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Notes
Manchester Guardian (13 June 1929, p. 10).
I have adopted this collective name for the scandals as a result of widespread use of the phrase ‘police and public’ as a title in press discussions of these issues, e.g. Daily Herald (30 September 1927, p. 4) ; Daily Herald (19 May 1928, p. 4) ; Daily Mirror (25 May 1928, p. 9) ; Sunday Pictorial (16 September 1928, p. 8) ; Daily Herald (11 October 1928, p. 4) ; Wright (1929).
Browne (1956, p. 326-336) ; Critchley (1978, pp. 200-202) ; Emsley (1996, pp. 144-145).
Clark (2009) ; Clayton (2009b) ; Emsley (2009, pp. 202-230) ; Slater (2010).
Self (2003, pp. 7-9) ; Houlbrook (2005, pp. 27-31) ; Parliament (1928b) ; Slater (2012).
This situation had resulted around the turn of the century from pressure from moral purity campaigns in which social-purity feminists had played important roles : Bland (1995, pp. 108-110).
Daily Herald (25 August 1927, p. 5) ; Daily Herald (22 September 1927, p. 1).
Wood (2010).
The National Archives (NA) HO 45/25860/27a, Blackwell to Pick, 25 October 1928.
On the Pace case, see Wood (2009a, 2009b, 2012).
Clayton (2009b).
Laite (2008, p. 218) wrongly labels Savidge “a prostitute” and suggests her case led to the calling of the Street Offences Committee ; however, the latter had been sitting for half a year when Savidge and Money were arrested.
E.g., Daily Express (7 July 1928, p. 8) ; Daily Herald (9 July 1928, p. 1).
Parliament (1928a).
Fido, Skinner (2000, pp. 2-3) ; Manchester Guardian (15 September 1928, p. 11) ; Emsley (2009, pp. 208-209).
Emsley (2005).
Toughill (2006).
Emsley (1993).
See, e.g., Daily Herald (9 July 1928, p. 4).
Emsley (2003, p. 449).
Emsley (1996, p. 145).
E.g., White (1983) ; Emsley (1996, pp. 136-143) ; Davies (2000).
Daily Herald : (21 September 1927, p. 1) ; (22 September 1927, p. 1) ; (22 September 1927, p. 4) ; (24 September 1927, p. 5) ; (30 September 1927, p. 1) ; (30 September 1927, p. 4) ; (3 October 1927, p. 5) ; (5 October 1927, p. 3) ; (15 October 1927, p. 1).
HC Deb (23 May 1928 vol. 217 cc1890-1892)
Parliament (1928a, p. 29).
Daily Herald (16 July 1928, p. 2). The Sunday Worker put the ‘whitewash’ accusation on its front page : 15 July 1928, p. 1.
New Statesman (21 July 1928, p. 472).
New Statesman (4 August 1928, p. 533).
Reynolds’s Illustrated News (15 July 1928, p. 12).
Sunday Chronicle quoted by Lord Arnold, HL Deb (26 July 1928 vol. 71 c1358).
Quoted by Lord Arnold, HL Deb (26 July 1928 vol 71 c1357).
Daily News quoted in Daily Herald (16 July 1928, p. 2).
Manchester Guardian (14 July 1928, p. 12).
Daily Mail (14 July 1928, p. 10).
Daily Express (14 July 1928, p. 8). Johnston complained about this article in Parliament, suggesting “there is a definite and clear connexion between certain sections of the Press and Scotland Yard, and that this connexion is used for political and personal ends.” The Times (21 July 1928, p. 7).
Reynolds’s Illustrated News (22 July 1928, p. 1).
Daily Mirror (14 July 1928, p. 4).
Bingham (2002).
See The Times (21 July 1928, pp. 7-8).
HL Deb (26 July 1928 vol. 71 c1387).
HL Deb (26 July 1928 vol. 71 c1371).
HL Deb (26 July 1928 vol. 71 c1397, c1403 and c1404).
Daily Herald (18 May 1928, p. 1) ; HC Deb (17 May 1928 vol. 217 c1318).
HC Deb (11 July 1928 vol. 219 c2279). Emphasis added.
NA HO 45/25860/12a, Memo by Ernley Blackwell (16 July 1928).
They were not alone : in an article titled ‘The finest police in the world’, former Liberal Home Secretary Edward Shortt argued : “The British policeman is still held up as a model the world over.” Sunday News (7 October 1928, p. 8).
See, e.g., Blythe (1964, pp. 24-54). “He was the most prudish, puritanical, and protestant home secretary of the twentieth century” : Thompson (2004).
Petrow (1994, p. 294). For a more sympathetic interpretation of Joynson-Hicks, see Clayton (2009a).
Reynolds’s Illustrated News (1 July 1928, p. 3).
Petrow (1994, p. 300).
The Times (17 August 1925, p. 11).
Sunday Express (6 November 1927, p. 12).
Daily Mirror (22 December 1927, p. 7).
Daily Mirror (4 May 1928, p. 7).
World’s Pictorial News (13 May 1928, p. 4) ; World’s Pictorial News (20 January 1929, p. 4) ; Sunday Pictorial (1 July 1928, p. 8).
HC Deb (11 July 1928 vol. 219 c2292).
HC Deb (11 July 1928 vol. 219 c2305). She also criticised outgoing Met Commissioner Horwood for resisting the expanded use of female police officers, claiming that if earlier recommendations had been carried out, “we should never have had this Savidge scandal to-day. I am glad he [Horwood] is going.” (c 2305).
HC Deb (11 July 1928 vol. 219 c2320).
HL Deb (26 July 1928 vol. 71 c1384).
World’s Pictorial News (July 22, 1928, p. 4).
Parliament (1929, p. 76).
Kingsford (1982) ; Emsley (1996, pp. 136-143) ; Clark (2009).
Daily Herald (22 September 1927, p. 4).
Daily Herald (17 October 1927, p. 4).
Daily Herald (17 October 1927, p. 1). This perspective was not confined to Labour. In the parliamentary debate about the Savidge Inquiry reports, Communist MP Shapurji Saklatvala complained that other MPs had only raised concerns of the better-off classes, “of some people who want to drive faster than is good for them or for others, and of people who want to drink more than is good for them, or want to kiss their girls in public rather than in private, or on their feet instead of on their faces, or something like that.” 70 per cent of the London population were working class and realised “that the great class struggle is still developing, and that the police forces are used in that struggle as if they were the servants of a particular and privileged class.” HC Deb (11 July 1928 vol. 219 c2322). Members from other parties (including Conservatives) had, however, criticised working-class women being convicted of prostitution solely on police evidence.
Reynolds’s Illustrated News (8 July 1928, p. 5).
HC Deb (9 July 1928, vol. 219 cc1857-58) ; Daily Mail (10 July 1928, p. 13) ; Reynolds’s Illustrated News (15 July 1928, p. 5).
HC Deb (4 July 1928 vol. 219 cc1381-5) ; The Times (5 July 1928, p. 9).
HC Deb (11 July 1928 vol. 219 cc2263-330).
HC Deb (11 July 1928 vol. 219 cc2307-09).
Manchester Guardian (12 July 1928, p. 6).
Daily Herald (17 October 1927, p. 4).
HC Deb (17 May 1928 vol. 217 c1321). The Daily Herald observed : “During the Commons discussion on the case, Sir John Simon made a remark which struck an answering chord from Land’s End to John o’ Groats. It was this : ‘If that happened to my daughter, how should I feel ?’” : Daily Herald (14 July 1928, p. 4) ; see also Observer (20 May 1928, p. 16) ; Reynolds’s Illustrated News (15 July 1928, p. 12).
As a Home Office official put it, the Pace allegations “heated public opinion to the point where it was ready to explode when the Savidge case occurred”. NA HO 144/10854/31a, ‘Memo in anticipation of questions being raised’, Arthur Locke (9 July 1928, p. 1). I thank Bob Morris for assistance in analysing this source.
Jackson (2006, p. 19) ; see also Jackson (2000).
HC Deb (17 May 1928 vol. 217 c1317).
Wyles (1952) ; Clayton (2009b).
HC Deb (17 May 1928 vol. 217 c1337).
Emsley (2009, p. 211-212). Met Commissioner Horwood told the Royal Commission he agreed with the proposition that women police would be unfit for “really responsible police work” : Manchester Guardian (16 October 1928, p. 4). See also HC Deb (30 July 1931 vol. 255cc2612-13).
HC Deb (23 May 1928 vol. 217 c1928). Liberal Ernest Brown moved an amendment to the terms of the tribunal to ensure that at least one woman would be a part of it : “This is not a matter of man’s liberty or woman’s liberty but a question of the people’s civil liberty, and I think that when a tribunal of this kind is set up there should be a woman upon it.” (c1927) This was seconded by Wilkinson. When it became clear that this amendment had no chance, Brown withdrew it (c1929).
TNA HO 45/25860/1 and /12a.
The Times (30 July 1928, p. 8).
Daily Herald (14 August 1928, p. 1).
Emsley (1992).
Mandler (2006) ; Lawrence (2003).
Waters (2007).
Daily Mail (14 July 1928, p. 10) ; Daily Mail (13 July 1928, p. 10).
Sunday Express (20 May 1928, p. 1).
Sunday Dispatch (22 July 1928, p. 13). MacDonald and Margaret Bondfield were “booed” by Communists, and “several persons were ejected from the hall.”
HC Deb (17 May 1928 vol. 217 c1304). Johnston reiterated this point in a later debate on the Savidge Inquiry’s reports : “This question [of the Savidge case] had been raised purely on the ground of civil liberty. He had never spoken to Miss Savidge, and he had never had any communication from her. It was over four years since he had had any communication from Sir Leo Money, and Labour members were concerned in no way with the Hyde Park case.” The Times (21 July 1928, p. 7).
HC Deb (17 May 1928 vol. 217 cc1310-11). Manchester Guardian (18 May 1928, p. 8).
‘Liberty and the police,’ Economist (26 May 1928, p. 1063).
The case touched upon “The whole relationship between the citizen and the law, the whole tradition and development of British institutions, our national pride in principles of government wherein we have set an example to the world.” Observer (20 May 1928, p. 16.)
There were exceptions. A letter to The Times on the Savidge case in May noted “some signs of an attempt in certain Socialist quarters to exploit this lamentable episode as an instrument of attack upon the authorities who are responsible for the maintenance of law and order in this country.” The Times (19 May 1928, p. 15).
Manchester Guardian (18 May 1928, p. 8).
HC Deb (17 May 1928 vol. 217 c1309).
Sunday Pictorial (15 July 1928, p. 8).
Davies (2004).
HC Deb (17 May 1928 vol. 217 c1323).
HC Deb (17 May 1928 vol. 217 c1324). See also HC Deb (5 July 1928 vol. 219 cc1548-50 ); HC Deb (11 July 1928 vol. 219 cc2241-43).
Daily Express (11 July 1928, p. 1).
Daily Herald (23 May 1928, p. 5).
Daily Herald (25 May 1928, p. 1).
“Though officially a Conservative, she never hid her ambivalent attitude towards the party, yet at the same time her attacks on the Labour Party made it difficult for her to emerge as an independent politician.” M. Pugh, ‘Astor, Nancy Witcher, Viscountess Astor (1879-1964)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004 ; Jan. 2008 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30489, accessed 2 June 2010].
HC Deb (17 May 1928 vol. 217 c1319).
HC Deb (11 July 1928 vol. 219 cc2317-21).
Daily Mail (12 July 1928, p. 11) ; Daily Herald (13 July 1928, p. 1). “Some of the accusations made by Mr. O’Connor are the staple of conversation in working-class circles in London.” Daily Herald (13 July 1928, p. 4).
Daily Express (12 July 1928, p. 1).
Daily Express (21 July 1928, p. 15).
Sunday News (12 August 1928, p. 8).
Ibid. See also, Sunday News (8 July 1928, p. 8).
Sunday Pictorial (4 November 1928, p. 8).
Glover (1994).
Parliament (1929).
Daily Express (6 August 1928, p. 8). See also Daily Express (6 August 1928, p. 1). The order was dropped two years later : HC Deb (18 February 1932 vol. 261 cc1803-4). See also NA HO 45/22971/23a.
Daily Express (15 August 1928, p. 9).
Sunday Express (24 March 1929, p. 15).
World’s Pictorial News (19 October 1929, p. 4).
Daily Express (17 June 1930 in NA HO 45/22971/45).
Daily Express (15 July 1930, p. 1) ; Daily Express (16 July 1930, p. 1) ; Daily Express (17 July 1930, p. 9 ); Daily Express (8 July 1930, p. 9) ; Daily Express (19 July 1930, p. 9).
Daily Mail (24 July 1930, p. 8).
Daily Herald (25 June 1930, p. 8).
Manchester Guardian (12 January 1931, p. 7).
Martin (1931, p. 431).
NA HO 45/22971/45. This responded to questions by Conservative MP Captain P. MacDonald : HC Deb (13 November 1930 vol. 244 cc1838-9).
See also NA MEPO 3/2973/4a, Memo from Sir Frank Trevor Bigham, Assistant Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police. I thank Bob Morris for assistance in interpreting this source. On the ‘Judges’ Rules’, see Wood (2010).
NA HO 45/22971/63.
HC Deb (18 February 1932 vol. 261 c1804).
HC Deb (2 May 1932 vol. 265 c861).
HC Deb 2 (May 1932 vol. 265 cc8850-54).
Williamson (1982). See, e.g., The Times (23 April 1929, p. 18) ; Daily Herald (22 April 1929, p. 4) ; Daily Herald (11 May 1929, p. 4).
Williamson (2007, p. 73) ; Parliament (1981, p. 16).
See, e.g., Williams (2003).
See, e.g., comments by J.W. Orr at the Royal Commission : Daily Herald (20 November 1928, p. 6). Similarly The Manchester Guardian, 24 December 1930, p. 8 : “But even if it were established that the police find it more difficult to make a case now that the browbeating of witnesses is looked upon askance, there could be no question of slackening the regulations framed to end a vicious system. The liberty of the subject comes first.”
Quoted by Rawlings (2002, pp. 200-201).
Daily Chronicle (14 July 1928, p. 6).
Daily Chronicle (21 July 1928, p. 6).
Slater (2010, p. 355).
Slater (2010, p. 355). See also Houlbrook (2006, pp. 31-32).
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