Bibliographie
Abbreviations
BM: British Museum.
CIS I: Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum I. Paris, 1881.
BEP: BM Department of Britain, Europe and Prehistory
CM: BM Department of Coins and Medals
ES: BM Department of Egypt and Sudan
GR: BM Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities, later Department of Greece and Rome.
GROL: BM GR archives, Original Letters (incoming).
ICS: O. Masson, Les inscriptions chypriotes syllabiques. Recueil critique et commenté, 2nd ed., Études chypriotes 1. Paris, 1983 (1st ed. 1961).
IG XV 1,1: A. Karnava, M. Perna, adiuvante M. Egetmeyer, Inscriptiones Graecae XV. Inscriptiones Cypri Insulae. Pars I: Inscriptiones Cypri Syllabicae. Fasc. I: Inscriptiones Amathontis, Curii, Marii. Berlin, 2020.
IG XV 2,1: M. Kantirea, D. Summa, Inscriptiones Graecae XV. Inscriptiones Cypri Insulae. Pars II: Inscriptiones Cypri Alphabeticae. Fasc. I: Inscriptiones Cypri Orientalis: Citium, Pýla, Golgi, Tremithus, Idalium, Tamassus, Kafizin, Ledra. Berlin, 2020.
LB: BM GR archives, Letter-book (outgoing letters).
ME: BM Department of the Middle East, previously part of Oriental Antiquities.
MEC: BM Department of the Middle East Archives, Correspondence (incoming/outgoing letters).
ODNB: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. https://www.oxforddnb.com/.
OP: BM Central Archives, Original Papers.
Bibliographic references
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Notes
Lang, Poole 1878. Note also the rarely acknowledged footnotes by William Vaux, which clarified or corrected some of Lang’s statements.
Lang 1871a; Lang 1871b.
Lang 1872.
Smith 1872; on the history of decipherment, see ICS, pp. 48‑51; Pope 1975, pp. 123‑135.
Lang 1874; reproduced in Merrillees 2001, pp. 236‑238 with discussion passim.
Lang 1878. This was translated into French and published in Paris the following year (Lang 1879). Cesnola 1877, which was followed by multiple editions and translations, was however far more popular and influential.
Lang was praised from an early stage by individuals such as Poole (in Lang, Poole 1878, p. 25), Ohnefalsch-Richter (1893, p. 17) and Myres (1914, pp. xiii‑xiv).
ICS, p. 234‑235; Masson 1966; Masson 1968; Masson 1992; Caquot, Masson 1968. On Pyla, see also Caubet 1976.
See bibliography in CCEC 27 (1997), esp. pp. 11‑13; also papers in Tatton-Brown 2001.
Senff 1993. The reader should refer to Senff for a modern analysis of this material (though see Pryce 1931) and to the online database of the British Museum for individual details of all collection items (www.britishmuseum.org).
Hill 1904 passim; Robinson 1935; Price 1969, pp. 4‑8; Arena 2003.
Karageorghis 1993, p. 1 and passim; Karageorghis 1995 passim; listed and briefly discussed in Tatton-Brown 2002.
Merrillees 2001, p. 227; Merrillees 2014, pp. 32‑35.
Caubet 1976 (with references).
Bernhard-Walcher et al. 1999, pp. 40‑43.
Karageorghis, Peltenburg 1976; Goring 1988, p. 9; Kiely, Ulbrich 2012, p. 321.
Droop 1931; see Kiely, Ulbrich 2012, p. 321.
Edward Gilbertson (1813-1904), banker and collector. From 1860 he worked for the Ottoman Bank in Constantinople and later served on the board of the IOB in London and the Improved Hardwood Paving Company. In 1994 the British Museum was given 980 coins from his collection, including numerous items from the Larnaca hoard, registered as CM 1994,9-15 passim. (https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG10112; see Arena 2003).
Alan, Boyce 2001, A512, A524-A525’ A10‑11 are from Paphos (for details, see the online catalogue: https://rammuseum.org.uk). I am grateful to Jenny Durant and Thomas Cadbury for their help, including providing copies of unpublished documents.
Summarised in Tatton-Brown 2001b, pp. 169, 173 and passim.
Murray 2014, pp. 10, 238‑239; see Nicolaou 2013 for a recent analysis of many of these issues, where she argues for a less monolithic approach to the question of imperial/colonial archaeology in places like Cyprus.
Demetriou 1997, pp. 18‑20 see a direct link between poverty and “treasure hunting”.
Space does not allow a detailed narrative of his life and career but for contemporary accounts, see Bassett 1901; Anonymous 1909; Lang 1905; obituary, The Times 13 March 1913. I am grateful to John and Margaret Thelwall and Rosemary Richards for proving access to their descendant’s unpublished memoirs and other invaluable documents. See also details in ICS, pp. 20ff; Masson 1966, pp. 11ff; Masson 1968, pp. 386ff; Masson 1992; Merrillees 2001; Merrillees 2014; Kiely 2010, pp. 240‑241; Kiely, Ulbrich 2012, pp. 317ff and fig. 3 (showing Lang and his wife around 1876).
Autheman 2002; Eldem 1999.
Apostolides, Baruh 2015; Lang 1878, chapter IX.
Anonymous 1909, p. 519.
Markides 2019.
See Lang 1890.
See Darwin 2012.
Anonymous 1909, p. 520.
Lang’s work as a financier have also been discussed in modern times, especially by Christopher Clay (2000) and Diana Markides (2019), within its broader socio-economic and political context.
Ohnefalsch-Richter 1893 passim; Given 2001.
Smith 2012; Kiely, Ulbrich 2012, p. 342; Kiely 2019 passim; papers in Schmid, Horacek 2018 (with full references).
Kiely 2019a passim.
BM OP, 11 Sep. 1861, Lang to Panizzi; the inscription is Le Bas, Waddington 1870, p. 640 no. 2773.
LB 1861-1879, pp. 12‑13, no. 4, 9 Dec 1861; Newton to Lang; GROL 1861-1868, fol. 408, 22 Mar. 1862, Lang to Newton.
See Kiely, Merrillees in this volume, p. ##.
Gunning 2009, chapter 4, esp. pp. 186‑188.
Kiely 2010, pp. 238‑241.
Sandwith 1877; on Sandwith, see Williams 1995; Merrillees 2001; Reeve 2016; Boys Smith 2020.
Tatton-Brown 1998; Merrillees 2017, pp. 62‑70; Schmid 2019, pp. 370‑374. The photograph, previously said to be missing, is in fact preserved in the National Archives in Kew, London in the Larnaca consular despatches for 1873 (FO 79/2293, p. 256; see also FO 321/1 for other letters relating to this matter, some discussed by Tatton-Brown and Merrillees).
Bonato 2001; Bonato 2010; Hermary 2009, pp. 104‑107 (with references).
GROL 1861-1868, fols 783‑784 (1864-1865), White to Newton; LB 1861‑79, p. 63, no. 6, 17 Mar. 1865, Newton to White. These are omitted from Tatton-Brown’s (2001a) otherwise very comprehensive survey of archival documents related to Cyprus in this period.
See Bonato 2000, p. 101. Pierides noted how White was willing to exchange limestone statues from Idalion for Seleucid coins, “of which he is a zealous collector”, and had written to Waddington about them. He also wrote to William Vaux at the British Museum about a gold coin of Evagoras of Salamis (Bonato 2000, p. 104) and with Vogüé about exchanges (p. 106). He sold the statues to a London dealer, and obtained £100 for the coin from the British Museum (Bonato 2000, p. 107; see Hill 1904, p. 56, no. 51).
Lang 1878, p. 331; Lang 1905, p. 622. General Charles Richard Fox (1896-1873) was a soldier and politician, as well as a leading numismatist: see http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/member/fox-charles-1796-1873; Manville 2009, pp. 100‑101.
British Library, Add. 59503, fol. 117, letter of 10 Dec. 1864, Colnaghi to his parents, where Colnaghi described Lang’s kindness as “above all praise”.
British Library, Add. 59503, fol. 151, letter of 15 April 1865, Colnaghi to his parents.
GROL 1861-1868, A‑K, fol. 181, 15 April 1865, Colnaghi to Newton.
Lang 1905, p. 635.
Boys Smith 2020.
GROL 1861‑68, L‑Z, fol. 410, 8 Jan. 1868, Lang to Newton. see Lang 1878, p. i for his dates of service. Colonna-Ceccaldi’s letter is GROL 1861-1868, A‑K, fol. 150, 7 Jan. 1868 (see Masson 1990, pp. 137‑138; Bonato 2019, pp. 345‑346).
Lang 1878, p. 332.
Bonato 2019, esp. pp. 332‑333. The present author recognised the original photographs in the GR photographic archive after the appearance of Bonato’s article. They are reproduced here as fig. 2a‑c to complete the dossier (Miscellaneous Photographs 2, p. 58).
Colonna-Ceccaldi 1882, p. 25.
Cesnola 1877, chapter II (though vague and unreliable); Lang 1878, pp. 331‑333 (inverting Cesnola’s chronology); Lang 1905, p. 623; Colonna-Ceccaldi 1882 passim (see also Bonato 2019, pp. 330‑337).
Cesnola 1877, p. 82‑83; Bonato 2019, p. 330.
Bonato 2019, pp. 330‑331, pp. 333‑335.
Lang 1878, p. 331
See Kiely, Merrillees supra pp. 469ff.
OP, various reports submitted to the Trustees’ meetings of 11 October 1869, 13 November 1869, and 12 February 1869.
Cesnola’s claims have been taken at face value by more recent scholars working in the area. Wright (in Stager, Walker, Wright 1974, p. xxvii) states that “the first excavator of Idalion who can be considered at least an antiquarian if not a scholar was General Louis Palma di Cesnola”, thereby ignoring the sources of material acquired by Henry Christy (see Ulbrich 2011), Horace White, and Demetrios Pierides (see Kiely, Merrillees supra) in the 1850s and 1860s and in particular the French expedition of 1862 and 1865, while also repeating the ludicrous fiction that Cesnola excavated 15.000 tombs in the area.
This was mentioned by Deutsch in his report to the Trustees prepared during his visit which began on 27 April 1869 (see below), as well as in letters between Newton to Sandwith (LB 1861-1879, p. 174 no. 24, 1 June 1869; GROL 1869-72, fol. 572, 25 June 1869). Newton suggested the paper might be published in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature, but it was read to the Society of Antiquaries on 7 May 1871, after Sandwith had left the island, then revised on one or more occasions in the following years before being published in Archaeologia (see Merrillees 2001, p. 225, though note that volume 45/1 was in fact published in 1877 rather than 1880, the year that volume 45/2; Reeve 2016).
GR 1872,7-26.5-12 (glass from the Slade Collection).
Note the transcription of Lang’s paper in Merrillees 2001, p. 237 gives the distance as 12 miles, presumably a typographical error for 1½ miles in the original text.
See survey in Overbeck, Swiny 1972; Catling 1982 (sites listed in 1963 under Ayios Sozomenos); Fortin 1995; Stager, Walker, Wright 1974; Stager, Walker 1989. The best documented cemetery in this vicinity is Ayios Sozomenos-Nikolidhes (Cyprus Survey 415) (see Myres, Ohnefalsch-Richter 1899, p. 2; Gjerstad 1926, p. 6 (though omitting any mention of Lang’s Laksha Nicoli); Catling 1963, EC no. 19, MC no. 24, LC no. 41 (likewise, no mention of 19th-century work in this area); Overbeck, Swiny 1972, who dated the site from advanced MC to LC, observed 110 visible tombs, nearly all previously emptied. Finally, Dr Despina Pilides has kindly informed me of another cemetery, possibly MC in date, located to the north of the Kafkallia fortified settlement and with the same toponym though now largely destroyed (CS 417).
I am grateful to Robert Merrillees for this suggestion and further help with the placenames.
Catling 1963, p. 155, MC no. 31, p. 162, LC no. 44 (CS 425). According to Dr Despina Pilides, this site was relocated during recent surveys but the archaeological visibility is very low.
Sandwith 1877, pp. 3ff: Class 1 (EC‑MC): “one [cemetery] a few miles from Dali…, and the other two not far from Larnaka…”; Class II cemeteries (LBA) were more common, one “in the neighbourhood of Dali, two more in the central plain…and two a few miles from Larnaka”; Class III (IA to Hellenistic) was more widespread, but few sites are named apart from Dhali, Makrasyka and Salamis (pp. 10‑11) or else were “found in the neighbourhood of three several [sic] temples, from which inscriptions in the Cyprian characters have been excavated”; while no sites represented by class IV (Hell.-Roman) were specifically named (though Dhali is implied by reference to his criticism of Cesnola’s interpretations on pp. 15‑16 [cf. Cesnola 1877, p. 83 note *]; see Merrillees 2001, p. 227).
Emmanuel Deutsch (1829-1873), German-born Jewish scholar of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, and of Oriental languages (and Near Eastern subjects more generally). He served as an assistant in the British Library for 17 years starting in 1855 for 17 years, during which time he produced many articles on the Talmud which had a wide audience (see Brier 2004; Alexander 2017). His commission to inspect Lang’s collection was of great personal importance, allowing him to visit the Holy Land for the first time.
OP, Report, 8 Oct. 1869. This was part of a much longer illustrated account of Deutsch’s visit to the Near East which is of considerable interest.
Kiely forthcoming.
GROL 1869-72, L‑Z, fol. 571, 17 Mar. 1869; see Merrillees 2001, p. 227. https://www.inha.fr/fr/ressources/publications/publications-numeriques/dictionnaire-critique-des-historiens-de-l-art/piot-eugene.html.
Bonato 2019, p. 354.
Karageorghis, Peltenburg 1976.
I am grateful to Brian Weightman for copies of the original registers.
GROL 1861-68, L‑Z, fol. 409, undated (but belongs in summer 1868).
GR 1868,8-30.1; Walters 1903, no. A231; Karageorghis 1993, pp. 68‑69 no. 235.
Aimé Péretié (1808-1882), French diplomat and collector-dealer who supplied numerous collectors and museums with antiquities (see Cassimatis 2001).
This is Louvre MNB 316 (Hermary 1989, no. 617), a fine example of a “Zeus Ammon” figure.
This statement is the first recorded expression of Lang’s feelings that he preferred to support the national collection which becomes apparent in his patience during the protracted negotiations with the British Museum over his collection.
Vogüé 1868, pp. 499‑502. This is the silver spatula incised with a Cypriot Syllabic inscription (GR 1872,8-16.99; ICS no. 219). Lang bought it from a villager, though gives two different dates, either in 1864 (Lang 1905, p. 630) or 1868 (Lang 1878, p. 330). The latter makes more sense on the grounds that it was in this year that Lang began to take particular interest in the Dhali area. Also, de Vogüé inserted the item into his paper on Cypriot inscriptions at the very last minute, suggesting that it was a recent find that he or Lang wished to publicise. The precise findspot is unknown, though Masson suggested it was found in the same area as the famous bronze writing tablet, that is, in the western acropolis (ICS, p. 234; see also Bonato 2019, p. 337).
Williams 1996; Kiely 2010.
Boys Smith 2020.
GROL 1869-72, L‑Z, fol. 358, 27 April 1869, Lang to Newton.
On 19th-century approaches to shrines, see Ulbrich 2001.
There are too many references to list here, but see, e.g. Pryce 1931, p. 2; ICS, p. 31; Masson 1968, pp. 386‑388 (many later authors deriving their primary information from these sources); Senff 1993, p. 1.
Lang, Poole 1878, p. 2.
Lang 1905, p. 602.
Lang 1878, p. 333; Lang 1879, pp. 226‑227.
Colonna-Ceccaldi 1882, pp. 29‑30, p. 197.
GROL 1869-1872, fol. 358, 27 Ap. 1869, Lang to Newton.
See above notes 60, 62, 70.
Lang 1905, p. 639.
Lang 1878, p. 335; Lang 1905, p. 635; see Masson 1966, pp. 11‑12; also IG XV 2,1, p. 88.
Colonna-Ceccaldi 1882, p. 198.
Information kindly provided by Dr Stephan Schmid (see also Schmid 2019).
Lang, Poole 1878, pp. 16‑17, pl. IV, top row, middle and pl. V, top row.
According to an unpublished paper by A.M. Pagan, a relative of the Lang’s, entitled “Diary of a Victorian lass” in the Lang archive held by his descendants (see also Boys Smith 2020).
Lang 1878, p. 333.
GROL 1861-1868, fol. 411, 22 Dec. 1868, Newton to Lang. See also Kiely, Merrillees supra for similar statements from Pierides.
LB 1861-1879, p. 176 no. 26, 2 June 1869, Pierides to Lang.
Cypriot artefacts were exhibited in this gallery, originally created to display Assyrian remains (see Caubet 2001). By this date, this gallery would presumably have included the finds from the expeditions of 1862 and 1865 along with other acquisitions made in the preceding decade or so (Hermary 1989; Caubet 1993; Caubet 2012).
On firmans, see also below.
Cyprus Museum Inscription 125. See Colonna-Ceccaldi 1882 (originally published 1874), pp. 196‑198 no. 1; Masson 1968, pp. 397‑400 (d); Senff 1993, p. 88 no. 9; IG XV 2, 377; also note 127.
GROL 1869-1872, L‑Z, fol. 360, 15 Sep. 1869, Lang to Newton.
OP, attached to report of 11 November, letter of 8 Oct. NB: the postscript of 12 Oct is filed as GROL 1869-1872, fol. fol. 360, following the letter of 15 Sept 1869; see also Masson 1990, p. 35; Merrillees 2014, pp. 33‑34.
Lang 1905, p. 636. See Cesnola 1877; McFadden 1971, esp. pp. 95‑88.
GROL 1869-1872, L‑Z, fol. 362, 27 Oct. 1869, Lang to Newton.
Donkow 2004.
GROL 1869-1872, L‑Z, fol. 360, 15 Sep. 1869, Lang to Newton.
Lang 1878, p. 339.
Wright 2001, p. 261.
Lang, Poole 1878, pp. 10‑11. This of course happened in 1874 with the introduction of partage into the arrangements government excavation permits.
Lang 1905, p. 638.
MEC 1868-1881, no. 3570, 25 May 1872, Lang to Birch.
GR 1917,7-1.143; Pryce 1931, C12.
Description too vague to identify. See Tatton-Brown 2002, pp. 250‑251 for a list of the largely unpublished terracottas from the site, though some are included in several of Karageorghis’ volumes of coroplastic art (Karageorghis 1993, p. 129; Karageorghis 1995, p. 166, though with no discussion of the findspot).
Actually male. GR 1873,3-20.347; see Reyes 1992, p. 252 no. 38. See list in Tatton-Brown 2002, p. 251.
Faience amulets and glass beads of Phoenician type in the form of ‘demon’ heads (e.g. GR 1873,3-20.271–275); see Tatton-Brown 1981 passim; also Tatton-Brown 2002, p. 251. Note also the group of Egyptianising faience amulets (GR 1873,3-20,278-291).
I am grateful to Professor José-Ángel Zamora López for confirming this information.
GR archives, S. R. Poole, Inventory of Mr Lang’s collection, no. 368.
Lang 1905, pp. 635‑636; see Bernard-Walcher et al. 1999, pp. 40‑43.
GROL 1869-1872, vol. 2 (L–Z), fols 367‑368, 10 May 1872, Fox to Lang.
GROL 1869-1872, L‑Z, fol. 362, 27 Oct 1869, Lang to Newton.
MEC 1868-1881, fol. 3577, 18 Dec. 1872, Lang to Birch.
McFadden 1971, chapter 13.
See above note 104.
MEC 1868‑81, no. 3577, 18 Dec. 1872, Lang to Birch.
Masson 1966, pp. 22‑30 (with previous references). However, GR 1903,12-18.8 was not known before Masson’s 1966 publication.
For efficiency of citation, unless otherwise stated, the reports referred to in this section are all from Original Papers series of the British Museum Central Archives, organised by date, while the inscriptions are cited according to CIS, ICS or IG XV. See also Cannavò, Schmid supra on Lang’s Phoenician inscriptions.
Cesnola 1877, pp. 105ff; Lang 1905, p. 636.
Lang 1905, p. 630; on Friederichs, see Merrillees 2001, pp. 229‑230; Merrillees 2014, pp. 32‑35.
Cook 1997, pp. 15‑16; Kiely 2010, pp. 236‑237.
Newton constantly complained about having no money to spend, also visible in his negotiations with Pierides (Kiely, Merrillees supra p. 475).
OP, Report 13 Nov. 1869, Letter of 8 October 1869, Lang to Newton.
Caygill 2004.
Poole 1878b. Note also his comments on the politics of the island in an article in the same periodical which also mentioned its antiquities (Poole 1878a).
Lang, Poole 1878, p. 13.
Colonna-Ceccaldi 1882, pl. 1. This version rather than the one published in Lang, Poole 1878 is more frequently reproduced, though Ohnefalsch-Richter included both in his 1891 thesis and the extended 1893 work.
See Lang 1905, p. 627.
GR 1917,7-1.125/1872,8-16.21; Pryce 1931, C164.
OP, Trustees meeting of 11 November 1869, letter of 8 October 1869, post-script of 12 October. In an earlier letter to Newton, he had noted “besides the inscriptions found at the ruins[,] I possess and can obtain several other monuments in the Cypriote Alphabet, all which would interestingly combine with the things lately found at Daly” (GROL 1869–1872, L‑Z, fol. 360, 15 Sep. 1869, Lang to Newton).
LB 1861-79, pp. 233‑234, no 33, 4 July 1870, Newton to Lang.
Lang 1905, p. 639.
Parry 2004. Robert Lowe, 1st Viscount Sherbrooke (1811-1982) was a somewhat illiberal Liberal Party Chancellor of the Exchequer between 1868 and 1873 who, like William Gladstone, advocated low taxation government expenditure.
BM Central Archives Trustees Minutes, 30 April 1870.
Lang 1905, p. 629.
Lang 1905, p. 630.
MEC 1868-81, fol. 916, Birch to Cesnola. Other letters suggest that Birch had advised Cesnola to send his collection to London where it could obtain as good a price as in New York (see also MacFadden 1971, p. 130).
See Lang 1905, p. 639.
Registered as, respectively, CM 1870,11-2.1-35 and CM 1871,7-1.1-56.
CM 1871,11-7.1-44 and CM 1872,7-13.1-57.
See Reyes 1992 on the Cypro-Archaic examples; the list in Tatton-Brown 2002 is incomplete.
ICS, p. 148.
Lang 1905, p. 639 says the 2 May but this is probably the date of the letter from the Trustees who made their decision only on 30th April 1870 and it would have taken at least two weeks for a letter to reach Cyprus.
GR 1872,8-16.91.
Listed in Tatton-Brown 2002; Karageorghis 1993 passim; Karageorghis 1995 passim.
See above note 118.
GR 1873,3-10.204; IG XV 2, 402. Dr Alan Johnston (forthcoming) kindly provided the author with a copy.
Caquot, Masson 1968, pp. 303‑306.
MEC 1868-1881, fol. 3569, 27 Ap. 1872, Lang to Birch (= GR 1913,2-12.34).
Listed in Tatton-Brown 2002 who, however, attributes them to the sanctuary.
Sandwith 1877, pl. XIII; Lang and Poole 1878, p. 36 = GR 1873,3-20.208; Walters 1912, C755.
Giessen 2001, p. 33‑34, 42.
Reyes 1992 gives an incomplete survey of the figurines; GR 1873,3-20.325 is a small figurine depicting Envy, while the fragments .331 and .335 are likely of CC or Hellenistic date. Although requiring more detailed study, these include BA, IA and Roman tools, weapons, vessels and implements.
GR 1872,8-16 nos 8, 49, 52; GR 1873,3-20 nos 8 and 49. NB: the findspots are not mentioned in the original registers but are recorded in Pryce 1931 whose accuracy is not always certain. For example, one large female head with a sphinx crown attributed to Lang (C312; 1917,7-1.147) is actually from a group of items from Dhali supplied by Pierides (GR 1867,10-10.26), while the provenance of numerous images of male subjects attributed to Achna is also unlikely (Kiely 2018, pp. 399, 416).
Several items were sold at auction in London in 1871 (Sotheby’s 1‑2 May 1871, lots 296‑297 and 300, the last of which was purchased by Augustus Franks and donated to the British Museum [= GR 1871,5-6.1; Pryce 1931, C366]).
Caubet 1976.
Bernhard-Walcher et al. 1999, no. 76; see Lang 1905, p. 638.
Lang 1905, p. 636.
See Senff 1993, p. 79.
See Caubet 1976, pl. XXVII.
ICS, p. 302, no. 304 (with references). See also Cannavò, Schmid supra p. 182 n. 81.
Some have been published before but not in the context of the overall group. Details at www.britishmuseum.org.
Bombardieri, Panero forthcoming, no. 77.
Burn, Higgins 2001, no. 2954.
Masson 1966, pp. 22ff.
Matthäus 1985, nos. 325, 273.
Murray, Smith, Walters 1900. BM Trustees Minutes 3 December 1903.
Price 1969. Gaps in the registration records have obscured this association with Lang and the nature of the hoard itself but there is little reason to doubt that all of the coins in this registration group, especially the small fractions, are from the second hoard.
GROL 1913, fol. 361, 22 February 1913, Lang to Arthur Hamilton Smith.
Pope 1975, p. 126.
See Goring 1988, pp. 3‑4.
See Bonato 2019, p. 354; Kiely forthcoming.
Lang 1886a; 1886b.
See Pearce 1992, chapter 4; Jasanoff 2005; Yallop 2011.
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