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Notes
Vlorë-Vlora in Tosk and Vlonë in Gheg dialect. In Greek, the city is called Αυλών, in Turkish Awlonya, in Jewish Avilona, and in the Venetian dialect, Avalona. William Miller, “Valona,” The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 37 (1917), p. 164.
William M. Leake, Travels in the Northern Greece, London 1835, Vol. Ι, pp. 1-2. Miller, op.cit. p. 184; F.C.H.L. Pouqueville, Voyage dans la Grèce, Vol. I, chapter V, Paris, 1820-1822, pp. 41, 45. Encyclopaedia Britannica, “Avlona”, eleventh edition, 1911, Vol. 3 p. 66.
Leake, op.cit.
Donald M. Nicol, The Despotate of Epirus, 1267-1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages, [Cambridge University Press], 1984 p. 160.
Zeta: a medieval principality of which territory covered the today's Montenegro and Northern Albania. On the Albanian Byzantine period, see, among others: Ioannis Romanos Peri tou Despotatou tis Epirou On Despotate of Epirus], 1895; Antonios Miliarakis, Historia tou Vasileiou tis Nikaias kai tou Despotatou tis Epirou [History of the Kingdom of Nikaia and the Despotate of Epirus], Athens, 1898; Konstantinos M. Mekios, Istoria tis Epirou [History of Epirus], Cairo, 1909; S. Pollo – A. Puto, Istoria tis Alvanias [History of Albania], –in Greek – Thessaloniki, s.a., pp. 48-76; Constantine A. Chekrezi, Albania. Past and Present, [The Macmillan Company] New York, 1919, pp. 19-25. On the medieval period of Valona, see, Konstantin Jireček, “Valona im Mittelalter,” in Ludvig von Thallcόzy [ed.], Illyrische-albanische Forschungen, I, Munich & Leipzig, 1916, pp. 168-187.
Apart from a six-month period of Venetian occupation, from October 1610 to 1913 March 1611. Miller, op.cit., p. 191; Franz Babinger, Moametto II il Conquistatore et il suo tempo, Turin, 1956, 570ff.
Polo-Puto, op.cit., p. 79. General de Vaudoncourt, notes, erroneously, that the city and the surrounding area was captured in 1472. Guillaume de Vaudoncourt, Memoirs on the Ionian Islands ... Including the Life and the Character of Ali Pasha the Present Ruler of Greece, London, 1816, p. 114.
Stavro Skendi, The Albanian National Awakening, 1878-1912, Princeton University Press, Princeton N.J, 1967, pp. 4, 5; Aydin Babuna, “The Bosnian Muslims and Albanians: Islam and Nationalism,” Nationalities Papers, Vol. 32, No 2, June 2004, p. 289.
From the Eqrem Bey book Beiträge zur Geschichte der Türkenherrschaft in Albanien: eine historische Skizze, ([translation: Robert Elsie on: http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_3/AH1956_1.html
Eqrem Bey Vlora (1885-1964), studied at Theresianum (Vienna) and University of Istanbul. He worked as a civil functionary and diplomat in the service of the Sublime Porte, and then participated in the movement of the Albanian independence; in 1912 he was elected vice-president of the Albanian Senate. During the First World War, at first he was detained by the Italians, but then became a champion of a close relations policy between Albania and Italy. During the reign of Ahmed Zogou, he served in various diplomatic missions abroad. In April 1939, he welcomed the Italian invasion, was closely associated with Italian fascism and, in 1944, became foreign minister and minister of justice. After the dominance of the communist regime he took refuge in Italy. He died in Vienna at the age of seventy-nine. Author, among other things, of the two-volume work Lebenserinnerungen, Volume I, R. Oldenburg, München, 1968 & Volume II, R. Oldenburg, München 1973, which gives with perceptive and delightful way information on the life and environment of an Albanian nobleman of the early 20th century.
Halil Inalcik, “Ottoman Methods of Conquest”, Studia Islamica, [Maisonneuve & Larose], No 2 (1954), pp. 103-129, passim.
The Ottoman authorities had displaced only a small number of people from Anatolian provinces (mostly from Konya), and they had been transferred too semi-nomadic Anatolian Yürüks. The latter had been settled in the mountainous eastern region of Dibra (alb. Dibër), in today's north-eastern Albania, and they had been charged with the custody of the road axis Albania-Rumeli. On Yürüks and their settlements in Balkan territories, see. Barbara Kellner-Heinkele, “Yörük” in H.A.R. Gibb, J.H. Kramers, E.Levi-Provençal, J. Schacht [eds.], The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition,[Leiden-E.J. Brill], 1960, [henceforth: EI.2] Vol. Ι, pp. 338-341; Halil Inalcik, “Arnawutluk,” EI.2, Vol. ΙΧ, p. 651.
Here, the term/vilayet, means a administrative unit which is a subdivision of sanjak/sancak. That is, it has not the geographical and administrative scope that takes the term vilayet during the 19th century – when it becomes the largest administrative unit of the empire, replacing the beylerbegilik. After the administrative reform of 1864, the imperial territories will be divided into vilayets under the command of a vali. See, Halil Inalcik, “Eyalet,” ΕΙ.2, Vol. I, pp. 721-724.
Inalcik, “Arnawutluk,” EI.2, Vol. Ι, p. 655.
Elbasani (Albanian) and Elbasan (Ottoman) [El-basan: the fortress which subdues the land]. See more, L. Ménage, “Elbasan,” EI.2, Vol. ΙΙ, p. 693.
M. Kiel, “Okhri”, EI2, Vol. VIII, pp. 164-168.
Natalie Clayer, “Ishkodra”, EI2, Vol. XII, pp. 461-462.
The Albanian historic space is divided geographically into two major regions: the land of Ghegs (Ghegaria/Gegari) that constitutes the Albanian north and the country of Tosks (Toskaria/Toskeri), that constitutes the Albanian south. These two areas have as natural boundary the River Shkumbin in central Albania. See more, George Gawrych: The Crescent and the Eagle. Ottoman Rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874-1913, [I.B. Tauris] 2006, passim; H. Charles Woods, “Albania and the Albanians,” Geographical Review, American Geographical Society, Vol. 5, No 4 (April 1918), pp. 263 -264.
Denis Bašić. The roots of the religious, ethnic, and national identity of the Bosnian-Herzegovinan Muslims. University of Washington, 2009, pp. 277, 279; Anton Minkov, Conversion to Islam in the Balkans. Kisve Bahase Petitions and Ottoman Social Life, 1670-1730. Brill, Leyden, 2004, pp. 41-42.
Akçe (asper): a silver coin, the basic monetary unit of the Ottoman Empire until its replacement by Kuruş, which values 120 aspers.
Inalcik, “Arnawutluk,” ΕΙ.2, Vol Ι, p. 656.
Ducat was a gold coin minted by Venice in 1284 (ducato/zecchino).
On the Jews of the city of Valona, see: http://www.sefarad.org/publication/ lm/050/html/page16.html. According to Turkish documents, and the Historia e Shqiperisle (Tirana, 1959), in 1520 the city of Valona was “preponderantly a Jewish town”, op.cit. See, also, Robert Elsie, A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology, and Folk Culture, [Hurst & Co.] London, 2001, pp. 141-142.
Henry Holland, Travels in the Ionian Isles, Albania, Thessaly, Macedonia &c, during the years 1812 and 1813, London 1915, p. 517.
Inalcik, “Arnawutluk,” ΕΙ.2, Vol. Ι, p. 655.
Michalis Kokolakis, To ystero yaniotiko pasaliki. Choros, dioikisi kai plithysmos stin tourkokroumeni Epiro, (1820-1913) [The late Pashalik of Yannina. Space, administration and population in the under Turkish rule Epirus (1820-1913)] Κ.Ν.Ε/Ε.Ι.Ε., Athens 2003, p. 107. He notes that in 1691, shortly after the end of the six-month occupation of the city of Vlora by the Venetians, the capital of sanjak will transfer in Berat and Vlora will become seat of a homonymous kaza. However, the traveller Evliya (see below) when he visited the city in 1670, i.e. 21 years earlier, notes says the city of Valona was the capital of a kaza, and the city of Berat the sanjak capital.
One yük: 500,000 aspers.
According to an information that provides Ismail Kemal in his Memoirs, the Vlora family had the royalties of mines during the last quarter of the 19th century, that is, two hundred years after the visite of Evliya Celebi. A. M. Sommerville Story [ed.], The Memoirs of Ismail Kemal Bey Vlora, [Constable and Company LTD], London, 1920, p. 108. On the mining rights by the family Vlora, see Leake, Travels…, op.cit., p. 378, Leake notes that the annual revenues of Ibrahim Vlora amounted to 120,000 piastres.
Robert Dankoff & Robert Elsie (eds.), Evliya Çelebi in Albania and Adjacent Regions (Kosovo, Montenegro, Ohrid), Leiden 2000, pp. 127-153.
Leake, Travels…, op.cit., pp. 1-2.
Op.cit., p. 2.
Henry Holland, Travels …, op.cit.
Franz Babinger, “Awlonya,” EI.2, op.cit., Vol Ι, pp. 767-768. The information drawn from, Ekrem Bey Vlora, Aus Berat und von Tomor Serayevo, 1991 Zur Junde der Balkan-halbinsel, No 13.
On the marital alliance policy of the Osmanli dynasty, see more, Leslie P. Pierce, The Imperial Harem. Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire, Oxford University Press, New York–Oxford, 1992.
Sommerville Story, op.cit. p. 4.
Op.cit., p. 3; Ekrem Bey Vlorë, op.cit. The same information provides F. Babinger, Rumelische Streifen, Berlin, 1938, p. 24.
Pierce, The Imperial Harem. Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire, pp. 23, 66, 68, 76, 72, 199-200, 201.
F. Babinger - G. David, “Kodja Sinan Pasha”, EI.2, Vol. ΙΧ, p. 632.
Pearce, op.cit. pp. 111-112, 192, 246-247.
K. D. Mertzios, “Chronogikoi pinakes ton pasadon tis Epirou” [Chronological Lists of the Pashas of Epirus], in Epirotiki Estia, IVI (1967); Panaghiotis Aravantinos, Chronografia tis Epirou ton te omoron ellinikon kai illirikon periohon... [Chronography of Epirus and of the adjacent Greek and Illyrian areas], Vol. II, 1856, pp. 292 et sq; Ch. Soulis, “Oi pasades ton Ioanninon” [The pashas of Yannina], Epiros, f. 27/5/1934; William Miller, op.cit., pp. 191, 192, 193.
William Miller, op.cit. Kokolakis, op.cit., p. 122, also questions the views of Aravantinos and Babinger, (“Awlonya”, Encyclopedie de l’Islam), which identifys the founder of the Vlora family with various prominent Ottoman officials. Eqrem Bey, op.cit., notes that Ali Bey, a brother of (Arnavud) Sinan Pasha, killed in the naval battle of Lepanto (1571), namely during the same period that Sinan Pasha acted in the region of Valona.
Sommerville Story, op.cit., pp. 3-4.
Ekrem Bey Vlora, op.cit.; Renzo Falaschi (ed.) The Memoirs of Ismail Kemal Vlora and his work for the independence of Albania [Toena], Tirana, p. 417, note Α. On the influence and the power of the Vlora family in the city and the wider area of Valona-Berat (albeit with some inaccuracies), see, Gabriel. Louis-Jaray, Au Jeune Royaume d’Albanie, Hachette, Paris 1914, Chapitre Premier “Vallona,” passim.
Polo-Puto, op.cit., pp. 127-128.
Polo-Puto, op.cit., pp. 127-128.
It is indicative that the next Survey took place in 1830, after the Ottoman central government resumed the direct governance of the “Great Pashaliks” of Skodra and Yannina, and imposed its control over the local beys. https://www.familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Ottoman_Detailed_Cadastral_Surveys_in_Albania [Ottoman Detailed Cadastral Surveys in Albania].
Grigori L. Ars, I Alvania kai i Epiros sta teli tou 18th kai stis arches tou 19th Centuries. Ta dytikovalkanika pasalikia tis Othomanikis Aftokratorias, [Albania and Epirus in late 18th and in early 19th Centuries. Ta western Balkan Pashaliks of the Ottoman Empire], Athens 1994, p. 137.
Ramadan Marmullaku, Albania and the Albanians, [Archon Books] 1975, pp. 17-19; Polo-Puto, op.cit. p. 130; Kokolakis, op.cit., p. 122.
The beys were not a homogenous social group. The “great beys were few in number and those who had large landholdings, wealth and power and held hereditary power. There were also “lesser” beys with smaller landholdings, wealth, and military and political power. Nathalie Clayer, Oi aparches tou Alvanikou Ethnikismou [The Origins of the Albanian Nationalism], Yannina, 2009, p. 45. [French original edition: Nathalie Clayer, Aux origines du nationalisme albanais. La naissance d'une nation majoritairement en Europe, Karthala, 2007].
Ekrem Bey Vlorë, Lebenserinnerungen…, op.cit., pp. 9-27.
Ahmet Uzun, “Tepedelenli Ali Paşa ve Mal Varliği,” Belletin, LXV/244, 2001 [Ali Pasha Tepedelenli and his Fortune, in greek, translation Giorgos Syrmas- http://www.eie.gr/nhrf/institutes/inr/instr-studiorumbalk/tepelenlis.pdf, p. 7.
Marmullaku, op.cit, pp. 17-19; Kokolakis, op.cit., p. 122.
Nathalie Clayer, op.cit., p. 46; G. Makris, St. Papageorgiou, To hersaio dictyo epikoinonias sto kratos tou Ali passa Tepelenli. Enischisi tis kentrikis exousias kai apopeira dimiourgias eniaias agoras. [The overland network ov Communication in the state of Ali Pasha Tepedelenli. Strengthen of the central authority and an attempt to create a indiscrete market Athens, 1990, p. 46; Sommerville Story, op.cit., p. 5; Vasilis Panaghiotopoulos [ed.], Panaghiotopoulos, op.cit., Vol. I, Athens (1747-1808), documents nos 19, 181, 220, 248, 338, 347, 367, Vol. III (1818-1821), nos 1053, 1513, 1415; Nathalie Clayer, op.cit., p. 46; Κ. Ε. Fleming, Ali Passa. O Mousoulmanos Vonapartis, Athens, 2000, p. 155 [English original edition: The Muslim Bonaparte. Diplomacy and Orientalism in Ali Pasha’s Greece, Princeton University Press, Princeton N.J., 1999]; Ahmet Mufit, Ali Passas o Tepelenlis (1744-1822) [Ali Pasha Tepedelenli (1744-1822] Yannina1980, pp. 99, 112. Nathalie Clayer, op.cit., p. 45, notes that the intermarriage system – sometimes – operated even within the context of the wider family (Ismail Bey Vlora and Bekir Bey Vlora married their cousins). Clayer takes this information from Ekrem Bey Vlorë, Lebenserinnerungen…, p. 133.
Polo-Puto, op.cit., p. 128.
On the pashalik of Skodra and the influential family of Bushatlis, see, Ars, op.cit., Chapters 2 & 6; S. N. Naçi, “Le pachalik de Scutari consideré dans son développement socio-politique au xxiiie siècle”, Studia Albanica, iii/I, 1966, pp. 123-144; C. J. Heywood, “Kara Mahmud Işkondrali Paşa”, ΕΙ.2, Vol. IV, pp. 588-589.
Mütesellim: sancak administrator, representative of the eyalet's governor, responsible for collecting taxes.
William Plomer, Ali Pasha: The Diamond of Yannina, 1741-1822, <in Greek>, Athens-Yannina 1987, p. 40; Sp. P. Aravantinos, Istoria tou Ali Passa Tepelenli [History of Ali Pasha Tepedelenli] Athens1895, p. 40; Ioannis Lambrides, Epirotika Meletimata [Studies on Epirus], Issue A', Athens 1887, pp. 21-22; Makris-Papageorgiou, op.cit., p. 48; Hamiyet Sezer, New Information and Findings about the Çiftliks and the incomes of Ali Pasja kai his Sons [translation, Eirini Kalogeropoulou] -in Greek: http://www.eie.gr/nhrf/institutes/inr/inst-studiorumbalk/tsiflikia.htm Ali, in 1802 became governor of Roumeli (Rumeli valesi), the highest office in the European provinces of the Ottoman Empire (Leake, Travels…, op.cit., p. 238; Ars, op.cit., p. 216 ).
Makris-Papageorgiou, op.cit., pp. 62-64; Alexandros Mansolas, Politeiographikai Pliroforiai peri Ellados [Demographic Information on Greece], Athens, 1867, p. 12. On the size of Ali's territories and its population, see, J, Bessieres, Mémoire sur la vie et la puissance d’Ali-Pasha, Vezir de Yanina, Paris 1820, p. 24.
Alfonse de Beauchamp, The Life of Ali Pacha of Jannina, Late Vizier of Epirus, surnamed Aslan, or the Lion, second edition, London 1823, p. 61. Beauchamp, notes, (op.cit) that Ibrahim married an other of his daughters with a nephew of Ali Pasha.
Mutasarrif: governor of a sancak in the rank of Pasha of Berat.
Thomas Smart Hughes, Travels in Greece and Albania, London, 1830, p. 220.
Ars, op.cit., p. 157; Makris-Papageorgiou, op.cit., p. 46. Sp. Aravantinos, op.cit., p. 18; Ahmet Mufit, op.cit., pp. 36-37; Spyros Melas, To Liontari tis Epirou [The Lion of Epirus], Athens 1955, pp. 19-20; Renzo Falaschi (ed.) The Memoirs of Ismail Kemal Vlora and his work for the independence of Albania [Toena], Tirana, p. 417.
Panaghiotopoulos, op.cit. Vol. I' (1747-1808), document No 19. See, also, Leake, Travels…, Vol. Ι, p. 41; John Cam Hobhouse Broughton, Travels in Albania and other provinces of Turkey in 1809 & 1810, Vol. 1, London 1858, pp. 61, 103.
Ars op.cit., pp. 230-231.
H. Bowen, “Ali Pasha Tepedelenli” , EI.2, Vol. Ι, p. 399.
Sommerville Story, op.cit., pp. 14, 25. On Ismail Rahmi, see, Panaghiotopoulos, op.cit., Vol I (1747-1808), documents Nos 320, 367, Vol. II (1809-1817) documents Nos 980, 9993, 1021, Vol. III (1818-821) documents Nos 1176, 1213, 1314; Sp. Aravantinos, op.cit., pp. 225, 457-459; Mufit, op.cit., pp. 105 146, 148.
Ars, op.cit., p. 206. The whole region of Himarë will be subdued in 1810.
Op.cit., p. 215.
Sommerville Story, op.cit., p. 5.
Ars, op.cit., p. 255; Ahmet Uzun, “Tepedelenli Ali Paşa ve Mal Varliği,” Belletin, LXV/244, 2001 [Ali Pasha Tepedelenli and his Fortune] in Greek -translation Giorgos Syrmas- http://www.eie.gr/nhrf/institutes/inr/instr-studiorumbalk/tepelenlis.pdf; Stavro Skendi, et al. (eds.). Albania, Preager, New York: 1956, p 7.
Palmer, op.cit., p. 83.
Ars, op.cit., p. 255.
Sommerville Story, op.cit., p. 6.
Ahmet Uzun, op.cit.; Ars, op.cit., p. 255; W. M. Leake, Travels…, Vol. III, p. 550, 3, notes the defection of Bekir Aga, a chieftain who passed in the camp of Tepedelenli along with his two hundred armed men.
Gabriel Remerand, Ali de Tebélen pasha de Yanina, Paris 1828, p. 137.
Hughes, mentions that Jafer Bey Vlora, a strong protector of the Himariots and one of the most dangerous enemies of Tepedelenli, was poisoned by Ali's orders, op.cit., p. 220.
Ars, op.cit., p. 258. About the marriage of Suleyman Bey Vlora to the daughter of Pasha of Delvino, see, Panaghiotopoulos, op.cit., Vol. II (1809-1817), document No 439.
Ars, op.cit. p. 259.
Ars, op.cit., pp. 257-258; Ahmet Uzun, op.cit..; Sp. Aravantinos, op.cit. pp. 194, 222; Bowen, “Ali Pasha Tepedelenli”, op.cit, p. 399. Kokolakis, op.cit., p. 125. Leake, (Travels…., Vol. IV, p. 549), notes that to Muhtar Pasha –who had excelled in the battles at the front of the Danube against the Russian army –, was given by the serasker and grand vizier Kör Yusuf pasha, the office of the Rumeli valesi, which held his father; but Muhtar preferred, since this office was already in the hands of his father, to take the pashalik of Valona, which until then was not controlled by the Tepedelenli family.
Damiralis is an interesting figure, who afterwards was initiated in the Greek secret organization of Philiki Etaireia [Society of the Friends], and in December 1821 took part in the First Greek National Assembly at Epidaurus as representative of the “Albanian allies,” –who were, mostly, former chieftains of Ali Tepedelenli. Miller (op.cit., p. 193) notes that in the city of Valona had taken place in the previous period bloody conflict between members of the Vlora family, which led the people of the city to seek the intervention of Ali Pasha.
Hobhouse, op.cit., p. 85. Beauchamp, op.cit., p. 214.
Polo-Puto, op.cit., p. 139.
Hobhouse, op.cit., p. 106. Ibrahim Pasha Vlora is a main character in the historical fiction of Alexander Dumas, father, Ali Pacha [electronic edition – Project Gutenberg]. It should be note that the narrative not differ from historical reality, as it appears from within the historical sources and studies.
Sommerville-Story, op.cit., p. 6. The narration of Ismail Kemal creates some problems. According to information given by the editor of the Italian publication of his Memoirs, Ibrahim Pasha Vlora died in 1819, before the summer of 1820 that is, before the troops of the Sultan besiege the castle of Yannina (Summer of 1820). Falaschi, op.cit., p. 417.
Hobhouse, op.cit.; Ars, op.cit., p. 256; Ars, op.cit. p. 256. On Omer Pasha Vryoni, see Christos Stasinopoulos, Lexiko tis Ellinikis Epanastaseos tou 1821, Lexicon of the Greek Revolution of 1821], Vol. I', Athens, s.a., pp. 306-308; Meghali Elliniki Enkyklopedia- Pagosmio Biographiko Lexiko, [Great Greek Encyclopaedia - Universal Biographical Lexicon] Vol. II “Omer Vryonis”, Athens, s.a., pp. 372-372.
Sommerville Story, op.cit. p. 8.
The Albanians religiously followed the Christian and Islamic doctrine. Further, the Christian Albanians, who constituted then 30% of the total population were divided into Orthodox (about 20%) and Catholics (about 10%). The Muslims (70% of the total population) were divided into Sunni (60%) and followers of the Bektashi dervishes Order (10%). Geographically, the vast majority of the Orthodox Christians were concentrated in southern areas (Toskaria) while the Catholics were found almost exclusively in northern Albania and in particular in the mountainous regions of the vilayet of Skodra. Finally, the Sunnis were located in all Albanian vilayets, with a more density in central areas, while the Bektashis mainly in Toskaria. Gawrych, op.cit., pp. 69-71.
Carl Patsch, Das Sandschak Berat in Albanien, Vienna, 1904, p. 134; Gawrych, op.cit., p. 73.
Falaschi, op.cit., p. 417, note D (6, 17).
Beauchamp, op.cit., pp. 201-202.
On Muhammad Ali, see, Afaf Lutfi Al-Sayyid Marsot,Egypt and the Reign of Muhammad Ali, [Cambridge University Press], 1984; Khaled Fahmy, Mehmed Ali, [Oneworld Publications], 2009; Khaled Fahmy, All the Pasha’s Men: Mehmed Ali, his Army and the Making of Modern Egypt, [Cambridge University Press], 1997.
Beauchamp, op.cit., p. 202.
See Makris-Papageorgiou, op.cit., pp. 54-55.
The Vlora-Vryoni rivalry over the supremacy and the acquisition of political and administrative offices continued during the period of the Albanian “national revival.” In 1909 Aziz Pasha Vryoni, and Ismail Kemal Vlora, were elected representatives of the Berat sanjak Valona in the Ottoman Parliament. (Gawrych, op.cit., p. 332); further, Iliaz Bey Vryoni, Sami Bey Vryoni, Eqrem Bey Vlora, and Kemal Bey Vlora had participated in the congress which declared the Albanian independence. (Lef Nosi, Dokumenta historike për t'i shërbye historiës tone kombëtare. (Translated from the Albanian by Robert Elsie), Tirana: Instituti i Historisë 2007, pp. 99, 176-179). Also, in 1912, Sami Bey Vryoni and Suraya Pasha Vlora where members of the Ottoman Parliament (Meclis-i Mubasan). (http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst373/Meclis-iMubasan1912.htm).
Ahmet Uzun, op.cit., Table 2, “The Çiftliks of Ali Pasha...” (1234-36/1818/21), pp. 34-35; Dennis N. Skiotis, “From Bandit to Pasha: First Steps in the Rise of Power of Ali of Tepelen, 1750-1784,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 2, No 3 (July 1971), p. 221, note 1.
Ahmet Uzun, op.cit., Table 1 “The Revenues of Ali Pasha and his Sons in various Vilayets” pp. 32-33.
Georgios Vavaretsos, O Ali passas apo tin alli plevra [Ali pasha from the other side], Athens 1968, pp. 36-37; Sp. Aravantinos, op.cit., p. 345.
Sommerville Story, op.cit., p. 6.
Ars, op.cit., p. 334.
Omer Vryoni, defended with his corps the mountain passes of Pindus, with orders to prevent the passing of the sultanic troops. He united, however, with the forces of the Porte and let the Ottoman troops which were coming from Larissa to advance towards Yannina (August 1920). Ars op.cit., p. 335.
Kokolakis, op.cit., p. 126.
On the activity of Omer Vryoni in the military operations against the Greek rebels, see, Christos Vlassopoulos, To Hemerologion tou Agonos [The Journal of the Struggle], Athens 1930, pp. 34, 44, 70, 78, 80, 96, 122, 128, 146, 154, 172, 194, 204, 208, 239, 250, 266.
Nikolaos Kasomoulis, Apomnimonevmeta tis Epanastaseos ton Ellinon, 1821-1833 [Memoirs on the Revolution of the Greeks, 1821-1833] Athens, s.a., Vol II, pp. 122-125.
Lewis, op.cit., Vol I, pp. 146-156; Avraam Vaporides, Viographiki Istoria ton Sultanon tis Othomanikis Aftokratorias [Biographical History of the Sultans of the Ottoman Empire], Istanbul, 1885, pp. 158-168.
Vaporides, op.cit., pp. 174-186; About the elimination of janissaries see, Lewis, op.cit., pp. 187-191; Patrick Kinross, The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire London 1977, pp. 456-457; David Nicolle, The Janissaries. Osprey Publishing, London, 1995, p. 7; Jason Goodwin, Lords of the Horizons: A History of the Ottoman Empire, H. Holt, New York, pp. 296-299.
Sommerville Story, op.cit., pp 7-8.
Op.cit., p. 8.
P. Aravantinos, Chronographia..., op.cit., Vol. I, pp. 261, 288, 306, 319, 328-329, 383, 400-401, 409-10; Miller, op.cit., p. 194; Dionysios Kokkinos, I Elliniki Epanastasi [The Greek Revolution], Athens 1960, p. 56, notes that Ismail Bey “killed while he climbed the stairs of the governor's palace.” Miller, op.cit., p. 194, notes, also “that Resid Pasha executed by fraudulence the powerful Bey of Valona.'
Sommerville Story, op.cit., p. 8.
Polo-Puto, op.cit, p. 141; M. Konitza, The Albanian Question, Vatra, 1918, p. 12.
Georges Castellan, I Istoria ton Valkanion, s.a. p. 449 [French original edition: Histoire des Balkans, Fayard, 1991; Sommerville Story, op.cit., p. 9.
Marmullaku, op.cit, p. 21.
Kokolakis, op.cit, pp. 130-131.
P. Aravantinos, op.cit., Vol. I, p. 408.
Labëria as a region of the Toskaria, located between Valona and Sarandë, which expanded east to Tepelen. The Kanuni i Labërisë (or Kanuni I Papa Zhulit) was applied in the southern Albanian districts of Valona, in the Kurvelesi of Himarë and in Tepelen, and particularly in the region called “area of the three bridges” (Drasovitsa, Kalasa, Tepelen,). On the various Kanuns (e.g. Kanuni i Lekë Dukagjinit Kanuni i Skënderbeut, Kanuni i Malsisë së Madhe etc), prevailed in the mountainous Albanian communities, on which, actually, was never imposed the Islamic law (Sharia ), see, Robert Elsie, A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology , and Folk Culture, Hurst & Company, London, 2001. pp. 146-150.
Sommerville Story, op.cit., p. 9.
Kokolakis, op.cit., p. 132.
So called the Albanians steam powered ships, Sommerville Story, op.cit., p. 9.
A. Popovic, “Mustafa Pasha Bushatli,” Encyclopaedia of Islam, op.cit., Vol. VII, p. 720.
Sommerville Story, op.cit., p. 12.
Sommerville Story, op.cit., p. 15.
Op.cit.; V. Ch. Skafidas, “I Elliniki Epanastasi tou 1854, en Epiro kai Thessalia kai i katastrofi tou Metsovou” [The Epirot Revolution of 1854 and the destruction of Metsovo], Epirotiki Estia, Vol. III, Yannina, 1954. On the attitude of the Greek Kingdom towards the Crimean War, see, among others, Tryfon Evangelides, Istoria tou Othonos, Vasileos tis Ellados, 1832-1862 [History of Otto, King of Greece, 1832-1862], Athens pp. 531-532; Spyros Markezinis, Politiki Istoria tis Neoteras Ellados, [Political History of the Modern Greece], Vol. I, 1828-1862, p. 238; Stefanos Papageorgiou, Apo to Ghenos sto Ethnos. I Themeliosi tou Ellinikou Kratous, 1821-1862 [From Rum Millet to Nation-State. The foundation of the Greek State, 1821-1862], Athens 2004, pp. 468-475. On the Crimean War and the irredentist Greek rebellions, see. K. A. Papageorgiou, “I Epirotiki Epanastasis tou 1854” [The Epirot Revolution of 1854], Epirotiki Estia, Vol. IX, Yannina 1959.
Sommerville Story, op.cit.
Around this time upgraded, economically, Suraiya Bey Vlora, cousin of Mahmud Bey, who will become one of the richest men of southern Albania, and he will claim the leadership of the Vlora house. His son, Eqrem Bey Vlora, in his Memoirs, notes that his father, increased impressively his fortune, earning 20 million German marks within 20 years.
George W. Gawrych, “Tolerant Dimensions of Cultural Pluralism in the Ottoman Empire: The Albanian Community, 1800-1912”, Journal of the Middle East Studies. Vol. 15, No 4 (November 1983), pp. 519-536, passim.
Sommerville Story, op.cit., p. 13.
M. Şükrü Hanioğlu, The Young Turks in Opposition, Oxford University Press, 1995, pp. 66-67.
Nathalie Clayer, op.cit., pp. 332-333.
Sommerville Story, op.cit. p. 372. This is a popular Albanian national myth. According to this, the flag of the great Albanian medieval warlord Skanderbeg, which was guarded for centuries – nobody knows how, where and by whom – was found in Valona, coincidentally on the date of proclamation of national independence. Actually the truth is less dramatic. The flag which was hoisted on the balcony of the house of the Vlora family, it was in the possession of Eqrem Bey Vlora, nephew of Ismail Kemal. Eqrem Bey had taken the flag by Don Juan Aladro Castriota de Perez y Velasco, a wealthy Spanish businessman who had “bought” titles of nobility, claimed, falsely, that was a descendent of the Skanderbeg, and used the double-headed eagle in his coat of arms and as emblem of his personal banner. Aladro would be, the next year, one of the many claimants to the Albanian throne.
Nathalie Clayer, op.cit., p. 624; Pollo-Puto, op.cit., p. 209.
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