1Industrial heritage is studied by specialists of various fields: architects, urbanists, geographers, historians, sociologists or economists. Many studies of the subject feature a holistic and interdisciplinary approach to the phenomenon due to the usage of diverse research methods. One such example is a publication edited by F. Merciu (2024) which presented a multifaceted approach to the study of industrial heritage by specialists from four fields: geography, history, architecture and sociology. The study analysed various forms of industrial heritage preservation in eight countries: Argentina, Brazil, China, Croatia, Egypt, Moldova, Portugal and Romania. The diversity of topics covered and perspectives adopted reflects the complexity of the concept of industrial heritage and its heterogeneity around the world, resulting from the different scientific and political backgrounds of the authors’ countries of origin (Merciu, 2024).
2Architectural researchers, for example, drew attention to the importance of identifying and valuing elements of the industrial heritage of Croatian port cities – Dubrovnik and Rijeka – and emphasised the importance of adapting post-industrial buildings to new conditions (Barišić Marenić, Pavlović, 2024). Chinese landscape architecture specialists, on the other hand, perceive this heritage as a cultural and tourist resource that can support the reconstruction of economically depressed Chinese cities, bringing economic, social, environmental and cultural benefits (Han, Zhang, 2024). The subject of industrial heritage is an inspiration not only for multidisciplinary books, but also for a variety of articles. For example, research by urban planners M. Sun and C. Chen (2021) focused on the impact of industrial revitalisation projects on urban regeneration in Shanghai. According to the authors, effective revitalisation of industrial heritage requires solutions that combine economic, social and cultural aspects, which may serve as a guideline for other post-industrial cities.
3In Poland, the topic is also widely studied by researchers. For instance, J. Dąbrowski (2017) – former head of Department of Monuments Protection, Ministry of Culture and National Heritage, drew attention to the misunderstanding of the value of industrial heritage and its treatment as the ‘inferior part’ of heritage. He wrote about it in the context of spatial management, pointing to four directions of change in post-industrial areas: revitalisation, restoration, abandonment and liquidation. According to the author, the last two directions ‘deny the right of the industrial heritage existence, declining any value of it’ (Dąbrowski, 2017, p. 147).
4The industrial heritage of Polish cities is also studied by historians and economists. E. Wojtoń (2010) analysed the industrial character of Sosnowiec against the background of its history, drawing attention to the fact that it is located at the intersection of important road and rail routes (the Warsaw-Vienna Railway and the Iwanogrodzko-Dąbrowska Railway), which significantly influenced the development of the center. According to Wojtoń, the growing interest in industrial tourism represents an opportunity for the development of post-industrial areas in Poland, and the income generated from it can be used to save further spaces. However, in order for tourism to develop, it is necessary to ensure that industrial heritage sites have a regulated legal and conservation status, and that the most valuable ones are entered in the register of monuments (Wojtoń, 2010).
5Polish geographers also have addressed the role of specific post-industrial sites by analysing their importance for the local economy, but also for social awareness. According to M. Dworak and P. Tobiasz-Lis (2016), the preservation of industrial monuments can showcase Polish technical thought from the past. Preserved industrial sites have cultural and educational value and help to shape the sense of local and regional identity of the inhabitants of the surrounding areas (Dworak, Tobiasz-Lis, 2016). The following article was also written by a Polish geographer and focuses on a spatial perspective of industrial heritage, examining the development of industrial spaces over time as well as the remnants of past industrial activity, with particular attention paid to the degree of their protection in the contemporary urban space of a Polish town, Grodzisk Mazowiecki.
6One of the most representative examples of effective industrial heritage protection in Poland is Żyrardów, a city of one factory – the Linen Industry Plant. The instance is especially interesting in the context of Grodzisk Mazowiecki, because of their location on the same Warsaw-Vienna railway line. Despite that and their close proximity, only 12 kilometers apart, the industrial development of Grodzisk and Żyrardów differed significantly, which is reflected in the space. The historic factory settlement in Żyrardów is considered to be the only fully preserved urban complex of an industrial town from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries in Europe. Żyrardów stood out among the industrial towns of the time with its modern urban concepts based on the creation of homogeneous spatial development zones. The main road connecting Mszczonów and Wiskitki was used as the axis separating the industrial function from the residential and service function, with a rich social program and planned urban greenery. Its heritage includes factory buildings, workers’ houses, villas, a hospital, schools, churches and the entire urban structure of the settlement. The first building in Żyrardów was entered in the register of monuments in 1962. The turning point came in 1979 when the urban layout of the settlement was entered in the register of monuments as the ‘Factory Settlement Complex after 1829’, which largely protected it from potential changes. In the 1990s, the City Council approved the Development and Revitalisation Plan for the Factory Settlement, designating zones of strict and indirect conservation protection. In 2012 Żyrardów was granted the status of a historical monument under the name ‘Żyrardów – 19th century Factory Settlement’ recognising its special artistic and cultural value and historical authenticity. In addition, the city is implementing a Local Revitalisation Programme, which aims to preserve historic buildings and give them new functions (Paluch, 2014).
7Research into industrial heritage is conducted by comparing not only cities within a single country, but also places with a similar industrial past located in different countries. An example of this is the comparison between Łódź and the textile cities of Great Britain. Due to the fact that similar processes of transition from the industrial phase took place in the United Kingdom several decades earlier than in Poland, the solutions applied there regarding conservation and adaptation of factory buildings for new functions may inspire further actions regarding Polish industrial heritage (Walczak, 2000). Sociologist and cultural studies scholar M. Rek-Woźniak (2021) also compared Łódź with Tampere in Finland. The author compared museum narratives describing the paths of both cities towards the present day, with an emphasis on how different social groups are represented in them (Rek-Woźniak, 2021, p. 73).
8Development of industry in Poland was a long-lasting, heterogeneous and uneven process, dependent on economic and political conditions as well as the level of technological development. Different branches of industry developed in various regions of the country, resulting in considerable diversity within Poland’s industrial heritage (Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa, 2017). This differentiation was strongly influenced by historical political divisions, particularly the period of the partitions of Poland, when the territories under Prussian, Austrian and Russian rule followed different economic policies and industrialization paths.
9The spatial diversity of industrial development in Poland can be also interpreted through the lens of classical theories of industrial location. Alfred Weber, based on his own research as well as earlier works by other scholars, including Wilhelm Launhardt, formulated the first coherent theory of industrial location. This theory assumed that the most advantageous location for a company is the place where the costs of its operation are the lowest. According to Weber, an entrepreneur chooses a location for a plant that minimizes the costs of transport. In later analyses he also considered the role of labor costs and agglomeration economies resulting from the concentration of many industrial enterprises in one area (Gaebe, 1998, cited in Czerny, 2005). Over time, the development of new theories of industrial location increasingly relied on market theory. According to this approach, the choice of location was determined primarily by market conditions, particularly opportunities for selling products. One of the main representatives of this perspective was A. Lösch, who linked the theory of location with the theory of cities and economic regions (Czerny, 2005).
10These theoretical concepts can help explain the spatial development of industry in Poland during the 19th century. The industrialization of the country was closely connected with the location and development of urban centers along important transportation routes, particularly railways. One such example is Grodzisk Mazowiecki, located 30 kilometers southwest of Warsaw, which was connected to the capital by the first section of the Warsaw-Vienna Railway on June 14, 1845 (Barański, 1989). This line was also the first railway in central Poland. Grodzisk Mazowiecki had already been granted municipal rights in 1522; however, it was the railway connection with the east and west that stimulated the town’s development. Initially, it functioned as a transshipment point for building materials, later as a holiday resort, and eventually as an industrial center (Stawarz, 1987). In addition to having a railway station and being located near Warsaw, the town’s attractiveness for manufacturing was also influenced by the capital’s large consumer market, the availability of cheap labor, and relatively low land prices (Gryciuk, 1989).
11Despite its many advantages, industry appeared in the town relatively late – the first factory on what was then the outskirts of Grodzisk, in Wólka Grodziska, was established in 1881. It was the joint-stock company “Chr. Hempel, Widow and Son”, commonly known as “tasiemkowa” (ribbon factory), which produced colored cotton ribbons and, in later years, also doormats and runners. One of the reasons for Grodzisk’s delayed industrialization, compared to other centers in the Mazovia region, such as Skierniewice or Żyrardów, was the town’s neglect, exacerbated by the loss of its municipal rights in 1870 by order of the Russian occupying authorities. Already in 1885, a second factory was established in the town – the chemical plant “Krell & Co.”, which produced acetic acid and essence, and was commonly referred to as “octówka” (vinegar factory) (Stawarz, 1987).
12Industrial development of Grodzisk Mazowiecki was not linear. It was disturbed due to pounding during world wars. The true flowering of industrial plants in town took place in the Polish People’s Republic period (1945-1989). Due to ideologically driven, state-controlled industrial development under communism in Poland, many cities, including Grodzisk, became industrialized. Nowadays, there are three industrial zones in the Grodzisk Mazowiecki municipality, all of which are located in the northern side of the town (Stawarz, 2018). However, there are no studies covering the subject of layout of industrial plants in Grodzisk before the political transformation in 1989. In the studies produced so far, the topic of the location of industrial activity in the town has been addressed only rarely and was limited solely to identifying the addresses of former industrial plants. The issue of changes in the development of industrial and post-industrial areas in Grodzisk Mazowiecki during the Third Polish Republic (since 1989) has also not been explored. The condition of remnants of former industrial activity in the contemporary urban space has not been analyzed as well. The topic of individual post-industrial sites has been mentioned in books describing the history of Grodzisk, but a comprehensive and summarizing study has been lacking. This paper was created to fill that gap. Industry once constituted a key sector of the town’s economy. Therefore, it is worth examining the spatial remnants of this significant period in the history of Grodzisk Mazowiecki.
13The aim of the study was to identify the areas where the industrial plants established between 1881 – the year the first plant was established in the town – and 1989 – the political transformation in Poland – in Grodzisk Mazowiecki were functioning and to identify the remains of them preserved in the contemporary space of the town. The research examined the area within the present-day boundaries of Grodzisk Mazowiecki, including former villages – Jordanowice, Wólka Grodziska and Nowy Grodzisk, embodied into the town in 1915. The research was based on an analysis of old maps and plans, such as Military Geographical Institute’s map from 1933, maps of the General Staff of the Polish Army from 1956 and 1984, German map of the Russian Poland from 1911 and 1914, as well as a zonal plan of the city from 1935, archival photographs, comparing them with the contemporary space of Grodzisk on maps, orthophotomap and BDOT10k database as well as photographs taken during field studies.
14The oldest maps showing industrial activity in Grodzisk were published in the beginning of 20th century. However, they do not show many plants mentioned in written sources. In 1903 there were 9 plants functioning in the examined area (Misztal, 1962). The German map of Russian Poland from 1911 shows only the “tasiemkowa” plant in Wólka Grodziska and a brickfield in Jordanowice (The Central Archives of Historical Records call no. 529-119). The majority of plants in town were small workshops employing few workers (Misztal, 1962). For example, a grease manufacture “Jasiński B. & Co.” in 1902 employed only four workers (Zugaj, 2022). Thus, the lack of many plants on maps might have been caused by their workshop-like character.
15Figure 1 presents location and its change of industrial plants in Grodzisk Mazowiecki in 1914, 1933, 1956, 1984 and 2025. The study revealed that during the examined period, industrial areas in the town were predominantly located on the northern side of the tracks of the former Warsaw-Vienna Railway. However, the prevalence wasn’t as vivid as nowadays. The number of plants differs depending on the approach. When each plant is considered as a single entity, regardless of its function, there were 10 plants on the northern side of the railway and 8 on the southern side. However, when each change in specialization and name is treated as a separate plant, there were 14 on the northern side and 9 on the southern. The northern part was more attractive for industrial development due to its less dense buildings, as the railway was constructed north of the original town.
16The area on the south side of the railway is 9.5 square kilometers while the area on the northern side was only 3.7 square kilometers. In spite of the fact that the northern part is almost three times smaller, the industrial plants there covered 28.7 ha while plants on the other side less than half as much – only 12.4 ha. Based on an analysis of old maps, the highest concentration of industrial areas is located close to railway tracks and main roads. It is also important to note that industry was located near rivers. This played an important role in the functioning of plants, since one of the serious problems of Grodzisk at the beginning of the 20th century was the lack of a water and sewage system. The river was therefore used to discharge factory sewage (Dymek, 1989). Directly next to Mrowna River, which runs through the western part of the town, there were factories: “tasiemkowa”, “octówka” (later: Zakłady Chemiczne “Grodzisk” (Grodzisk Chemical Factory) and GZF (“Polfa”), Haeberle’s abrasives factory, later Fabryka Tarcz Ściernych “Słoń” (Elephant Abrasive Disc Factory) and Hordliczki’s cardboard factory (later “Natalin” Tannery). Near the Rokicianka River, flowing in the central part of the town, there were the Grodzisk Industrial Plants (later the Grodzisk Radiator Factory) and a concrete plant.
Figure 1. Industrial areas of Grodzisk Mazowiecki in 1914, 1933, 1956, 1984 and 2025 based on old maps and BDOT10k database on a contemporary base map.
Source: own elaboration based on: Gruppe Nowogeorgijewßk–Sergrshe–Warschau (1914), Mapa Szczegółowa Polski (1933), N-34-138-C-a (Grodzisk Mazowiecki) (1956), N-34-138-C-a (Grodzisk Mazowiecki) (1984), N-34-138-C-b (Brwinów) (1956), N-34-138-C-b (Brwinów) (1984).
17Although old maps and plans constitute a valuable source of information on spatial changes, relying solely on such materials may result in an incomplete understanding. Moreover, beyond cartographic generalization, the omission of certain elements was at times intentional. A common phenomenon, especially during the communist era, was the censorship of strategic objects such as ports, railway tracks, military training grounds but also industrial plants (Konopska, 2007). In order to obtain more accurate results, the analysis should be expanded. Inclusion of other sources and determining location of the plants not shown on old maps could change the ratio of the number of plants on both sides of the tracks.
18Vast majority of industrial areas of 1881-1989 in Grodzisk Mazowiecki is no longer a place of production. On the southern side of the former Warsaw–Vienna Railway tracks, all areas have been converted into residential, recreational, service, or cultural zones. On the northern side, however, most areas have retained their industrial function, although the structure of production has changed, particularly following the political changes of 1989. In contemporary Grodzisk Mazowiecki, several places also testify to its rich industrial history.
19In spite of many functional changes of post-industrial areas in Grodzisk Mazowiecki not all of the industrial buildings of 1881-1989 period were dissolved. The preservation of such objects can vary in scale and form. Sometimes an entire complex can be preserved, while in other cases only individual elements of it remain. The research shown that in contemporary urban space of Grodzisk Mazowiecki there are 50 of such objects: 14 warehouses, 9 production buildings, 7 offices, 5 outbuildings, 3 villas, 2 workers’ housing blocks, 2 heat and power plants and 8 other buildings. Thanks to the documentation and inclusion in the Register and the record of monuments the most valuables of them can still be part of the town’s landscape. In the Register and the record of monuments, there are eight buildings listed that remain as relics of Grodzisk’s former industrial activity of 1881-1989 period.
20Figure 2 shows identified remnants of the 1881-1989 industry preserved in contemporary urban space of Grodzisk Mazowiecki. On the northern side of the former Warsaw-Vienna railway number of them are bigger than on the southern side. The buildings have been particularly well preserved in areas where the original function has remained. In all six areas which are still a place of production there were some remnants of the examined period identified. From twelve post-industrial spaces, which are no longer a place of production, only in five of them some architectural remains of former industrial activity were found. In places whose function has changed there remained objects almost exclusively included in the Register and the record of monuments.
Figure 2. Industrial remnants of 1881-1989 period in contemporary urban space of Grodzisk Mazowiecki.
Source: own elaboration based on: Gruppe Nowogeorgijewßk–Sergrshe–Warschau (1914), Mapa Szczegółowa Polski (1933), N-34-138-C-a (Grodzisk Mazowiecki) (1956), N-34-138-C-a (Grodzisk Mazowiecki) (1984), N-34-138-C-b (Brwinów) (1956), N-34-138-C-b (Brwinów) (1984), field studies, https://www.openstreetmap.org/ (accessed 20 May 2025) and BDOT10k database.
21The majority of the identified remnants were warehouses and production and office buildings. Besides buildings there are also other forms of industrial heritage present in urban space of the town, one of which are names of the streets. In Grodzisk there are: Cegielniana (Brickfield Street), Garbarska (Tannery Street) and Fabryczna (Factory Street) on the northern side of the former Warsaw-Vienna railway and Przemysłowa (Industrial Street) on the southern side. The industrial past of the town was also saved in urban space in the form of memorial plate and monument located in the place of former “Natalin” tannery, where on September 20th 1939 eleven of Grodzisk residents were executed by German forces during the early days of World War II (Cabanowski, 2005).
22There are only two remnants of the first plant in town – so called “tasiemkowa” – which was preserved in contemporary Grodzisk Mazowiecki. One of them is the house of Hempel’s family, founder of the “tasiemkowa”, built in the last decade of the 19th century (Lasek 2012). After the Second World War the County Office for Public Security was functioning in the building, where people considered enemies of the Soviet authorities were detained and interrogated (Nowacki, 2019). It later housed the local association of the blind and was subsequently used as a kindergarten. In the 1990s, it was converted into municipal housing, and maintains this function to this day. Its poor state of preservation is the result of many years of neglect and the absence of any maintenance or repair work. Next to the house there was a gatehouse shown on Figure 3. Objects have been included in the Register and the record of monuments (Lasek, 2012).
Figure 3. Hempel’s family house and gatehouse in modern-day space of town.
Source: own elaboration, taken in March and May 2025.
23Next to the “tasiemkowa” plant there was “octówka” factory owned by Krell and Co. Three buildings from that time have survived to the present day. These are two factory blocks, which once served as residences for lower-level workers, and the “Bajka” villa – the home of the factory management and owners, shown on Figure 4. All three are included in the record of monuments, but are not listed in the Register of monuments. The blocks, built at the beginning of the 20th century, are still used for residential purposes, and their condition has been assessed as satisfactory. Built at the end of the 19th century, “Bajka” villa currently serves as an office for the Polish branch of the Hungarian company Gedeon Richter, and its condition has been assessed as good (Kozłowska, 2021). In 1920, the Grodzisk Chemical Plant was established on the site of the first two factories in Grodzisk. A fragment of the factory wall has been preserved from this chapter in the history of chemical production in the town.
Figure 4. “Octówka’s” workers’ blocks and “Bajka” villa.
Source: own elaboration, taken in May 2025.
24In the area currently owned by Gedeon Richter Polska, in addition to the “Bajka” villa, there are ten other structures dating from the period 1881-1989, including office and production buildings, outbuildings, a heat and power plant, and warehouses. In one of them shown in Figure 5 a memorial room dedicated to the former “octówka”, Zakłady Chemiczne “Grodzisk”, and GZF “Polfa” was established, displaying archival photographs, posters, press, laboratory glassware and a 1924 plan of the factory. On the grounds of “Gedeon”, traces of industrial activity from the period under study can also be seen in the form of a disused, partially demolished railway siding. Industrial activity has been carried out almost continuously since 1881 at the site of the first plants. Thanks to the preservation of its original function and the Hungarian company’s desire to cultivate tradition, it is now one of the best-preserved areas of industrial heritage in the city, both in terms of its material and functional aspects.
Figure 5. Former GZF Polfa’s office building in contemporary Grodzisk Mazowiecki and exhibits of the memorial room located there.
Source: own elaboration, taken in February 2025.
25Many industrial areas from the period 1881-1989 no longer serve a manufacturing function today. The change in function often resulted in the demolition of old factory buildings. The only building remaining from the Haeberle abrasives factory in today’s city space is the office and residential building constructed in 1897, known as Haeberle’s villa, shown in Figure 6. Between 1910 and 1912, the villa underwent reconstruction, and then, during the period when the Fabryka Tarcz Ściernych operated there (1946-2014), the building fell into disrepair and today, despite being listed in the Register of monuments, it is in very poor condition. It is currently located in the center of the Diamentowe Housing Estate. Its owner is the developer EBB Nieruchomości, which plans to revitalize the villa in order to restore its former glory, adapt it to contemporary needs and preserve the cultural heritage of the city. The building is to serve as a residential and commercial facility or only commercial facility. Apart from Haeberle’s villa, no other building in this area has survived to testify to the manufacturing activity that once took place there. All other industrial buildings, including the production halls were demolished in the 21st century.
Figure 6. Haeberle’s villa.
Source: own elaboration, taken in November 2024 and February 2025.
26The Cultural Center in Grodzisk Mazowiecki organizes regular historical walks. Although none of them focus exclusively on the town’s industrial heritage, the guide, Łukasz Nowacki, discusses events from Grodzisk’s industrial past. The walk “Grodzisk – a City of Many Religions” highlights the multiculturalism of the town’s inhabitants, including workers and factory owners at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. During the walk, participants can visit the memorial rooms at the headquarters of Gedeon Richter Polska and the Volunteer Fire Department. Other points of interest related to industrial heritage include the workers’ blocks at the former “octówka” factory and the Haeberle’s villa.
27Industrial heritage is currently a subject of interest of specialists of various fields. That, combined with local initiatives, is causing greater recognition of its value, also in Poland. The protection of this kind of heritage can take various forms, from adapting the buildings for new uses to preserving their original production function.
28The industrial heritage of Polish cities is characterized by great diversity, resulting from the uneven and heterogeneous development of individual regions of the country. Unfortunately, the protection of these sites often proves to be insufficient. The condition of industrial buildings in Poland is described as alarmingly poor, with the main problem being the progressive loss of their utility value (Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa, 2017).
29The development of industry in Grodzisk Mazowiecki in the years 1881-1989, as in many other cities in Poland, was related to its convenient location along important transport routes, both road and rail. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Grodzisk developed as an industrial center with a diverse range of specializations, and since the 1950s, industry has been the most important and strongest sector of its economy.
30An analysis of old maps showed that industrial areas in Grodzisk Mazowiecki prevailed in the years under study, both in terms of number and area, on the northern side of the former Warsaw-Vienna Railway tracks. However, the prevalence was not as vivid as it is today. The northern part was more attractive for industrial development due to its less dense buildings, as the railway was constructed south of the original town. Eighteen industrial areas were identified in the years 1881-1989, including 10 on the north side of the railway tracks and 8 on the south side. Of all these areas, only 6 have retained their manufacturing function to this day, all of which are located north of the tracks. On the south side of the railway tracks, all areas have changed their function to residential, recreational, service, or cultural. On the north side of the tracks, significantly more industrial buildings from the period 1881-1989 have been preserved than on the south side, and the buildings in areas whose function has remained unchanged are particularly well preserved. Of the 12 areas where industry no longer operates, only 5 have preserved architectural remnants. Most of them are warehouses, production and office buildings. In places where the function of the area has been changed, almost only buildings included in the Register and the record of monuments have remained. There are 8 post-industrial buildings covered by this form of protection in Grodzisk.
31In addition to buildings, other forms of industrial heritage in Grodzisk Mazowiecki are also visible, such as unused railway sidings. Another way of preserving the industrial past of the town is by naming streets after former manufacturing activities. Such streets in Grodzisk include: Cegielniana (Brickfield Street), Garbarska (Tannery Street) and Fabryczna (Factory Street) on the northern side of the former Warsaw-Vienna railway and Przemysłowa (Industrial Street) on the southern side. The industrial past has also been preserved in the form of commemorations of events important to the history of the town, such as a monument and a plaque at the site of the former “Natalin” tannery, commemorating the execution of eleven Grodzisk residents on September 20th 1939.
32In spite of many remnants of industrial heritage from 1881-1989 preserved in the contemporary space of Grodzisk Mazowiecki, a lot of valuable places were lost and others are in bad condition. The objects like Haeberle’s villa should be revitalized in order to restore its former glory, adapting it to contemporary needs, and contributing to the preservation of the city’s cultural heritage. In conclusion, Grodzisk Mazowiecki has a rich and diverse industrial heritage that is unrecognised and neglected. There are however initiatives like memorial rooms or historical tours, which refer to this important chapter of the town’s history which was industrial activity of the 19th and 20th century. Efforts like that can save Grodzisk’s industrial heritage from being completely lost and forgotten.
33The industrial heritage in contemporary urban space of Grodzisk Mazowiecki, together with its history, may serve as an example for other cities in Europe and worldwide. As a town increasingly functioning as a commuter suburb of the capital, its heritage is particularly difficult to preserve due to the large-scale transformation of space into residential and service uses. The study shows that the protection of the most valuable sites through their inclusion in the Register and the record of monuments is especially important. In the case of sites that have already been lost, commemoration through memorial rooms or museums is crucial in order to preserve them in the collective memory of residents. This is particularly significant in the case of former industrial sites with complex and difficult histories, such as those connected with events of the Second World War, widely found throughout Europe.
Cartographical materials
Gruppe Nowogeorgijewßk–Sergrshe–Warschau, Bl. 42. XXIII 8-E (1914).
Mapa Szczegółowa Polski, P40 S31 E (1933), Military Geographical Institute.
N-34-138-C-a (Grodzisk Mazowiecki) (1956), General Staff of the Polish Army.
N-34-138-C-a (Grodzisk Mazowiecki) (1984), General Staff of the Polish Army.
N-34-138-C-b (Brwinów) (1956), General Staff of the Polish Army.
N-34-138-C-b (Brwinów) (1984), General Staff of the Polish Army.
The Central Archives of Historical Records (1911), Collection of topographic and general maps, German topographic map 1:75,000. Section 3165 – Błonie and Grodzisk, call no. 529-119.