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Environmental Activism in the Architectural Culture of Socialist Yugoslavia: The Case of the Center for Urban Development Planning (CEP)

L’activisme environnemental de la culture architecturale de la Yougoslavie socialiste : l’étude de cas du Centre d’urbanisme (CEP)
Jasna Galjer

Résumés

Cet article explore le transfert des idées et les pratiques environnementales qui se sont développés et qui ont circulé pendant le socialisme tardif en Yougoslavie dans les années 1970 et 1980. Les études de cas des modèles alternatifs de l’initiative environnementale dans la pratique architecturale et urbaine, sont explorées pour contester le narratif historique au sujet de l’activisme environnemental, qui aurait été déterminé par les conditions politiques de la démocratie de l’Ouest. Les recherches sont basées sur une analyse comparative des documents et sources périodiques sur les activités, d’expositions autoorganisées à des compétitions de design urbain. Ainsi, l’article examine comment ces stratégies de mobilisation environnementale ont contribué à des modifications dans les politiques hautement formalisées de planification urbaine, qui étaient très populaires à l’époque. Cet article examine donc les facteurs politiques et culturels des dynamiques soutenant les dialogues, les critiques, et les pratiques collaboratives comme faisant partie d’un mouvement général visant à humaniser la transition telle qu’une condition de la société socialiste tardive. Relevant le défi aux modèles conventionnels d’interprétation des relations entre ce qui est local et global dans la culture architecturale, l’objectif de ce mémoire est de mieux éclairer les transferts multicouches de la culture architecturale.

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Introduction

  • 1 Łukasz Stanek, Henri Lefebvre on Space: Architecture, Urban Research, and the Production of Theory, (...)
  • 2 Martino Stierli, Vladimir Kulić (eds.), Toward a Concrete Utopia: Architecture in Yugoslavia 1948–1 (...)

1Despite the environment being one of the most widely used key terms in contemporary architectural historiography, comprehensive studies into the role and conceptual framework of environmental ideas in the architectural culture of Yugoslavia’s late socialist period have yet to be conducted. This is the case, despite recent architectural historiography taking an interest in certain aspects of the transfer of ideas and ideologies in this sphere.1 Instead, a methodology based on reconstructing modernity as marking the foundational features of meaning and value continues to dominate. One illustrative example is the exhibition Towards a Concrete Utopia: Architecture in Yugoslavia 1948–1980, held by MoMA in 2018. This exhibition attempted to re-semanticize theoretical and critical concepts in order to establish a new historiographic narrative of socialist modernism. However, it did not clarify the question of socialist modernism being part of the postwar New Humanist movement.2

2At the same time, many cases that require an interdisciplinary approach grounded in the cultural history of architecture, anthropology, sociology, and media studies remain inadequately researched. One typical example is the discussion of issues related to the urban environment during the democratization of Yugoslav society in the 1970s and 1980s, where the concept of the environment was in use as of the early 1970s, yet with a variety of meanings. These ranged from references to the general principle of shaping the human domain and experimental models of architectural education, to ideas of environmental science and the increasingly popular awareness for the need to protect natural ecosystems as important resources promoting life quality.

3This article will consider the idea of the environment as a starting point for an alternative historiography of socialist modernism, and will explore the key roles of the mediators in affirming a social awareness of the quality of environment in order to achieve this. This article argues that, by investigating the actors and the political, social, and theoretical aspects of discussions about the environment, we can explain differences present in global modernizing processes. Nevertheless, the environment is both a theoretical and historical concept and a construct influenced by social and political processes. While state-control mechanisms did not permit radical forms of activism in Yugoslavia, the democratization of society from the 1970s onward was visible in a dynamic wherein citizen associations engaged in (self-)organized actions that articulated their dissatisfaction with the dearth of official policies linked to environmental protection.

  • 3 Typical examples of associations that failed to consolidate themselves to become important social a (...)
  • 4 Marni Berg, “Red and Green: Twenty Years of Environmental Activism in Hungary,” Problems of Post-Co (...)

4The rise of a green political bloc in the early 1990s quickly gave way to the marginalization of grassroots environmental movements.3 The political recognition of the green movement in Hungary followed a similar course, wherein its influence was quickly diminished. This suggests that the introduction of parliamentary democracy completely devalued the green movement’s recognition and influence on the political scene.4 Yet the history of the movement in late socialism has not been thoroughly researched, due partly to the reductivism of the post-socialist 1990s; that is, in the rebuttal of socialism as a core part of cultural memory –a process that continues to this day.

5This article analyzes the activities of the Center for Urban Development Planning (CEP) as part of the ecologically aware culture of environmental design in the 1970s and 1980s. It highlights specific features of its politically and socially engaged position in late socialism. Here, the concept of activism is used to refer to the field and methods of actions that formed strategies for professional and academic communication in a manner deemed politically acceptable in the socialist system when open protest was not possible. These strategies, however, relied on more radical models such as situationism. This article takes a transdisciplinary approach to the history of environmentalism, considering the context of networking, critical thinking, debate, dialogue and collaborative practices crucial for affirming new forms of action (in the field of urban planning) that focused on the protection and quality of the built and natural environment. The alternative position assumes a critique of the model of self-managing socialism, as affected by the crisis, and an awareness that the development of industry does not only lead to modernization and advancement, but also to the devastation of the natural and built environment.

6Furthermore, this article places special emphasis on the dynamics of the CEP participants’ networking in order to consolidate a socially engaged awareness of the environment. Strategies ranging from spontaneous actions, exhibitions, site-specific interventions, to architectural and urban design competitions and experimental models of architectural education are considered. The broader aim is to argue that these practices initiated changes in the politics of urban planning that were of great importance at that time.

  • 5 This concept relates to the separated-off position of the Praxis school within institutions (academ (...)

7Socialist ideology determined how activism was conceived and critically directed as part of the CEP’s activities. The intellectual springboards and activities included a network of actors and actions involved in cultural production, ranging from the high-brow academic culture of universities, symposia, and periodicals, to popular culture. The Praxis School, launched by the Zagreb-based Croatian Philosophical Society, was a philosophical circle of theorists named after the Praxix journal (1964–1974). It had a prominent position in Croatia and Yugoslavia, and especially influenced leftist social critique with its debates over a “third path” between capitalism and state socialism.5 The programmatic standpoint of the Praxis School was to realize human nature by producing a more humane world. This goal was focused on a critique of alienation that remained widespread and a new “red bourgeoisie” that formed in contemporary Yugoslav society. The Praxis authors returned to some of Marx’s early theses, formulating a sharp critique of mechanistic determinism and the theory of Soviet Marxism, which they contrasted with the creative potentials of individuals and the issue of alienation. From the early 1970s onward, environmental issues were addressed in urban planning. Environmentalists were especially active in urban areas, where they mostly dealt with local issues in urban planning, particularly in defining the emissions of toxic pollutants from factories. The theoretical debate that unfolded, mostly among sociologists, regarding the humanization of society resulted in interpretations of architecture as a socially engaged discipline.

  • 6 Goroslav Keller, “Socijalizam i ekologija” [Socialism and Ecology], Čovjek i prostor [Man and Space(...)
  • 7 Michel Ragon, “Urbanisme et énergies solaire,” Urbanisme, n° 139, 1973, p. 102–106.
  • 8 Sreten Vujović, “Stanovanje u novim naseljima” [“Housing in new settlements”], Sociološki pregled [(...)
  • 9 Rudi Supek, Grad po mjeri čovjeka: S gledišta kulturne antropologije [Humane City: From the Point o (...)

8The programmatic tone of the text “Socialism and Ecology” (1973) by the design theorist Goroslav Keller demonstrates how the debate over ecological issues began.6 Despite the abundance of negative propaganda regarding how capitalist countries tackled ecological issues, the translation of “Urbanisme et énergie solaire” (“Urbanism and Solar Energy”), a study from 1974 by French art and literature critic Michel Ragon, offered an informative overview of contemporary global trends, with particular reference to French-Dutch architect Guy Rottier’s “City without pollution” Ecopolis.7 By the early 1970s, the Belgrade sociologist Sreten Vujović had already applied Paul-Henry Chombart de Lauwe’s critique of the grands ensembles (or high-rise housing projects) to the Yugoslav context, advocating for a participatory urbanism.8 Also, in the book A City Tailored to Man (Grad po mjeri čovjeka), the philosopher and sociologist Rudi Supek analyzed the problem of alienation in relation to collective housing in new cities, linking the Marxist humanism of the Praxis group to Henri Lefebvre’s call for a “right to the city.”9 As a collective right, the concept of the right to the city takes a critical awareness of urban structural inequalities as its point of departure, and involves social actions for appropriating and reclaiming urban spaces, amidst calls for a different urban future.

  • 10 The translations into Serbo-Croatian include: Dijalektički materijalizam ; Kritika svakidašnjeg živ (...)
  • 11 Henri Lefebvre, On Some Criteria of Social Development and of Socialism,” Praxis, n° 2, 1964, p. 1 (...)

9From the late 1950s, Lefebvre’s writings were widely translated, discussed, and studied in Yugoslavia.10 His critique of modern urbanism in capitalist societies formed a starting point for a critique of the socialist city. Lefebvre’s concept of autogestion (or self-management) owes much to the intense interest and direct contacts and exchanges with the Yugoslav philosophers and intellectuals of the Praxis circle, most probably linked to his participation in the Korčula Summer School from 1964 onward.11 According to Lefebvre, urban space is a product of social relationships, yet it also transcends the boundaries of social relationships because it plays a role in their production.

The Social and Political Context of Environmentalism in Yugoslavia During the 1970s and 1980s

  • 12 Hrvoje Klasić, Jugoslavija i svijet 1968 [Yugoslavia and the World in 1968], Zagreb, Ljevak, 2012, (...)
  • 13 The First Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), held in Belgrade in 1961, launched the move (...)
  • 14 Hrvoje Petrić, “About Environmental Policy in Socialist Yugoslavia,” in Astrid Mignon Kirchhof, Joh (...)

10Socialist Yugoslavia formed after World War II, when President Josip Broz Tito united its six republics into a federal alliance. The newly formed state’s main problem concerned the economic and political differences between its more and less developed republics, which constantly increased from 1945 up until the breakup of Yugoslavia.12 In the 1980s, Tito’s death and the rise of nationalists like Serbia’s Slobodan Milošević exposed deep divisions in the country. As a Non-Aligned communist country, Yugoslavia was a bridge between East and West, meaning that its borders were open to both sides, as well as and especially to the South. This was because of Yugoslavia’s affiliation with the Non-Aligned Movement,13 which its authorities helped set up, facilitating the country’s economic expansion to Asian and African countries. During the 1970s, the state was involved in numerous international environmental activities, including the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), the Committee on the Environment of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and cooperated with the Soviet-led Council for Mutual Economic Assistance.14

  • 15 Čovek i životna sredina: jugoslovenski časopis za unapređenje kvaliteta života [Man and the environ (...)

11In 1971, the Fourth International Conference “Science and Society” was held in Herceg Novi, a small town in Montenegro. The theme was science, man, and his environment, chosen in preparation for the United Nations conference on problems with the human environment in Stockholm in 1972. In 1973, the Yugoslav Council for the Protection and Improvement of the Human Environment was founded. This council unified all the existing organizations, and its actions were very important. On the council’s initiative, a clause on the right to protect the environment was incorporated into the constitution in 1974, and the council launched a journal called Man and the Living Environment (1976–1989) that played an important role in popularizing ecological awareness among the public. This came to a head when the council was shut down because of political pressure after a wave of protests against industrial pollution.15

Environmentalism as an Alternative Practice in Socialist Yugoslavia’s Architectural Culture

  • 16 The research contributions on this topic relate to the works of individual authors: Ljiljana Blagoj (...)

12The role of the media space was crucial in strengthening architectural production in 1970s socialist Yugoslavia. Periodicals, exhibitions, and television were all important for building networks between and within the local and international spheres. However, while critical practices and activist interventions are ever-present codes used to mediate architecture, this topic has not yet been covered in the historiography.16

  • 17 For more on the conceptualization of architecture at the Trigon exhibitions, see: Jasna Galjer, “Ar (...)
  • 18 See Łukasz Stanek, Henri Lefebvre on Space: Architecture, Urban Research and the Production of Theo (...)

13The first agitational practices linked to environmentalism were artistic interventions in public spaces and experimental curatorial practices. The Trigon series of exhibitions in Graz, which included conceptual architecture, explicitly articulated an ecological, social, and political awareness of the crisis caused by urban policies.17 Thus, this exhibition series could be read as a tendency toward the democratization of art and experimental curatorial practices; and as demonstrating a new awareness of the politicization of public space.18

  • 19 Ljiljana Blagojević, “The Problematic of a ‘New Urban’: The Right to New Belgrade,” in Sabine Bitte (...)
  • 20 These allotments disappeared in the 1990s, within the deep sociopolitical crisis during the breakup (...)
  • 21 Hereinafter: CEP. The most active founding members included the architects Vladimir Macura, Đorđe B (...)
  • 22 The term working community referred to the administrative structure of the self-governing unit. CEP (...)
  • 23 The metaphor of the human body as a house has been dealt with by Gaston Bachelard through a social, (...)

14The construction of the new cities after World War II was one of socialist Yugoslavia’s most ambitious projects and was thus carefully managed.19 Nevertheless, informal and spontaneous activities also occurred. In the late 1970s, urban gardeners occupied unbuilt areas of New Belgrade. In his research, the urbanist Vladimir Macura saw these allotments as the socialist city’s urban reality: a step toward a more human-centered urban environment, rather than as holes in the ground.20 The Center for Urban Development Planning, was founded in 1974 by young architects, urban planners and sociologists.21 It was designed as a working community that sought to reorient urban planning toward environmentally sound practices and to delineate alternative ways of communicating and interacting with the public.22 Let us now consider the CEP’s collaborative practices during the 1980s, the period when it was most intensively active. The CEP’s program focused on architecture’s social and cultural aspects, along with the discipline’s key role in articulating, representing, shaping, using, and developing space. A drawing of an oak tree symbolized this visual identity and depicted this ecological awareness through an image of a circle of life as a reference to biological and human (social) nature. By connecting the two with urban life, the tree became an explicit visual metaphor for ecological awareness and the principles of sustainable development, which rose to be core tenets of the CEP’s program and activities in the early 1980s.23

15The CEP’s protagonists, who mediated dynamic transfers of architectural ideas, were young architecture graduates from the Faculty of Architecture at the University of Belgrade. These graduates had trained professionally at international schools or studios. Đorđe Bobić (b. 1939) worked in architectural offices in Paris from 1965 till 1968, while Miša David (1942–2000), one of the pioneers of participative urban planning in former Yugoslavia, attended a specialist course at the Centre for Environmental Studies in London in 1972. There was also Miodrag Ferenčak (b. 1943), who studied at the University of Baltimore’s Center for Metropolitan Studies, while Miloš Bobić (1946–2007) attended the summer session at the Architectural Association in London in 1971.

16In his role as a professor at the Faculty of Architecture in Belgrade, Bogdan Bogdanović had a decisive influence on his students’ ideas, and later on members of the CEP with whom he collaborated, including Bobić. He had introduced the concept of urbanology, which sought to challenge conventional approaches to urban planning, defining it as form of free thinking about the city, beyond the constraints of utilitarian urbanism. His approach was based on the thesis that spatial thinking establishes a new system of signs by situating them with regard to one another in contemporary spatial relations.

17As a professor of urban planning and as the mayor of Belgrade (1982–1986), Bogdanović advocated models of urban planning based on a holistic, all-encompassing, nonhierarchical approach to the city, which opposed the then current formalist urban policy in Yugoslavia. Despite support from the leading representatives of the Communist party, he constantly faced conflicts and misunderstandings with lower-level politicians. Yet political conflicts strengthened his authority by expanding the field of architectural, urban, and educational practice, including Bogdanović’s intensive participation in activities organized by the CEP. A characteristic example of bottom-up practice was the workshop “For Belgrade, Here and Now” (1982), initiated by Bogdanović and organized by the CEP. It aimed to revitalize neglected and devastated parts of the city. The workshop contributed to expanding the field of the participatory, self-organized production of urban space.

  • 24 F.K. (Fedor Kritovac), “Bilten Komunikacije” [“Bulletin Communication”], Čovjek i prostor [Man and (...)
  • 25 Fedor Kritovac, “Between environmental principles and reality: Pre-suppositions of the quality of l (...)
  • 26 Stipe Šuvar, “Sociološki aspekti prostornog razvoja Zagreba: ljudski problem u velegradu” [“Sociolo (...)

18The CEP introduced a methodologically innovative concept into the planning process: the contact plan. They derived this idea from the concept of direct democracy and introduced it as a phase in the urban planning process designed to establish an inclusive dialogue with local institutions, residents, and participants in the area concerned.24 In a period when the concept of zoning dominated urban planning in socialist Yugoslavia, this bottom-up initiative offered something radically different. Similarly, urban policies were critically reconsidered and strengthened within the theoretical framework of urban sociology. Sociological aspects of spatial development were also analyzed, using Zagreb as an example.25 Urban sociologists examined symptoms of a city-wide crisis in social community due to an insufficiently developed network of social institutions.26 Explicit criticism of these analyses of the environment confirms the deconstruction of an idealized image of the socialist city. This was replaced by a debate over a current crisis in the cityscape. At the same time, the CEP’s activities demonstrate the consolidation of a social and political awareness of the energy crisis and the interrelated stagnation and impoverishment of socialist cities.

Figure 1. Title Press releases for the Communications conferences (1980/1, 1981/2, and 1988)

Figure 1. Title Press releases for the Communications conferences (1980/1, 1981/2, and 1988)

Credit: Center for Urban Development Planning (CEP), Belgrade

19Since 1976, the CEP has organized Communications each May, which consist of a series of conferences where urban planners and architects from all the (former) Yugoslavian countries meet in the Cvijeta Zuzorić Pavilion in Belgrade. They aim to rethink urban planning and develop alternative ways of communicating and interacting with the public (Fig. 1).

  • 27 Đorđe Bobić, Traganje za gradom [Seeking the City], Belgrade, Orion Art, 2012.
  • 28 The format was also applied to the poster, and in the mid-1980s the publishing house had as many as (...)

20The architect Đorđe Bobić, who helped establish this conference series, claimed that it marked the first step toward gathering a diverse audience of experts, artists, and interested public to view possible models of the city. State and urban institutions had previously monopolized such discussions.27 Loose concepts structured these meetings, and they included flexible programs of lectures, talks, workshops, and a variety of other interactive and dynamic forms of communication. The conferences were documented in the monthly bulletin Communication, or in the publication Notes on Urbanism, Architecture, and Design, which was published as a newspaper and distributed free of charge to professional and academic circles that were of interest to the CEP.28

  • 29 The CEP initiatives included ideas about urban anthropology, urban agriculture, urban gardens, and (...)

21In opting for a newspaper layout and format, these publications’ explicitly postmodernist visual identity – using hybrid images, caricatures, and photomontage – further emphasized a departure from modernist design standards common in architectural periodicals at the time. Given that architectural periodicals in socialist Yugoslavia were managed by professional associations of architects, the autonomous position of the monthly bulletin Communication was all the more significant. This position facilitated a critical stance and an openness to innovative approaches to new topics, discussions, and even protest actions. Given the centralized nature of urban planning policies, this publication’s advocating for alternative strategies, along with its affirmation of new key approaches to urban planning, soon gained great popularity among the public.29

  • 30 Christopher Alexander, The Oregon Experiment, New York, Oxford University Press, 1975.

22The 1980s meeting of Communications, with the title “Collaboration and Agreement in Creating the City,” took an especially critical stance towards these topics, its publications documenting how topical the debate was. Alongside participants’ texts, a translation of Christopher Alexander’s influential book, The Oregon Experiment, entered the CEP’s intellectual milieu.30

  • 31 Bulletin Communication, June 1 1981; Communications, 1981/3, Belgrade, 1981.
  • 32 Vladimir Macura, “Za umjereni grad” [“For a Moderate City”], Komunikacija [Communication], n° 1, 19 (...)
  • 33 Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, New York, Random House, 1961.

23The Center for Urban Development Planning established the “moderate” city as an alternative to the traditional model of rigid, planned, top-down urbanism as early as the 1970s. This conceptual framework became the main means for popularizing the CEP’s work through an innovative and experimental project consisting of ideas for future cities in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The concept of the “moderate” city matured in consultations as part of the 1981 Communications meeting. There, the attendees considered the possibility of humanizing urban spaces through finding ecologically acceptable, practical, and sustainable solutions. This was an antithesis to overly centralized decision-making on urban issues.31 The editorial of the first issue of the bulletin Communication, which was published in 1981, posed a number of topical questions about the future development of Yugoslav cities in an atmosphere marked by a global energy crisis. Pleas for a “moderate city” as a possible solution to the unsatisfactory conditions that had resulted from earlier urban planning formed the first explicitly formulated criticism of urban policies in socialist Yugoslavia. The underlying question was: can cities become more human-centered?32 The exhibition For a Moderate City in the 1990s provided possible answers to this question, discussing themes such as pedestrian zones, energy-efficient buildings, traffic, etc. The final part of the exhibition consisted of three principles for a moderate city: bicycle use, solar energy, and an ecologically sustainable “light” house. Lectures, film screenings, concerts, debates, and other accompanying programs further highlighted the event’s participatory nature. A translation of the book The Death and Life of Great American Cities by Jane Jacobs was launched at the event. This book influenced the hypotheses of the moderate city that circulated and adapted to local conditions and the urban scale.33

Figure 2. Squares for our cities. Competition for young authors

Figure 2. Squares for our cities. Competition for young authors

Source: The bulletin Communication, N° 08, July 1982

  • 34 The works were evaluated by the director, the jury and the participants, and the competition was co (...)
  • 35 The competition was held on May 25–28, 1984, organized by the Student Cultural Centre, the Associat (...)
  • 36 The jury members were Alessandro Anselmi (Rome), Janez Koželj (Ljubljana), Slobodan Lazić (Belgrade (...)
  • 37 From the early 1980s, Yugoslavia participated in the architecture exhibitions that formed part of t (...)

24Communication’s commitment to bottom-up initiatives was reflected in a series of competitions entitled City of Hope, which began in the early 1980s. These competitions were based on activist assumptions regarding current architectural and urban issues, and were intended exclusively for young authors. The goal of the competition series was to encourage the creation of experimental projects and initiate conversations that were absent from the media space and institutional framework at that time.34 Launched in 1984, the competition tackled the question of the natural environment most directly. It included an exhibition entitled Living with Nature which focused on the coexistence of nature ​​and the built environment in urban contexts.35 The competition and the exhibition aimed to affirm the “utopia of the real” and an “urbanism of hope” as the core principles of critical, proactivist standpoints for the new generation of architects and urban planners. About 90 proposals for the redesign of 104 city squares in forty cities were submitted, and 10 prizes of equal worth were awarded.36 The participants had to choose one square in a Yugoslav city and suggest changes that would contribute to improving the square’s quality and what it had to offer. The task had to be presented in poster format (70 x 100 cm). The divergent works revealed the designs’ complexity. They included analytical propositions, critical discourses, postmodernist images appropriating the visual language of popular culture, and ideograms that blended visual metaphors invoking the dystopian cityscape of Blade Runner. The prizewinning works made connections with topical conceptual models for presenting architecture, and relied on collage and simultaneous display techniques that evoked the then theoretical foundations of architectural language in the early 1980s.37

25The first prize went to Wild Pigs on the Run Present: Living with Nature by the Slovenian architecture students Aljoša Kolenc and Matjaž Požlep. It referenced Orwell’s cautionary tale by evoking a song from the album Animals by the psychedelic rock group Pink Floyd (Fig. 3).

Figure 3. Competition proposal Wild Pigs on the Run Present: Living with Nature (Aljoša Kolenc and Matjaž Požlep), first prize.

Figure 3. Competition proposal Wild Pigs on the Run Present: Living with Nature (Aljoša Kolenc and Matjaž Požlep), first prize.

Living with nature; Competition for young authors

Source: The bulletin Communication, N° 28, June 1984

  • 38 Neno Kezić’s proposal is based on the idea that the natural and built environment are mutually excl (...)

26By taking provocative ideas of conflicting relations of the built and natural landscape as a starting point, the competition design by Neno Kezić focused on the interactions between man and the natural environment.38 The author experimented with graphic signs found in popular culture (graffiti, comics) and used them to consider the (im)possibilities of overlaying urban typologies on the natural morphology of a Mediterranean island.

  • 39 The author of the project is Miodrag Ferenčak with colleagues from CEP, in collaboration with the P (...)
  • 40 Miodrag Ferenčak, “Nagovor za osunčani urbanizam” [Persuasion for the Sunny Urbanism], Komunikacija (...)

27Sustainable architecture also emerged as a new topic in the Communications media space in the early 1980s.39 By analyzing the experimental project of the Sjenice solar settlement in Sarajevo, that is, in a Yugoslav region, Miodrag Ferenčak highlighted the limitations related to the integration of solar energy into urban planning.40 The author argued that solar urbanism was a socially justified urban planning strategy but stated his preference for rehabilitation of natural elements in urban planning areas as a counterbalance to the dominance of technological and economic criteria.

  • 41 Marijan Vejvoda, “Ekomuzej Blaca” [Blaca Desert Eco-museum], Komunikacija [Communication], n° 19, 1 (...)
  • 42 The idea of the Blaca desert (an abandoned monastery) appeared in 1972. Although Vejvoda’s project (...)
  • 43 “Obično nepoznati predjeli: Pustinja Blaca na otoku Braču” [Usually unknown areas: Blaca Desert on (...)

28The Blaca Desert Eco-Museum project by the architect Marijan Vejvoda also affirmed the ecological movement and was presented at the Communications conference in 1983.41 This was one of the first projects in the region to establish new criteria for the revitalization of the natural environment and cultural heritage. It proposed the concept of a multidisciplinary center based on self-sustaining energy sources, with an emphasis on the public participation of local residents, especially the young inhabitants of the Dalmatian island of Brač.42 The project presented scientific and cultural artifacts (astronomical instruments, libraries, artwork, craft studios) that formed the surplus value generated from agricultural production. Its focus was on reviving preindustrial production while drawing on renewable resources and a rural way of life, from organic construction to solar energy and multidisciplinary exchanges. Radical agricultural economy was one topic tackled, striving to create a renewed sense of community by conceptualizing land as an ecosystem.43

  • 44 Bogdan Bogdanović (1922–2010) was an architect, professor, philosopher, artist, writer and one of t (...)

29In the 1980s, the CEP’s activities were based on intensive cooperation with Bogdan Bogdanović,44 who expressed his ideas about the need to transform and humanize the architectural profession. Before leaving for a visit to the United States in 1969, he suggested implementing interdisciplinary methods in architectural education, such as urban sociology. In the US, he toured schools across the country to study American design pedagogies, visiting the College of Environmental Design at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Visual and Environmental Studies curriculum at Harvard University. These programs looked at environmental issues in an interdisciplinary way, incorporating theoretical perspectives from philosophy, anthropology, aesthetics, and new media. Starting from a comparative analysis of the school curricula and current trends in architectural education, he laid the foundations for the application of environmental design.

  • 45 Goroslav Keller, “Ka školi za environment” [“Towards a school for the environment”], Čovjek i prost (...)

30By taking these experiences as a starting point, Bogdanović incorporated American multidisciplinary approaches into the founding structure of the New School of Architecture (1971–1973) in Belgrade, implementing models of radical pedagogy into the traditional teaching system. While the activities of the New School ended in 1974 for political reasons, this experiment was the impetus for a change in the social and political role of architecture. Within the New School’s approach, Bogdanović also encouraged the architectural profession to assume a critical position toward society: by the early 1970s he had posed his questions about the complexity of the city and its environment, and he had introduced the experiment as an urban planning method challenging the city’s disintegration.45 After closing the New School of Architecture, Bogdan Bogdanović established a new experimental educational model amid an atmosphere marked by environmentalist currents. This was called the Village School for the Philosophy of Architecture (1978–1990), where the traditionalist methodology of architectural education was replaced by new methods of approaching architectural practice based on heuristics and on researching play, with an emphasis on teamwork in nature as an alternative to the city and the academic system. This seemingly naive creative play stressed the subtle intersections between culture, environment, and the built city as involved in the production of space. He created a fictional civilization by imagining myths as the basis for establishing a city. The Village School for the Philosophy of Architecture was a hybrid model linking a workshop with performing activities. Bogdanović and his students viewed this alternative village school as a space of liberation from an institutionalized educational system and a place for a free, playful city (Fig. 4).

  • 46 Bogdan Bogdanović, Gradoslovar [Dictionary of town terminology], Belgrade, Vuk Karadžić, 1982.
  • 47 When the book Gradoslovar was published, Vladimir Macura interviewed Bogdan Bogdanović. See Bogdan (...)

31When Bogdanović’s book Gradoslovar (a dictionary of town terminology) was published, the bulletin Communication published an interview with the author,46 conducted by one of the CEP’s protagonists, Vladimir Macura.47 Like the book’s structuralist concept, the interview consisted of thirty letters as signs that represented the city. One topic was the intersection of urban pragmatism and ecological deliberation at Belgrade’s confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers, along with its protection and transformation into a recreational area. Bogdanović saw this pain point marking an intersection between the natural environment, traffic, and a densely populated urban space as an archipelago of greenery and water that should in no way be threatened by the construction of a new satellite settlement, a counterpart to New Belgrade, which would therefore transform the river into a waterway, a thoroughfare in the heart of Belgrade.

Figure 4. Remembering the Trowel

Figure 4. Remembering the Trowel

Scenes from the seminar “Trowel Under the Walnut Tree” organized as part of a collaboration between the CEP and Bogdan Bogdanović, September 26–October 7, 1983.

Source: The bulletin Communication, N° 23, January 1984

  • 48 Additional programs included a multivision program, film screenings, and chamber concerts of mediev (...)
  • 49 For an analysis of housing complexes as an expression of the idea of a “neighborhood” see: Dijana M (...)

32The CEP cooperated with Bogdan Bogdanović on a series of other activities in the 1980s. In 1983, they organized the seminar “Trowel Under the Walnut Tree.” This multidisciplinary event embodied a radical concept based on unconventional, interdisciplinary, performative, and participatory research methodologies in urban culture, which had expanded as a field.48 The program linked three kinds of sessions: lectures by invited experts in multidisciplinary methodological approaches, research laboratories, as well as teamwork exercises and games. In these thematic sessions, topical issues concerning the links between the city and society, culture, the environment, legislation, demography, and sociology were explored and discussed alongside theoretical frameworks and case studies that drew on the CEP’s practice. These included the presentation of an urban plan for a residential zone in Kraljevo, Serbia, where a neighborhood with gardens was intended to include spaces for people to gather in.49 In addition to architects and urban planners, film critics, writers, economists, demographers, sociologists, archaeologists, psychologists, mathematicians, and art historians also participated in the discussions, aiming to expand the urban planning methodology. A competition was organized as part of an internal seminar debate surrounding a residential settlement project in an underdeveloped area in the center of New Belgrade for seventy families displaced from a nearby village because of the construction of a thermal power plant. As the affected group had a rural background, the possibility of their getting involved in agricultural production should have been foreseen. The seminar concluded with the concept of a moderate city that strove for the implementation of small changes, and the core planning of housing, industry, and of infrastructure based on the use of natural water sources.

  • 50 David Gosling, Barry Maitland, Concepts of Urban Design, New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1984.

33The debate over problems linked to bureaucratically codified regulations in urban practices became explicitly focused on the synthesized urban planning framework throughout the years that followed. An antidogmatic approach to urban planning, based on David Gosling and Barry Maitland’s contemporary theory of urban design, was indicative.50 This approach was critical of Le Corbusier’s doctrine of the functionalist city, and of the city’s division into zones of public rituals and zones of work, as propagated by the Nazi regime; while its advocates recognized a similar dichotomy of the city center and residential areas in the housing concepts inherent in the model of the welfare state. The concept of collective participatory models, direct democracy – including self-help and housing cooperatives – stood in opposition to Le Corbusier’s doctrine.

Figure 5. “2000 US $ far!” The bulletin Communication, N° 33, Belgrade, CEP, 1984.

Figure 5. “2000 US $ far!” The bulletin Communication, N° 33, Belgrade, CEP, 1984.

Cover page

  • 51 The issue was published with the title “2000 US $ far!”, Komunikacija [Communication], n° 33, 1984. (...)
  • 52 One of the biggest factories in socialist Yugoslavia.
  • 53 The project was carried out from 1983 to 1986. The data from: Jovan Ristić, “Alternativa [Alternati (...)
  • 54 John F. C. Turner, Housing by People. Towards Autonomy in Building Environments, London, Marion Boy (...)

34The starting point for the discussion documented in the special issue of the Communication bulletin was Anthony Vidler’s theses on the “third typology.”51 This topic’s key feature was visual representations that evoked popular culture and the mass media by appropriating the suggestive, satirical language of caricature (Fig. 5). The first typology related to nature, where form returns to natural condition. The second typology related to the industrial revolution and the idea of architecture as connected to individuals and founded in the system, resulting in designs for the future. The contribution also included an overview of selected conceptual models of urban design linked to various typologies, including The Manhattan Transcripts by Bernard Tschumi, Supports by N. John Habraken, and Learning from Las Vegas by Robert Venturi, Denise Scott Brown and Steven Izenour. Special attention was paid to the performative aspects of projects by Emilio Ambasz, Gordon Cullen, and Paolo Portoghesi, and to the standards of urban morphology defined by Léon and Rob Krier. Tschumi’s project for Parc de la Villette was singled out as a new concept for an urban park, whereas Lucien Kroll’s Les Vignes Blanches was described as a paradigmatic example of participatory practice that included the former and future residents of the community in preparatory research before drafting the design. Therefore, the priority was to reaffirm a common social pattern that would generate urban development in a manner equally applicable to the Brazilian favelas and the illegally built settlements on the outskirts of cities in socialist Yugoslavia, with their common feature being the coherence of the social structure. The implementation of community architecture under such circumstances, such as the model of alternative social housing for Minel factory workers from the mid-1980s, is an authentic example of a bottom-up initiative previously unknown in socialist society, and is also specific in terms of its application to a socialist self-managed political system.52 The factory, that is, the workers, conducted the research and analysis in cooperation with the factory and the CEP.53 The project was also a criticism of the system of assigning “social housing” to workers, in line with rules prescribed by the state at the time, and the project’s theoretical basis was close to John F.C. Turner’s alternative housing policies.54

Conclusion

  • 55 Starting in 1993, Darko Radović lectured at the University of Melbourne, Australia, and in 2009 he (...)

35Cultural pluralism, cultural dialogue, and the theoretical framework of architectural culture in the early 1990s were all affected by the collapse of socialist Yugoslavia’s political system. Conferences, the Communication bulletin, and practices promoted by the CEP after 1990 became a relic of the entangled socialist past and a memory that is often subject to revisionist misinterpretations. The transitional and post-transitional condition lacked, and still lacks, the original activism, enthusiasm, and visionary utopian character of previous initiatives and strategies. An absence of consistent urban policies has continued to generate chaos in urban planning, which has been more visible than in the 1980s, amid the disintegration of urban identity. At the same time, the profit motive has further deconstructed all other categories of quality of space, especially the politics of space, which is becoming increasingly determined by political power relations. Nevertheless, initiatives also occurred in the 1990s that updated practices linked to the production of space from the 1970s and 1980s. Darko Radović, one of the CEP collaborators who continued his career abroad in the early 1990s, gave an overview of all the efforts of the previous decade in the text from 1990, “Ecological Regionalism in Architecture and History.”55 He drew on Lefebvre’s thesis of a city being a projection of a society in space, hinting at the anachronism present in the pseudohistorical regionalism that was in fact a symptom of nationalist ideology in Yugoslavia at that time. Radović opposed that ideology with an architecture oriented toward the future, where ecological standards counted as necessary quality criteria.

36In summary, by opening up a discourse on participatory practices of environmental mobilization in the 1970s and 1980s, this article has examined the CEP’s mediating role in the democratization of decision-making on key political issues. The CEP’s fascinating activities, which were ahead of their time in the 1980s, sadly remain part of the disputed and ignored intellectual heritage identified with the former political system. Under the current neoliberal circumstances, the former Yugoslav space is paradoxically increasingly distanced from projective tendencies toward including social and ecological awareness in contemporary architectural culture.

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Notes

1 Łukasz Stanek, Henri Lefebvre on Space: Architecture, Urban Research, and the Production of Theory, University of Minnesota Press, 2011.

2 Martino Stierli, Vladimir Kulić (eds.), Toward a Concrete Utopia: Architecture in Yugoslavia 1948–1980, New York, MOMA, 2018.

3 Typical examples of associations that failed to consolidate themselves to become important social and political actors include the Association for Environmental Protection in Slovenia (AEPS), the Ecological Movement of Serbia, and the Croatian Green Party – Ecological Alliance.

4 Marni Berg, “Red and Green: Twenty Years of Environmental Activism in Hungary,” Problems of Post-Communism, Vol. 47, n° 2, 2000, p. 46–56.

5 This concept relates to the separated-off position of the Praxis school within institutions (academic community and political structures).

6 Goroslav Keller, “Socijalizam i ekologija” [Socialism and Ecology], Čovjek i prostor [Man and Space], n° 263, 1973, p. 24.

7 Michel Ragon, “Urbanisme et énergies solaire,” Urbanisme, n° 139, 1973, p. 102–106.

8 Sreten Vujović, “Stanovanje u novim naseljima” [“Housing in new settlements”], Sociološki pregled [Sociological Review], vol. 6, n° 3, 1972, p. 203–221.

9 Rudi Supek, Grad po mjeri čovjeka: S gledišta kulturne antropologije [Humane City: From the Point of View of Cultural Anthropology], Zagreb, Naprijed, 1987.

10 The translations into Serbo-Croatian include: Dijalektički materijalizam ; Kritika svakidašnjeg života [Le Matérialisme dialectique; Critique de la vie quotidienne], Naprijed, Zagreb, 1959; Antisistem : prilog kritici tehnokratizma [Vers le cybernanthrope : contre les technocrates], Radnička štampa, Belgrade, 1973, and Urbana revolucija (La Révolution urbaine), Belgrade, Nolit, 1974]. This last work was published thirty years before the English translation.

11 Henri Lefebvre, On Some Criteria of Social Development and of Socialism,” Praxis, n° 2, 1964, p. 151–162.

12 Hrvoje Klasić, Jugoslavija i svijet 1968 [Yugoslavia and the World in 1968], Zagreb, Ljevak, 2012, p. 268–271.

13 The First Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), held in Belgrade in 1961, launched the movement that emerged as a political alternative during the Cold War. It was founded primarily as a grouping of developing countries engaged in decolonisation.

14 Hrvoje Petrić, “About Environmental Policy in Socialist Yugoslavia,” in Astrid Mignon Kirchhof, John Robert McNeill (eds.), Nature and the Iron Curtain: Environmental Policy and Social Movements in Communist and Capitalist Countries, 1945–1990, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2019, p. 175–176.

15 Čovek i životna sredina: jugoslovenski časopis za unapređenje kvaliteta života [Man and the environment: Yugoslav magazine for the improvement of the quality of life], Belgrade, Jugoslovenski savez za zaštitu i unapređivanje čovekove sredine, 1976–1989.

16 The research contributions on this topic relate to the works of individual authors: Ljiljana Blagojević, “Raskršća savremene arhitekture: Ranko Radović i diskurs postmodernizma” [“Intersections of Contemporary Architecture: Ranko Radović and the Discourse of Postmodernism”], Kultura, n° 134, 2012, p. 182–199; Vladimir Kulić, “Bogdan Bogdanović and the Search for a Meaningful City” in Ákos Moravánszky, Judith Hopfengärtner (eds.), Re-Humanizing Architecture: New Forms of Community, 1950–1970, Basel, Birkhäuser, (Vol. 1: East West Central: Re-building Europe 1950–1990), 2017, p. 199–210.

17 For more on the conceptualization of architecture at the Trigon exhibitions, see: Jasna Galjer, “Architecture and Freedom or How Attitudes Became Form at Trigon 69,” Ars Adriatica, n° 11, 2021, p. 383–398.

18 See Łukasz Stanek, Henri Lefebvre on Space: Architecture, Urban Research and the Production of Theory, University of Minnesota Press, 2011.

19 Ljiljana Blagojević, “The Problematic of a ‘New Urban’: The Right to New Belgrade,” in Sabine Bitter, Helmut Weber (eds.), Autogestion, or Henri Lefebvre in New Belgrade, Vancouver and Berlin, Fillip and Steinberg Press, 2009, p. 119–133.

20 These allotments disappeared in the 1990s, within the deep sociopolitical crisis during the breakup of socialist Yugoslavia. See Vladimir Macura, “Bašta u gradu” [“Garden in the City”], Arhitektura urbanizam [Architectural Urbanism], n° 96, 1985, p. 36–37.

21 Hereinafter: CEP. The most active founding members included the architects Vladimir Macura, Đorđe Bobić, and Miodrag Ferenčak.

22 The term working community referred to the administrative structure of the self-governing unit. CEP never had more than twenty-five employees because that would have required them to register as a workers’ union, going against the idea of direct democracy held by members of CEP, in the generation of 1968.

23 The metaphor of the human body as a house has been dealt with by Gaston Bachelard through a social, cultural and psychological approach. This was widely influential in socialist Yugoslavia during the 1970s and 1980s.

24 F.K. (Fedor Kritovac), “Bilten Komunikacije” [“Bulletin Communication”], Čovjek i prostor [Man and Space], n° 299, 1978, p. 26.

25 Fedor Kritovac, “Between environmental principles and reality: Pre-suppositions of the quality of living in urbanised milieu,” Socijalna ekologija [Social Ecology], vol. 5, n° 2, 1996, p. 229–242.

26 Stipe Šuvar, “Sociološki aspekti prostornog razvoja Zagreba: ljudski problem u velegradu” [“Sociological Aspects of the Spatial Development of Zagreb: Human Problem in the Great City”], Arhitektura [Architecture], n° 106, 1970, p. 60–66.

27 Đorđe Bobić, Traganje za gradom [Seeking the City], Belgrade, Orion Art, 2012.

28 The format was also applied to the poster, and in the mid-1980s the publishing house had as many as 2000 copies.

29 The CEP initiatives included ideas about urban anthropology, urban agriculture, urban gardens, and urban regeneration. These were all unusual in the local community at that time.

30 Christopher Alexander, The Oregon Experiment, New York, Oxford University Press, 1975.

31 Bulletin Communication, June 1 1981; Communications, 1981/3, Belgrade, 1981.

32 Vladimir Macura, “Za umjereni grad” [“For a Moderate City”], Komunikacija [Communication], n° 1, 1981.

33 Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, New York, Random House, 1961.

34 The works were evaluated by the director, the jury and the participants, and the competition was completed with an exhibition of the selected works in the Cvijeta Zuzorić Art Pavilion in Belgrade.

35 The competition was held on May 25–28, 1984, organized by the Student Cultural Centre, the Association of Belgrade Architects, the Faculty of Architecture and the Cvijeta Zuzorić Art Pavilion. The contribution was published in the bulletin Communication, n° 28, Belgrade, CEP, 1984.

36 The jury members were Alessandro Anselmi (Rome), Janez Koželj (Ljubljana), Slobodan Lazić (Belgrade), Nenad Novakov (Belgrade), Boris Podrecca (Vienna), Aldo Rossi (Milan), Dušica Seferagić (Zagreb), Aleksandar Stjepanović (Belgrade) and Biljana Tomić (Belgrade).

37 From the early 1980s, Yugoslavia participated in the architecture exhibitions that formed part of the Venetian Biennale.

38 Neno Kezić’s proposal is based on the idea that the natural and built environment are mutually exclusive, and he explores possible coexistence of this exclusion.

39 The author of the project is Miodrag Ferenčak with colleagues from CEP, in collaboration with the Physics Laboratory of the Boris Kidrič Institute, Vinča. Client: Institute for City Development, Sarajevo (1981/2).

40 Miodrag Ferenčak, “Nagovor za osunčani urbanizam” [Persuasion for the Sunny Urbanism], Komunikacija [Communication], n° 16, 1983, p. 3.

41 Marijan Vejvoda, “Ekomuzej Blaca” [Blaca Desert Eco-museum], Komunikacija [Communication], n° 19, 1983, 4. Marijan Vejvoda (b. 1939) researched the applications of cable television in urbanism at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, (1978–1979) after his studies at the Architectural Faculty in Zagreb. He lectured at the Manchester College of Art and Design (1968–70) and gained his PhD at the Architectural Faculty in Zagreb. His topic was the Revitalization of the Cultural Monument Pustinja Blaca on the Island of Brač (1993).

42 The idea of the Blaca desert (an abandoned monastery) appeared in 1972. Although Vejvoda’s project was supported by the Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, the initiative was implemented somewhat differently more than thirty years later, retaining its core characteristics.

43 “Obično nepoznati predjeli: Pustinja Blaca na otoku Braču” [Usually unknown areas: Blaca Desert on the island of Brač], Čovjek i prostor [Man and Space], n° 346, 1982, p. 18–19.

44 Bogdan Bogdanović (1922–2010) was an architect, professor, philosopher, artist, writer and one of the leading Yugoslav intellectuals.

45 Goroslav Keller, “Ka školi za environment” [“Towards a school for the environment”], Čovjek i prostor [Man and Space], n° 219, 1971, p. 18–20.

46 Bogdan Bogdanović, Gradoslovar [Dictionary of town terminology], Belgrade, Vuk Karadžić, 1982.

47 When the book Gradoslovar was published, Vladimir Macura interviewed Bogdan Bogdanović. See Bogdan Bogdanović, “Trideset gradoslovnih godina” [Bogdan Bogdanović, Thirty Years of the Dictionary of Town Terminology], Komunikacija [Communication], n° 19, 1983, p. 2–3.

48 Additional programs included a multivision program, film screenings, and chamber concerts of medieval and renaissance music.

49 For an analysis of housing complexes as an expression of the idea of a “neighborhood” see: Dijana Milašinović-Marić, “Housing Design Model Within Unique Architectural Complexes in Serbia in The Sixties of 20th Century: As Model Forms of Harmonization Between Ideology and Modern Architectural Forms,” in Vladimir Mako, Mirjana Roter Blagojević, Marta Vukotić-Lazar (eds.), Proceedings from International Conference Architecture & Ideology, September 28–29. Belgrade, Faculty of Architecture University of Belgrade, 2012, p. 549–556.

50 David Gosling, Barry Maitland, Concepts of Urban Design, New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1984.

51 The issue was published with the title “2000 US $ far!”, Komunikacija [Communication], n° 33, 1984. See also: Anthony Vidler, “The Third Typology”, Oppositions, n° 7, 1976, p. 1–4.

52 One of the biggest factories in socialist Yugoslavia.

53 The project was carried out from 1983 to 1986. The data from: Jovan Ristić, “Alternativa [Alternative]. Essay on alternative housing,” Komunikacija [Communication], n° 47, 1986.

54 John F. C. Turner, Housing by People. Towards Autonomy in Building Environments, London, Marion Boyars, 1976.

55 Starting in 1993, Darko Radović lectured at the University of Melbourne, Australia, and in 2009 he began his professorship at Keio University, Tokyo. Darko Radović, “Ekološki regionalizam u arhitekturi i historija” [“Ecological Regionalism in Architecture and History”], Čovjek i prostor [Man and Space], n° 11/12, 1990, p. 12–13.

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Table des illustrations

Titre Figure 1. Title Press releases for the Communications conferences (1980/1, 1981/2, and 1988)
Crédits Credit: Center for Urban Development Planning (CEP), Belgrade
URL http://journals.openedition.org/craup/docannexe/image/12056/img-1.jpg
Fichier image/jpeg, 121k
Titre Figure 2. Squares for our cities. Competition for young authors
Crédits Source: The bulletin Communication, N° 08, July 1982
URL http://journals.openedition.org/craup/docannexe/image/12056/img-2.jpg
Fichier image/jpeg, 108k
Titre Figure 3. Competition proposal Wild Pigs on the Run Present: Living with Nature (Aljoša Kolenc and Matjaž Požlep), first prize.
Légende Living with nature; Competition for young authors
Crédits Source: The bulletin Communication, N° 28, June 1984
URL http://journals.openedition.org/craup/docannexe/image/12056/img-3.jpg
Fichier image/jpeg, 72k
Titre Figure 4. Remembering the Trowel
Légende Scenes from the seminar “Trowel Under the Walnut Tree” organized as part of a collaboration between the CEP and Bogdan Bogdanović, September 26–October 7, 1983.
URL http://journals.openedition.org/craup/docannexe/image/12056/img-4.jpg
Fichier image/jpeg, 83k
Titre Figure 5. “2000 US $ far!” The bulletin Communication, N° 33, Belgrade, CEP, 1984.
Légende Cover page
URL http://journals.openedition.org/craup/docannexe/image/12056/img-5.jpg
Fichier image/jpeg, 405k
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Pour citer cet article

Référence électronique

Jasna Galjer, « Environmental Activism in the Architectural Culture of Socialist Yugoslavia: The Case of the Center for Urban Development Planning (CEP) »Les Cahiers de la recherche architecturale urbaine et paysagère [En ligne], 17 | 2023, mis en ligne le 15 avril 2023, consulté le 12 juin 2026. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/craup/12056 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/craup.12056

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Auteur

Jasna Galjer

Jasna Galjer is Professor at the University of Zagreb. Before joining the university, she worked at the Museum of Arts and Crafts in Zagreb as a curator of the collection of architecture and design. Her research interests focus on twentieth and early twenty-first century history, theory, and criticism of architecture and design. She is especially interested in the transfer and mediation of ideas and ideologies in architecture and culture from the 1950s to the late 1990s. She is the author of various essays and monographs on architectural criticism, the cultural history of periodicals, architectural photography, and the history of exhibitions and design. She has curated and cocurated several exhibitions, including Reflections of Bauhaus (Zagreb, 2019). She is editor of The Caring State and Architecture: Sites of Education and Culture in Socialist Countries (2021, with S. Lončar).
jgaljer@ffzg.hr

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