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BINFIELD, Kevin, ed. Writings of the Luddites. Baltimore & London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004.
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CHASE, Malcolm. 1820: Disorder and Stability in the United Kingdom. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2013.
COOKSON, John E. Lord Liverpool’s Administration: The Crucial Years, 1815-1822. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1975.
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DONNELLY, F. K. “The General Rising of 1820: A Study of Social Conflict in the Industrial Revolution.” PhD dissertation, University of Sheffield, 1975.
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EPSTEIN, James. Radical Expression: Political Language, Ritual, and Symbol in England, 1790-1850. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
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HILTON, Boyd. “The Gallows and Mr Peel.” History and Biography: Essays in Honour of Derek Beales, Tim Blanning and David Cannadine eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, 88-112.
HUNT, Henry. The green bag plot: being a detailed account of transactions which led to the suspension of the Habeas Corpus act (London: 1819).
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STEDMAN JONES, Gareth. Languages of Class: Studies in English Working Class History 1832-1982. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
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SOUTHALL, Humphrey. “Agitate! Agitate! Organize! Political Travellers and the Construction of a National Politics.” Transactions of the British Institute of Geographers 21 (1996): 177-93.
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THOMPSON, E. P. The Making of the English Working Class. London: Gollancz, 1963.
WADE, John. The Black Book; or, Corruption Unmasked. London: 1820.
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WELLS, Roger. Insurrection: The British Experience. Gloucester: Sutton, 1983.
WILKINSON, George Theodore. An Authentic History of the Cato-Street Conspiracy. London, 1820.
ZEALOUSHEAD, Zachary. Plots and placemen, or, green bag glory: an historical melodrama in two acts. London: 1817.
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Notes
Chase, Malcolm, 1820: Disorder and Stability in the United Kingdom (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2013).
Roberts, J. M., The Mythology of the Secret Societies (London: Secker & Warburg, 1972), 314.
Roberts, Mythology, 214.
Calhoun, Craig, The Question of Class Struggle: Social Foundations of Popular Radicalism during the Industrial Revolution (Oxford: Blackwell, 1981), 4.
Using the Hansard Corpus, part of the SAMUELS project, https://www.english-corpora.org/hansard/ [accessed 9 July 2022].
Philp, Mark, “The Fragmented Ideology of Reform” and “Disconcerting Ideas: Explaining Popular Radicalism and Popular Loyalism in the 1790s” in his Reforming Ideas in Britain: Politics and Language in the Shadow of the French Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 11-39; 71-101.
Wells, Roger, Insurrection: The British Experience (Gloucester: Sutton, 1983).
Semmel, Stuart, Napoleon and the British (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 2004), 126.
Pentland, Gordon, “‘Now the great man in the parliament house is dead, we shall have a big loaf!’: Reponses to the Assassination of Spencer Perceval,” Journal of British Studies 51, 2 (2012): 340-63.
National Archives, London [hereafter TNA], Home Office Disturbances, HO 40/1, fols. 115-16, Ralph Fletcher to Henry Hobhouse, 15 May 1812.
For examples see TNA, Domestic Correspondence, HO 42/123, fol. 174, Anonymous to Prince Regent, 17 May 1812; Disturbances Entry Books, HO 41/4, fol. 23, David Scott to Lord Sidmouth, 19 February 1818.
The Prince Regent was returning from opening parliament when, according to Sidmouth in the House of Lords, “the glass of the carriage window had been broken by a stone, as some represented it, or by two balls, fired from an air-gun, as others stated it,” Parliamentary Debates, 1st series, vol. 35: 4. For a good account see Poole, Steve, The Politics of Regicide in England, 1760-1850 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000), 144-50.
“A Letter to Henry Hunt, Esq … On the London Plots,” Political Register, 14 December 1816.
Devon Record Office [hereafter DRO], Sidmouth Papers, 152M/C1812/OH4-5, Major Seale to Lord Sidmouth, 30 June 1812; Dinwiddy, John, “Luddism and Politics in the Northern Counties,” Social History 4, 1 (1979): 33-63.
DRO, Sidmouth Papers, 152M/C1817/OH39, Duke of Northumberland to Lord Sidmouth, 21 March 1817.
Southall, Humphrey, “Agitate! Agitate! Organize! Political Travellers and the Construction of a National Politics,” Transactions of the British Institute of Geographers 21 (1996): 177-93; Eckersley, Rachel, “The Drum Major of Sedition: The Political Life and Career of John Cartwright” (PhD dissertation, University of Manchester, 1999), 187-220.
Perhaps the most explicit was TNA, PRO 30/29/6/11 fol. 1615, “One of the Fifty–Brutus” to Granville Leveson-Gower, 24 May 1812.
Binfield, Kevin, ed., Writings of the Luddites (Baltimore & London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004), 1-18.
DRO, Sidmouth Papers, 152M/C1817/OH39, Duke of Northumberland to Lord Sidmouth, 21 March 1817.
Saville, John, 1848: The British State and the Chartist Movement (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 15-20; Poole, Robert, Peterloo: The English Uprising (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019).
DRO, Sidmouth Papers, 152M/C1816/OH79, W. Smyth to Lord Sidmouth, 29 January 1816.
TNA, Home Office Correspondence (Scotland), HO 102/26, fols. 709-13, Alexander Maconochie to Lord Sidmouth, 22 December 1816; Parliamentary Debates, 1st series, vol. 35: 728-30.
Fremantle, A. F., “The Truth about Oliver the Spy,” English Historical Review 47 (1932): 601-16; McKenzie, Kirsten, “Exit Pursued by a Bear: Oliver the Spy and the Imperial Context of British Political History,” History Australia 13, 1 (2016): 80-94.
Using the Hansard Corpus, part of the SAMUELS project, https://www.english-corpora.org/hansard/ [accessed 9 July 2022].
TNA, Home Office Correspondence (Scotland), HO 102/33, fols. 168-9, William Rae to Lord Sidmouth, 15 July 1820.
Parliamentary Debates, 1st series, vol. 36: 1016-23. For examples of the many prints deploying green bags to highlight ministerial conspiracies see Cruikshank, George, Conspirators; or, delegates in council, 1 July 1817, British Museum Satires 12887; Marks, J. Lewis, A peep into the green bag or the secret committee of magnifiers, 27 February 1817, British Museum Satires 12868.
See, for example Wade, John, The Black Book; or, Corruption Unmasked (London: 1820).
Hazlitt, William, “The Character of Mr Cobbett,” The Fight and Other Writings, Tom Paulin ed. (London: Penguin, 2000), 129.
Dyck, Ian, William Cobbett and Rural Popular Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 2-12; Rubinstein, William D., “British Radicalism and the ‘dark side’ of Populism,” Elites and the Wealthy in Modern British History: Essays in Social and Economic History, William D. Rubinstein, ed. (Brighton: Harvester, 1987), 339-73; Pentland, Gordon, “William Cobbett’s Scottophobia,” Celts and their Cultures at Home and Abroad, Andes Alqvist, Pamela O’Neill eds. (Sydney: University of Sydney Celtic Studies Foundation, 2013), 251-65.
“On the absolute sway of the Great Seat Owners over King, Ministers and People,” Political Register, 28 March 1818; Livesey, Ruth, “Radicalism on the Cross Roads: William Hazlitt and William Cobbett,” William Cobbett, Romanticism and the Enlightenment: Context and Legacies, James Grande, John Stevenson eds. (London & New York: Routledge, 2015), 77-92. As Livesey demonstrates, “THE THING” began to be capitalised from the subsequent issue in “A Letter To the Freemen of the City of Coventry,” Political Register, 4 April 1818.
Epstein, James, Radical Expression: Political Language, Ritual, and Symbol in England, 1790-1850 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994); Poole, Peterloo, ch. 5.
“To Henry Hunt, Esq. Letter III,” Political Register, 11 April 1818.
Bew, John, Castlereagh: Enlightenment, War and Tyranny (London: Quercus, 2011), 474.
Gardner, John, Poetry and Popular Protest: Peterloo, Cato Street and the Queen Caroline Controversy (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), 105. For another example, see Chase, 1820, 76-7.
Wilkinson, George Theodore, An Authentic History of the Cato-Street Conspiracy (London, 1820), vii; Chase, 1820, 76-84. Previous accounts have now been superseded by a comprehensive treatment in Gatrell, Vic, Conspiracy on Cato Street: A Tale of Liberty and Revolution in Regency London (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022).
Pentland, Gordon, Spirit of the Union: Popular Politics in Scotland, 1815-1820 (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2011), 92. For de Berry’s murder see Skuy, David, Assassination, Politics and Miracles: France and the Royalist Reaction of 1820 (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2003).
Donnelly, F. K., “The General Rising of 1820: A Study of Social Conflict in the Industrial Revolution” (PhD dissertation, University of Sheffield, 1975); Chase, 1820, ch. 4; Pentland, Spirit of the Union, ch. 4.
The Letters of Sir Walter Scott, H. J. C. Grierson ed. (London: Constable, 12 volumes, 1932-7), vol. 6: 175.
Stevenson, John, A True Narrative of the Radical Rising in Strathaven, in Vindication of the Parties Concerned (Glasgow: 1835), 4-5.
TNA, Home Office Disturbances, HO 40/12, fol. 282, General Byng to Lord Sidmouth, 22 April 1820.
Rogers, Nicholas, Crowds, Culture, and Politics in Georgian Britain (Oxford: Clarendon, 1998), ch. 8; Gardner, Poetry and Popular Protest, chs. 8-10; Zealoushead, Zachary, Plots and placemen, or, green bag glory: an historical melodrama in two acts (London: 1817); Oliver, William, Spies and Bloodites!!! The lives and political history of those archfiends Oliver, Reynolds & Co., treason-hatchers, green-bag-makers, blood-hunters, spies, tempters, and informers-general (London?: 1817?); Hunt, Henry, The green bag plot: being a detailed account of transactions which led to the suspension of the Habeas Corpus act (London: 1819).
The Queen’s answer to the address of the loyal inhabitants of Paisley (Paisley: 1820).
Wahrman, Dror, “Public Opinion, Violence and the Limits of Constitutional Politics,” Re-reading the Constitution: New Narratives in the Political History of England’s Long Nineteenth Century, James Vernon ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 83-122.
Cookson, John E., Lord Liverpool’s Administration: The Crucial Years, 1815-1822 (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1975); Hay, William, Lord Liverpool: A Political Life (Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 2018), ch. 10; Hilton, Boyd, A Mad, Bad & Dangerous People? England 1783-1846 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 309-28.
Hilton, Boyd, “The Gallows and Mr Peel,” History and Biography: Essays in Honour of Derek Beales, Tim Blanning, David Cannadine eds. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 95.
Chase, 1820, 204-6.
Thompson, E. P., The Making of the English Working Class (London: Gollancz, 1963), ch. 16; McCalman, Iain, Radical Underworld: Prophets, Revolutionaries and Pornographers in London, 1795-1840 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988); Belchem, John, “Republicanism, Popular Constitutionalism and the Radical Platform in Early Nineteenth-Century England,” Social History 6, 1 (1981): 1-32.
See, for example, Baines, Edward, History of the Reign of George III (Leeds: 4 volumes, 1820-23); Mackenzie, Peter, An exposure of the spy system pursued in Glasgow, during the years 1816-17, 18-19 and 20 containing the exploits of Richmond the spy (Glasgow: 1832).
Saunders, Robert, “Chartism from Above: British Elites and the Interpretation of Chartism,” Historical Research 81, 213 (2007): 463-84.
Stedman Jones, Gareth, Languages of Class: Studies in English Working Class History 1832-1982 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 173-4.
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