Cf. Tsipopoulou 2005, p. 134, no. 2385 (Late Geometric piece from Agios Georgios).
Coldstream 1996, p. 382, no. 76.2.
Cf. Van Effenterre 2009, p. 123, nos. 14 and 14bis (for the first piece, see also Van Effenterre 1948, p. 63, no. D 37).
Cf. Van Effenterre 2009, p. 94, fig. 34, no. 2 and pl. vi.1; Zographaki, Gaignerot-Driessen, Devolder 2012–2013, p. 532, no. a.
Mook 1993, p. 219, nos. P1.96 and P7.108.
Cf. Mook 1993, pp. 168, 210 (Kavousi); Day 2011, p. 282 (Karphi).
Palermo 1992, pp. 58–62.
Seiradaki 1960, p. 9; Day 2011, p. 282.
E.g. Coldstream 1972, p. 86, fig. 9.
E.g. Palermo 1992, p. 59, fig. 10.
Kotsonas 2008, p. 226, type C.
Coldstream 1973a, p. 39, no. H41; Moignard 1996, p. 452; Coldstream 2002, p. 63.
Palermo 1992, p. 66, nos. 140 and 142.
Johnston 1993, p. 349, no. 42.
Kritzas 2006, pp. 186–187, fig. 3.
Kotsonas 2008, pp. 217–226, types A and B (handles were shown to be important for the typology and chronology of the lipless basins from Eleutherna, but the examples from Dreros preserve no handles).
Kotsonas 2008, p. 220, type Aia, nos. A140β and A138.
Kotsonas 2008, pp. 220–221, type Aia, no. A151.
Day, Glowacki 2012, p. 118, no. N2 P12.
Haggis 2005, p. 133, no. 71.8.
Wallace 2010b, p. 30, nos. AYP 10 and AYPNE 10.
Palermo 1992, pp. 58–61, nos. 70–71 and 88.
Wallace 2010b, p. 54, no. RKES 2.
Mulliez 2011; Zographaki, Farnoux 2011, p. 633; Farnoux, Kyriakidis, Zographaki 2012, p. 183; Zographaki, Farnoux 2014b, p. 106; Farnoux, Zographaki 2018, p. 72.
On fine ware kalathoi, see Kotsonas 2008, pp. 216–217 (with references).
Cf. Seiradaki 1960, p. 11.
Day 2011, p. 274.
Seiradaki 1960, p. 11; Day 2011, p. 274.
Mook 1993, pp. 240–241.
Cf. the lip of type 2 kalathoi from Karphi (Seiradaki 1960, pp. 11–12).
Cf. the lip of type 4 kalathoi from Karphi (Seiradaki 1960, pp. 11–12).
Cf. isolated examples from Karphi (Day 2011, pp. 273–274, nos. K26.7 and K149.21) and kalathos types 3 and 4 from Kavousi Kastro (Mook 1993, pp. 240–241).
Day 2011, pp. 274–275 (Karphi); Tsipopoulou 2004, p. 115 (Khalasmenos).
Gesell 1999, p. 285 (with references).
Gesell 1999.
Callaghan, Johnston 2000, p. 232, no. 197; Johnston 2000, p. 219, no. 114; Johnston 2005, p. 357, no. 172.
Secondary burning is highly unlikely, since the animal figurines found together with the kalathoi hardly show any such traces.
Day 2011, p. 274. Contrast the kalathoi from the Late Minoan IIIC sanctuary at Kavousi Vronda, some of which do not carry any traces of burning (Gesell 1999, pp. 285–286).
Mook 1993, p. 335, no. P1.121; p. 402, no. P3.141.
Haggis et al. 2011, p. 60, n. 145.
Anzalone 2013, p. 231.
Gesell 1999, p. 286.
Day 2011, p. 274; cf. Wallace 2020, p. 86.
Haggis et al. 2011, p. 60, n. 145.
Rutter 2013, pp. 36–37.
Cf. Gesell 1999, p. 286.
Marinatos 1936, pp. 267–268, fig. 31; Tsipopoulou 2005, pp. 54, 411, pl. 105, no. H∆ (right).
Alexiou 1956, pp. 13, 15, no. 16; Coulson et al. 1997, p. 328, fig. 8:5; Gesell 1999, pp. 284–285, kalathos 3; Gesell 2004, p. 141, fig. 7.9; Day, Klein, Turner 2009, p. 38, nos. B3 P14 and P16. Also, Day, Glowacki 2012, p. 24, no. E2 P18; p. 122, no. N3 P7; p. 146, no. L1 P2.
Seiradaki 1960, p. 11, type 3; Day 2011, p. 274.
Lebessi 1985, p. 268, pl. 127ε; Kotsonas 2024, p. 153, no. P262, p. 222, no. P420.
Johnston 2000, p. 219, no. 114.
Platon 1945–1947, p. 64, no. 87; pp. 81–82, n. 1.
Marinatos 1937, pp. 283–284, fig. 7, upper left.
Rizza 2008, p. 135, no. H5.
Johannowsky 2002, pp. 42–44, nos. 294–298. Another piece is published as Late Minoan IIIC (Anzalone 2013, p. 231, no. 189), but need not be earlier than Protogeometric. Emanuela Santaniello showed me a recent find of Protogeometric date.
Kotsonas 2005, p. 224.
Hallager E., Hallager B. (eds.) 1997, p. 54, no. 73-P 0122.
Platon 1945–1947, pp. 81–82, n. 1.
Gesell 1999, p. 285; Gessel 2004, p. 141.
Van Effenterre 1948, p. 37; Van Effenterre 2009, p. 96.
Marinatos 1936, pp. 265–266.
Tsipopoulou 2005, pp. 510–511.
On the attestation of this decorative scheme across Crete, see Kotsonas 2008, p. 58. For east Crete, see Tsipopoulou 2005, pp. 510–511. For Knossos and central Crete, see: Brock 1957, p. 188; Coldstream 1992, p. 83; Coldstream 1996, p. 412. For Eleutherna, see Kotsonas 2008, pp. 44, 46, 50, 58.
Coldstream 2001, p. 70.
Cf. Moignard 1996, p. 434, oinochoai of types A and D, jugs of type A.
For the peculiar fabric and style of the vase, see: Kotsonas 2005, p. 761, no. I‑SK.7; Kotsonas 2008, p. 254. The vase is illustrated in Stampolidis 1996, pp. 60–61, no. 36.
See, for example, Coldstream, Catling (eds.) 1996, p. 115, no. 75.155 (Late Orientalizing).
For a closer Cretan imitation from Eleutherna, which is of Early Protoarchaic advanced/late date, see Kotsonas 2005, pp. 175, 527, no. AR.36.
Van Effenterre 1948, pp. 32–33, no. D 23; Tsipopoulou 2005, pp. 56, 406, no. H∆. 23; Van Effenterre 2009, p. 146, no. 44.
Tsipopoulou 2005, pp. 371–379, nos. H1997, H1993, AN1787, H1992, H697, AN 1786.
Palermo 1992, p. 73, no. 211.
Coldstream 1996, pp. 336–337; Coldstream 2001, p. 23; Kotsonas 2008, p. 92.
For a few Late Geometric–Protoarchaic pieces, see: Levi 1927–1929, pp. 370–371, fig. 487 (Afrati; the piece in fig. 580 is perhaps imported); Kotsonas 2008, pp. 97–98 (Eleutherna).
East Crete: Hall 1914, p. 99, fig. 54: Late Geometric (?) (Vrokastro); Tsipopoulou 2005, pp. 312, 366, no. Σ4084: Middle Geometric (Sklavoi in Sitia); Vogeikoff-Brogan, Kirkpatrick Smith 2009–2010, p. 95, no. 4: Early Protoarchaic (Meseleroi); Hallager E., Hallager B. (eds.) 1997, p. 217, no. 71‑P 1174: Late Geometric (?) (Chania).
Erickson 2002, pp. 59, 61, especially nos. 59, 62, 68 (Afrati).
On the Cretan kantharos, see: Coldstream, Eiring 2001, p. 80; Eiring 2001, pp. 97–98; Erickson 2010a, pp. 152–153; Englezou 2005, pp. 166–169, types 1 and 2.
Watrous 2012, p. 164, fig. 47:D9, pl. 40:D35–D36 (one of the last two is misspelled D38 in fig. 47).
Hayden et al. 2005, p. 48, fig. 80, no. 2360.
Erickson 2010b, pp. 316–317, fig. 9:2 (475–450 BC), with a less pronounced collared lip.
Cf. Kotsonas 2008, p. 208, type Bv (Eleutherna, with comparisons from elsewhere in Crete).
Central Crete: for Early Iron Age examples from Knossos, see: Coldstream 1996, p. 347, type Eii; Coldstream 2001, p. 63. For an Archaic one, see Callaghan 1992, p. 91, no. H3:8. See also: Kotsonas 2008, pp. 158–160; Wallace 2012, p. 58. East Crete: Mook 1993, p. 208. For a piece from Anavlochos, see Zographaki, Gaignerot-Driessen, Devolder 2012–2013, p. 532, no. f.
Haggis 2012, p. 159, with reference to fig. 43:C109.
The sherds in question are unpublished. They are numbered D272 and D273 and can be found in one of the three small crates of published and unpublished sherds from the French excavations at the cemetery of Dreros, which are kept in the archaeological storeroom at Neapolis.
Wallace 2010b, p. 40, no. KCM 75 (Kalo Chorio Maza).
Kotsonas 2009, p. 1052.
Tsipopoulou 2005, pp. 84, 91, 409, no. H702. Also, cf. a slightly earlier example, which is either an Euboean import or a Cretan imitation (Mook 1993, p. 199, no. P8.24).
See Kotsonas 2008, p. 208, type Biv for P78 and type Bv for P77 (Eleutherna, with comparisons from elsewhere in Crete).
Haggis 2012, p. 159, fig. 43:C104–C105. A bowl of comparable profile, which comes from a Middle Geometric context at Kommos (Johnston 2000, p. 216, no. 103), is considerably larger than the pieces discussed here.
Hayden et al. 2005, p. 50, fig. 102, no. 2113; p. 51, fig. 95, no. 2078.
Vogeikoff-Brogan, Kirkpatrick Smith 2009–2010, p. 95, no. 7 (the comparison mentioned on p. 91, n. 5 does not show the characteristic grooving).
Tsipopoulou 2005, p. 430, type a. Cf. a piece from Kommos, which has grooving on the lip, and comes from a Middle Geometric to early Late Geometric context (Johnston 2000, p. 216, no. 103).
Callaghan 1992, p. 91, no. H2:4 (Knossos); Callaghan, Johnston 2000, p. 251, no. 403 (Kommos); Erickson 2010a, pp. 113–114, no. 231 (Eleutherna); Haggis 2005, p. 131, no. 70.1 (Panagia Skali). For a late 5th century BC Knossian piece with grooving below a distinct lip, see Coldstream 1973b, p. 22, no. B6. A piece from Eleutherna (Kalpaxis, Furtwängler, Schnapp (eds.) 1994, p. 82, no. 19) is closer to the Protoarchaic type. For shallower Hellenistic comparisons, see Papadopoulos 2004, p. 158, nos. 58 and 61.
Erickson 2010a, p. 209, no. 482 (575–525 BC); p. 212, no. 504 (525–500 BC).
Erickson 2002, p. 73, nos. 94 and 95 (Syme Viannou); Erickson 2010a, pp. 84–85, nos. 120 and 122 (Eleutherna).
Kotsonas 2008, p. 154, n. 1157 (hydriae); p. 161 (oinochoe); p. 253 (jugs).
Kotsonas 2008, pp. 252–253 (with references). Also, cf. a piece from the cemetery of Dreros: Van Effenterre 1948, p. 36, pl. xviii.4; Van Effenterre 2009, p. 93, pl. ii.1 (erroneously dated to the Protogeometric period).
Tray D308 consists of two joining fragments that preserve full profile. For the location of this piece, see n. 176 above.
Marinatos 1936, pp. 267–268, fig. 31; Tsipopoulou 2005, pp. 54, 411, pl. 105, no. H∆ (right).
See Kotsonas 2008, pp. 220–221, type Aia.
See Kotsonas 2008, pp. 217–226.
Coldstream 1973a, p. 54, no. 38.
Day 2011, pp. 281–282, no. K44.7.
Van Effenterre 1948, p. 28, no. D 7; Van Effenterre 2009, p. 105, no. 3. Also: Desborough 1952, p. 261; Tsipopoulou 2005, p. 411, no. H∆7.
Callaghan, Johnston 2000, p. 237, no. 251.
Marinatos 1936, pp. 257–258, 265–268, figs. 22, 28.7, 31, 33.
Girella 2002, pp. 168, 185. Also: Kanta 1980, p. 285; Demetriou 1989, pp. 38–39.
Brock 1957, p. 162, nos. 59, 189, 1429; Coldstream 1996, pp. 376–377, type B; Coldstream, Macdonald 1997, p. 230, no. X1; Coldstream 2001, p. 59; Coldstream 2002, p. 214, no. 6.15.
Rethemiotakis, Englezou 2010, p. 152, no. Π30946.
Desborough 1952, p. 258.
Seiradaki 1960, p. 12, fig. 7:6; Day 2011, pp. 271–272.
Hall 1914, p. 110, no. 2; Desborough 1952, p. 260; Hayden 2003, p. 37, no. 64.
Mook 1993, p. 241, nos. P2.143 and P2.187.
Dawkins 1903–1904, pp. 220–222.
Kotsonas 2005, pp. 191–192, no. SK.2.
Johannowsky 2002, pp. 25–38; Anzalone 2013, p. 233, no. 197.
Prent 2005, p. 416, tables 6–7; Erickson 2010c, p. 230; Kotsonas 2024, pp. 526–532.
Erickson 2010c, pp. 230–234, 248, nos. 98–106; the profile of P92 compares only to that of no. 98, which is dated to the Classical–Hellenistic period.
Xanthoudidis 1905–1906, pp. 18–19, figs. 4–5.
Cf. Kotsonas 2008, pp. 207–208, type Biv.
Coldstream, Eiring 2001, p. 78; Eiring 2001, p. 97; Erickson 2010a, pp. 86–103, 133–147, 205–219.
Erickson 2002, pp. 59, 61, especially nos. 61 and 67 (Afrati).
Coldstream 2001, p. 37. Full references in Kotsonas 2008, p. 156.
Tsipopoulou 2005, pp. 371–379. For bracket ornaments (but not circles) on an east Cretan hydria from Vrokastro, see Hayden 2003, pp. 38–39, no. 71.
Tsipopoulou 2005, pp. 84, 87, 410, nos. H693 and H694. Add a fragmentary Geometric piece from Kavousi (Mook 1993, pp. 330–331, no. P1.99; Mook 2004, p. 175, fig. 12.10: BB).
Tsipopoulou 2005, p. 410. Also, Hayden 2003, pp. 62–63, no. 159.
Coldstream 1996, pp. 375–376, type Cii; Coldstream 2001, p. 51.
Van Effenterre 1948, p. 37, pl. xx.4; Van Effenterre 2009, p. 133, no. 26.
Cf. Brock 1957, p. 175, pattern 9g.
Johnston 1993, p. 347, no. 28; Callaghan, Johnston 2000, p. 249, no. 395.
Haggis 2012, p. 160, fig. 45:C125.
Cf. the foot of type 1 kantharoi in Englezou 2005, pp. 166–168. Also, cf. Watrous 2012, p. 166, fig. 48:D51 and D79 (the Knossian comparisons cited are not close). For a kantharos from elsewhere in Dreros showing ridges on the foot, see Zographaki, Farnoux 2014a, p. 790, fig. 10.
Coldstream 1973b, p. 36, no. F14.
Cf. Coldstream 1973b, p. 32, no. E18 (late 3rd century BC).
These ladles are indicative of the ritual character of the site (Zographaki, Farnoux 2012–2013, p. 659; Farnoux, Zographaki 2018, p. 73).
Brock 1957, p. 175, pattern 9i.
Knossos: Coldstream 1973a, p. 53, no. 30 (500–480 BC). Azoria: Haggis et al. 2007, p. 288, fig. 14:2 (500–480 BC).
Erickson 2010a, pp. 142–143, nos. 293, 303–304 and p. 151, nos. 333–334; Erickson 2010c, p. 229–230, no. 62; Callaghan, Johnston 2000, p. 261, nos. 483 and 485.
Erickson 2010a, p. 219, nos. 537–539.
Coldstream 1999, p. 325, no. O7; Erickson 2010a, pp. 218–219, no. 537 (also, cf. p. 146, no. 328).
Coldstream 1973b, pp. 41–42, no. 50; Coldstream 1999, p. 330, no. Q7 and p. 333, no. R34. Cf. an Attic import from Eleutherna (Erickson 2010a, p. 76, no. 104).
Callaghan 1992, pp. 108–109, no. H16:8 (Callaghan, personal communication, considers this the foot of a baggy kantharos of the last quarter of the 3rd century BC); Englezou 2005, pp. 60–61, no. 201.
Coldstream 1973b, p. 32, no. E18.
La Rosa, Portale 1996–1997, pp. 323, 355, no. 104.
Marinatos 1936, pp. 257–258, fig. 22 (middle); Tsipopoulou 2005, pp. 54, 411, pl. 105, no. H∆ (left).
Haggis et al. 2004, p. 362, fig. 17.5; Haggis et al. 2007, p. 251, fig. 6.9 and p. 282, fig. 29.9. Late Geometric (?) pithoi from the cemetery of Dreros show a less pronounced lip (Van Effenterre 2009, pp. 126–127).
Donald Haggis (personal communication). More distant comparisons are perhaps to be identified in the cups with low conical foot and one (instead of two) penannular grooves, which are known from Syme Viannou, are identified as products of a workshop at Afrati, and are dated to the second and third quarter of the 5th century BC (Erickson 2002, pp. 60–61, nos. 47–48 and 58). On the pottery from Syme Viannou, see Kotsonas 2024. For Knossian comparisons, see Erickson 2010a, pp. 141–143, nos. 294 (= Callaghan 1978, p. 8, no. 16) and 307; p. 145, no. 321.
Hadjimichali 1971, p. 204, no. 426.
Englezou 2005, p. 51, no. 125.
Englezou 2005, p. 103, no. 464; p. 107, nos. 497–498. Cf. Englezou 2000, p. 63.
The number of bases of ladles recovered is surprisingly low in comparison to the number of handles and rims.
Mercando 1974–1975, pp. 119–121 (bracieri); Mook 1993, pp. 190–191, 229–230 (scuttles); Francis et al. 2000, pp. 449–450 (ladles or braziers); Haggis et al. 2007, p. 260, fig. 14:8 (scuttle) and p. 288, fig. 34:1 (lekane); Allegro et al. 2008, p. 117 (braziers or ladles); Day 2011, pp. 275–276 (scuttles); Haggis et al. 2011, p. 60, n. 145 (lekanai, kalathoi); Anzalone 2013, pp. 231, 234 (bracieri). On the term incense burners, which has also been used, but has long been abandoned, see Day 2011, p. 276. For the use of the term ladles in the publications of the Cretan sanctuaries of Agiasmatsi and Kommos, see below.
Πυριατήρια: Andreadaki-Vlasaki 1985, pp. 16, 18, 24; Niniou-Kindeli 1995, p. 682; Niniou-Kindeli 2002, pp. 263, 266; Karamaliki 2010, p. 514. Πύραυνα: Tsipopoulou 2005, p. 259, no. Η4532; Sofianou 2006; Sofianou 2010, p. 180. Αρύταινες: Francis et al. 2000 (Greek abstract).
Seiradaki 1960, p. 12; Mook 1993, p. 190; Callaghan, Johnston 2000, pp. 232–233, nos. 196, 203–206; Hayden 2003, p. 54, no. 125; Haggis et al. 2011, p. 60, n. 145.
Karamaliki 2010, p. 514 (settlement of Agia Irini, Rethymno).
Allegro et al. 2008, p. 117.
Sofianou 2010, p. 180. Several pieces are on display at the Archaeological Museum of Siteia.
Vanna Niniou-Kindeli (personal communication).
The same applies to the pieces from a sanctuary at Gortyn (Anzalone 2013, pp. 231, 234). There is, however, contextual information on the pieces from the sanctuaries of Karphi (Day 2011, p. 276, with reference to the forthcoming publication of related material from the sanctuary at Kavousi Vronda) and Praisos (Sofianou 2006; Sofianou 2010, p. 180). For relevant evidence from settlements, see Karamaliki 2010, p. 514 (Agia Irini, Rethymno).
Cf. Georgiou 1986, p. 29.
Interior: P188 and P189 (which are perhaps from the same vase); lip: P160; exterior, including handle: P97, P137 and P134.
Cf. Georgiou 1986, p. 29; Mook 1993, p. 190; Day 2011, p. 276.
Marinatos 1936, pp. 259–260, fig. 23.
Francis et al. 2000, p. 450.
For an exception to the general pattern, see Callaghan, Johnston 2000, p. 281, no. 690. Peter Callaghan informs me that, before cleaning, some of the ladles from Kommos preserved a line of soot opposite the handle, which is perhaps indicative of a wick.
Niniou-Kindeli 1995, p. 682; Niniou-Kindeli 2002, pp. 263, 266. Most of the ladles from Tsiskiana are made in fine or semi-fine fabrics and preserve no traces of burning. The few coarse examples are very fragmentary (Vanna Niniou-Kindeli, personal communication).
Callaghan, Johnston 2000, pp. 291, 297, no. 915 (Kommos); Francis et al. 2000, pp. 450–451 (Agiasmatsi); Portale 2000, p. 81; Vanna Niniou-Kindeli (personal communication).
Niniou-Kindeli 1995, p. 682; Niniou-Kindeli 2002, pp. 263, 266; Vanna Niniou-Kindeli (personal communication). Note that the Minoan peak sanctuary of Vrysinas yielded braziers and bull figurines (Papadopoulou, Tzahili 2005, pp. 1048–1049).
Francis et al. 2000, especially pp. 440–441, 449–451 (with references). Add Portale 2000, p. 81. For examples from the Aegean Bronze Age, see Georgiou 1986, pp. 28–29.
Mercando 1974–1975, pp. 119–121, nos. 33–36 (Geometric settlement at Phaistos); Andreadaki-Vlasaki 1985, pp. 16, 18, 24 (Geometric burials at Gouves and Gavalomouri); Haggis et al. 2011, p. 60, n. 145 (Archaic settlement at Azoria); Homann-Wedeking 1950, p. 183 and Callaghan 1992, p. 101, no. H12.28; p. 107, no. H15.15; p. 121, no. H30.10 (Hellenistic domestic contexts at Knossos); Portale 2000, p. 81 (Early to Middle Hellenistic domestic context at Phaistos); Karamaliki 2010, p. 514 (Middle Hellenistic settlement at Agia Irini in Rethymno); Sofianou 2006 and Sofianou 2010, p. 180, figs. 4–5 (Early to Middle Hellenistic sanctuary at Praisos); Francis et al. 2000 (Hellenistic and Early Roman sanctuary at Agiasmatsi).
For Kommos, see the references in n. 267 below. Callaghan argues that, at both Kommos and Knossos, the change from coarse to fine fabric occurs in the Classical period (Callaghan forthcoming no. C6.10).
Francis et al. 2000, pp. 441, 446.
Cf. Day 2011, p. 276.
Francis et al. 2000, pp. 441, 446.
The quantity of ladles found at Kommos is considerably larger than the list of entries in the published catalogues, as explained in Callaghan, Johnston 2000, p. 237, no. 244 (many sherds in Temple B, which dates from the Geometric and Protoarchaic periods); p. 271 (many pieces also in Hellenistic deposits associated with Temple C). The sequence from Kommos is the basis for dating the ladles from “Edifizio A” at Gortyn (Anzalone 2013, p. 234).
Callaghan, Johnston 2000, pp. 232–233, nos. 196 and 203–206; p. 237, no. 244; p. 254, nos. 433–436; p. 264, no. 533; pp. 266–267, nos. 559–563, 567, 570; p. 272, no. 611; pp. 281–282, nos. 689–690, 709–710; p. 284, nos. 733–735; p. 287, nos. 775–778; p. 293, nos. 866–868; p. 297, no. 915. Also, Johnston 2005, pp. 381–382, nos. 272–273.
For the carination, see Callaghan, Johnston 2000, p. 254, no. 434 (4th century BC).
Francis et al. 2000, p. 440, figs. 13:50 and 14:55.
The development of a shallower form in the course of the 2nd century BC is also attested at Knossos (Callaghan 1992, p. 121).
Allegro et al. 2008, p. 117.
Francis et al. 2000, p. 440, figs. 7, 13–14.
P98 (from trench 8), which has a RD. of 23 cm, may not be a ladle.
Cf. Francis et al. 2000, pp. 440–441.
Marinatos 1936, pp. 267–268, figs. 31 and 33 (the central piece of fig. 31 matches P140); Tsipopoulou 2005, pp. 54, 411.
Tsipopoulou 2005, p. 448.
Day 2011, p. 276.
Cf. Francis et al. 2000, p. 441 (Agiasmatsi).
P112, P164, and P188 show grooves on the upper surface of the lip. Grooves also run on the upper body of P68, and the handle of P136.
Francis et al. 2000, pp. 440–441.
Callaghan, Johnston 2000, p. 266, nos. 559 and 563.
Allegro et al. 2008, p. 117.
Seiradaki 1960, p. 12; Day 2011, p. 276.
The date reported in Zographaki, Farnoux 2012–2013, p. 658 is revised here.
Erickson 2002, pp. 57–58, nos. 42–45 (Syme Viannou); Haggis et al. 2007, p. 255, fig. 84 and p. 258, fig. 11.6 (Azoria). Also, Erickson 2010a, pp. 99–100, nos. 173–183 (Eleutherna); pp. 139–140, nos. 287–288 and 293 (Knossos; cf. the larger jug base Callaghan 1992, p. 91, no. H1.15); pp. 179–180, nos. 414–419 (Gortyn).
Cf. Erickson 2002, p. 207, no. 465 (Praisos, 575–525 BC).
Erickson 2002, p. 73, nos. 97 and 99 (Lyktos/Lyttos); Erickson 2010a, p. 146, nos. 327–328 (Knossos).
Coldstream 1999, pp. 324, 328, no. O12.
Englezou 2005, pp. 206–207, no. 425 (Lyktos/Lyttos, third quarter of 3rd century BC); Rotroff 2006, pp. 69–71 (Attica, mid‑4th to early 3rd century BC).
Englezou 2005, p. 273 (especially pp. 86–87, no. 368, Knossos, 3rd century BC). For 3rd or 2nd century BC examples from Phaistos, see La Rosa, Portale 1996–1997, pp. 286, 354–355, nos. 31 to 31i. Note that P148 also shows some morphological resemblance to type Ia ladles.
Cf. Poulou-Papadimitriou 2008, pp. 49–50.
Erickson 2002, pp. 71, 73, no. 99; Kotsonas 2024, p. 110, no. P172; p. 115, no. P187; p. 245, no. 474.
Erickson 2010a, p. 147, no. 329 (Knossos, 400–375 BC); p. 219, nos. 543–545 (Praisos, 4th to 2nd century BC).
Erickson 2010b, p. 313, figs. 7.4 and 7.7–9; p. 315, fig. 8.4; pp. 324–325, figs. 15.5 and 16.4; p. 327, fig. 18.2.
A close match for the lip profile comes from a (Protogeometric–) Geometric context at Kommos (Callaghan, Johnston 2000, p. 233, no. 206: classified as lamp/ladle).
Johnston 2005, p. 361, no. 184. Cf. a 6th century BC piece from Corinth (Villing, Pemberton 2010, p. 570, no. 4).
Levi 1927–1929, p. 498, fig. 592‑D, form l (Afrati); Palermo 1992, p. 62, no. 115 (Prinias); Kotsonas 2008, p. 222, nos. A41α and A70 (Eleutherna). The development is indicated by a comparison of the pieces from Eleutherna and the example from Prinias.
Prinias: Palermo 1992, p. 76, nos. 237 and 238 respectively (also, cf. the small basin no. 121). Gortyn: Santaniello 2004, p. 455, nos. SOS/108–109. The development of this form in the Classical period is represented by Callaghan, Johnston 2000, p. 264, no. 534.
Callaghan, Johnston 2000, p. 262, no. 500. Cf. an Attic mid‑4th century BC import from Priniatikos Pyrgos with more squared lip (Erickson 2010b, pp. 326–327, fig. 18.10).
Cf. Callaghan, Johnston 2000, p. 258, no. 468; p. 264, no. 537.
Callaghan 1992, p. 96, no. H8.12.
Callaghan, Johnston 2000, pp. 254–255, nos. 433 and 449.
Mook 1993, p. 192 (Kavousi); Wallace 2010b, p. 42, no. KK 8 (Krousonas Koupo) and p. 53, no. RKES 4 (Rotasi Kephala); Day 2011, p. 307 (Karphi). Cf. Nowicki 2000, pls. xxii–lii.
Marinatos 1936, pp. 260–262, fig. 24.
Santaniello 2004, p. 456, nos. SOS/55, SOS 58 and SOS/5. For the similar profile of a Late Archaic basin, see Callaghan 1992, p. 91, no. H2.10.
Marinatos 1936, p. 247; Demargne, Van Effenterre 1937, p. 21 (Hellenistic).
On the gradual refinement of the fabric of some types of Aegean transport amphorae see, for example, Kotsonas 2012b, p. 202.
Xanthoudidis 1918, p. 27.
Erickson 2002, pp. 60–61, nos. 47–48 and 58; Kotsonas 2024, p. 96, no. P131; p. 99, no. P140; p. 168, no. P302; p. 170, no. P309. For Knossian comparisons, see Erickson 2010a, pp. 141–143, nos. 294 (= Callaghan 1978, p. 8, no. 16) and 307.
Kotsonas 2024, pp. 456, 469.
Erickson 2002, p. 73, nos. 94–95, especially no. 94 (Afrati). Also, cf. Erickson 2010a, p. 86, no. 130 (Eleutherna); p. 146, nos. 325 and 327 (Knossos).
Coldstream 1999, pp. 324, 328, no. O12.
Eiring 2001, p. 97.
Englezou 2005, pp. 171–175. Add Kalpaxis, Furtwängler, Schnapp (eds.) 1994, p. 84, no. K47 (Eleutherna).
Cf. Francis et al. 2000, p. 441 (Agiasmatsi).
Demargne, Van Effenterre 1937, p. 21.
Marinatos 1936, p. 247; Demargne, Van Effenterre 1937, p. 21.
Cf. Poulou-Papadimitriou 2008, pp. 49–50; Poulou-Papadimitriou 2012, p. 317.
Erickson 2002, pp. 53–54, nos. 19–27; Kotsonas 2024, pp. 494–495, fig. 4.5 (Syme Viannou). Also, Erickson 2010a, pp. 128–132, nos. 262–279 (Knossos); pp. 178–179, nos. 408–413 (Gortyn); pp. 213–214, nos. 510–524 (Praisos).
Marinatos 1936, p. 263, fig. 27.
Wallace 2010b, pp. 24, 30, no. AYP 27 (Kera Papoura); p. 47, no. KK 3 (Krousonas Koupo).
Mook 1993, p. 230, nos. P1.141, P2.206 and P3.70.
Boardman 1961, p. 118, nos. 519–520 (Hyrtakos); Stefanakis 2011, pp. 779–780, figs. 6–7 (Choumeri and Thrapsanos); Rizza 2008, p. 190, no. TH2 (Prinias); Erickson 2017, p. 228 (northwest Pediada).
Coldstream, Eiring 2001, p. 78; Eiring 2001, p. 97; Erickson 2010a, pp. 86–103, 133–147, 205–219.
Callaghan 1978, pp. 10–11, nos. 24–25; Erickson 2010a, p. 184, no. 434 (the piece is identified as a kantharos in Callaghan forthcoming, and Erickson concurs). Also: Coldstream, Eiring 2001, p. 80; Englezou 2005, p. 171.
Coldstream 1973b, pp. 40–41, nos. H30–H31 and H38; Callaghan 1978, pp. 4–6, nos. 1–9; La Rosa, Portale 1996–1997, pp. 309, 353, nos. 86 to 86b. Also, Coldstream 1999, p. 325, no. O4; p. 330, nos. Q1–2; p. 332, nos. R7–8.
Erickson 1998–2000, pp. 241–242; Englezou 2005, pp. 189–191.
Van Effenterre 1946, pp. 601–604.
Marinatos 1936.
Van Effenterre 1948; Van Effenterre 2009; Gaignerot-Driessen 2016, p. 231.
Structure 5 is the only structure of the sanctuary which has a fixed terminus post quem provided by ceramics. In all other cases, ceramics provide dates for the layers enclosed by structures, but these dates are not necessarily indicative of the time these structures were built.
The homogeneity of the material from trenches 9 and 14 is indicated by the cross-joins identified above.
The study of the archaeobotanical remains confirms that this is a secondary deposition (Moniaki 2020, pp. 316–318).
Xanthoudidis 1918; Marinatos 1936, p. 254. Xanthoudidis’s view was confirmed by the new fieldwork: Mulliez 2011; Zographaki, Farnoux 2011, p. 633; Farnoux, Kyriakidis, Zographaki 2012, p. 183.
Marinatos 1936, pp. 257–258, 265–268, figs. 22, 28.7, 31, 33.
Moniaki 2020, pp. 316–318.
Parisinou 2000, pp. 77–78, 93–96, 124–161.
Day et al. 2006.
Cf. Zographaki, Farnoux 2014b, p. 106 (cups).
Xanthoudidis 1918, pp. 27–28; Prent 2005, p. 301 (with references). This scholarship treats the East Terrace as the pronaos of Temple A.
D’Acunto 2002–2003, p. 56; Prent 2005, p. 284; Zographaki, Farnoux 2011, p. 631; Farnoux, Kyriakidis, Zographaki 2012, pp. 181–183; Zographaki, Farnoux 2014b, p. 106.
For the sanctuary on the west acropolis of Dreros, see above (note that the earliest material from trench 14 in the West Terrace pre-dates the construction of temple A); for Dreros Temple B, see Marinatos 1936, pp. 259–260, fig. 23 (the Classical lamp is the latest piece). Marinatos (Marinatos 1936, pp. 255–256) proposed that Temple B was constructed in the first half of the 8th century BC and certainly by 750 BC; the latter date is accepted in: Van Effenterre 1992, p. 89; Prent 2005, p. 285.
For Dreros Temple A, see above; for Dreros Temple B, see Marinatos 1936, pp. 257–260, figs. 22–23. Note the very different ceramic assemblage from the area west of Temple B (Marinatos 1936, pp. 257, 260–268, figs. 24–33), and the rare attestation of kalathoi and cups (and the lack of any basins) in the cemetery of Dreros, which largely dates from the Middle Geometric to the Early Protoarchaic period: Van Effenterre 2009, p. 105, no. 3; pp. 124–125, no. 16 (kalathoi); p. 136, nos. 29–30 (undecorated cups). Kalathoi were also found in another ritual context circa 50 m. east of Temple A (Zographaki, Farnoux 2014b, p. 109).
Marinatos 1936, pp. 257, 259–260, figs. 22–23.
Xanthoudidis 1918, pp. 25, 28, fig. 12 (only one handle is illustrated, but more items are referred to). The handle from another, early 6th century BC bronze vessel from Temple A was looted before the time of Xanthoudidis (Xanthoudidis 1918, p. 25; Mazonaki 1976).
Compare: Xanthoudidis 1918, pp. 27–28 with Marinatos 1936, pp. 257–260. See also: D’Acunto 2002–2003; Prent 2005, pp. 283–288; Klein, Glowacki 2009, pp. 166–167.
Xanthoudidis 1918, p. 26.
Xanthoudidis 1918, pp. 27–28.
Gesell 1999; Gesell 2004; Klein, Glowacki 2009.
The beginning of the Gortynian sanctuary is placed in the 12th century BC (Anzalone 2013), but I see reliable evidence only from the 9th century BC. Unlike Dreros Temple A, the Gortynian sanctuary did not produce any bronzes or archaeobotanical remains (however, the offering of agricultural produce is hypothesized in Anzalone 2013, p. 240).
Marinatos 1936. Cf. Sporn 2002, p. 83; Prent 2005, pp. 285–286.
Demargne, Van Effenterre 1937, p. 21.
Klein, Glowacki 2009, p. 164, n. 48.
Wallace 2010a, pp. 284, 331, 342.
Kotsonas 2011b.
Prent 1997; Coldstream, Huxley 1999; Kotsonas 2002; Kotsonas 2023, p. 135.
Erickson 2002; Erickson 2010a; Kotsonas 2024.
Haggis et al. 2004; Haggis et al. 2007; Haggis et al. 2011.
Archaic pottery has been located by the new fieldwork at houses near the agora (Farnoux et al. 2022, p. 5).
Callaghan, Johnston 2000.
Francis et al. 2000.
Sporn 2002, p. 83; D’Acunto 2002–2003, p. 57.
Note, however, the technological and morphological similarities between kalathoi and braziers from Karphi (Seiradaki 1960, p. 12; Day 2011, pp. 274, 275) and Kavousi (Mook 1993, pp. 191, 229–230).
Van Effenterre 1946, p. 603.
Guarducci 1935, pp. 84–86, no. 1.
Guarducci 1935, pp. 84–86, no. 1, line 48.
Jeffery 1949, p. 37.
Zographaki, Farnoux 2011, pp. 634, 638, 645; Gaignerot-Driessen 2013, especially p. 291.
Xanthoudidis 1918, p. 24; Marinatos 1936, p. 216; Demargne, Van Effenterre 1937, pp. 7–8; Van Effenterre 1992, p. 89; Zographaki, Farnoux 2011, pp. 627–628; Farnoux et al. 2022, pp. 7–8.
Xanthoudidis 1918, p. 26.
Van Effenterre 1992, p. 89; Zographaki, Farnoux 2011, p. 637; Gaignerot-Driessen 2013, p. 291.
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