Bibliographie
Stan Allen and Marc McQuade (eds.), Landform Building: Architecture’s New Terrain, Baden, Lars Müller Publishers, 2011.
Gaston Bachelard, The Poetics of Space, Boston, Beacon Press, 1994 [1958].
W. G. V. Balchin, Norman Pye, “A Microclimatological Investigation of Bath and the Surrounding District”, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 73, 1947, pp. 317‐318.
Alexander Gottlieb, Baumgarten, (1750-1758), Hamburg, Ästhetik, 2 Bände. Meiner, 2007.
Alison Bick Hirsch, City Choreographer. Lawrence Halprin in Urban Renewal America, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 2014.
Werner Blaser, Chinese Pavillion Architecture. Quality, Design, Structure Exemplified by China, Niederteufen, A. Niggli, 1974.
Andrew Boyd, Chinese Architecture and Town Planning. 1500 B.C. - A.D. 1911, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1962.
David Bray, Social Space and Governance in Urban China. The Danwei System from Origins to Reform, Palo Alto, Stanford University Press, 2005.
Gilles Clément, “The Planetary Garden” and Other Writings, Philadelphie, University of Pennsyvania Press, 2015.
Ernst Egli, Die neue Stadt in Landschaft und Klima. Climate and Town Districts. Consequences and Demands, Zurich, Verlag für Architecture, 1951.
Mark Fisher, The Weird and the Eerie, London, Repeater, 2016.
James R. Fleming, Vladimir Jankovic, “Revisiting Klima”, Klima, Osiris, vol.2, 2011.
Michel Foucault, “Des Espace Autres”, Architecture, Mouvement, Continuité, October 5, 1984, pp. 46-49.
Rudolf Geiger, Das Klima der bodennahen Luftschicht, ein Lehrbuch der Mikroklimatologie, Braunschweig, Vieweg, 2. Auflage, 1941 [1927].
Clarence J. Glacken, Traces on the Rhodian Shore. Nature and Culture in Western Thought From Ancient Times to the End of the Eighteenth Century, Berkeley Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1967.
Johann Wolfgang Goethe, West-Östlicher Divan, in Goethes sämtliche Werke in sechzehn Bänden, Band 11, Goethes Übersetzungen und Bearbeitungen fremder Dichtungen, Leipzig, Insel Verlag, 1923 [1819].
Sue Grimmond, “London’s urban climate: historical and contemporary perspectives,” in Michael Hebbert, Vladimir Jankovic & Brian Webb, City Weathers. Meteorology and Urban Design 1950-2010, Manchester, University of Manchester, 2011.
Katrin Hagen, Freiraum im Freiraum : Mikroklimatische Ansätze für die städtische Landschaftsarchitektur, Wien, Techn. Univ., Diss, 2011.
Katrin Hagen, “Mit Sinnen und Verstand. Gestaltungsprinzipien maurischer Gärten als Inspiration für eine klima-sensitive Stadtgestaltung”, dérive, n 48, Stadt KLIMA Wandel, 2012.
Florian Hertweck, “Berliner Ein- und Auswirkungen”, in Die Stadt in der Stadt. Berlin: Ein grünes Archipel. Ein Manifest (1977) von Oswald Mathias Ungers und Rem Koolhaas mit Peter Riemann, Hans Kollhoff und Arthur Ovaska. Eine kritische Ausgabe von Florian Hertweck und Sébastien Marot, Baden, Lars Müller Publishers, 2013.
Lisa Heschong, Thermal Delight in Architecture, Cambridge, The MIT Press, 1979.
Christian Cay Lorenz Hirschfeld, Theorie der Gartenkunst, Bd. 1, Leipzig, Weidmann, 1779.
Benito Jiménez Alcalá, Aspectos bioclimaticos de la arquitectura Hispanomusulmana, Cuadernos de la Alhambra, 35, 1999, pp. 13-29.
Carl Kassner, Die meteorologischen Grundlagen des Städtebaues, Städtebauliche Vorträge aus dem Seminar für Städtebau an der Königlichen Technischen Hochschule zu Berlin, Band III, Heft VI, herausgegeben von Joseph Brix und Felix Genzmer, Berlin, Ernst & Sohn, 1910.
Karl Knoch, Problematik und Probleme der Kurortklimaforschung als Grundlage der Klimatherapie, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Wetterdienstes, n°30, Offenbach a. M., 1962.
Albert Kratzer, Das Stadtklima, Braunschweig, F. Vieweg & sohn, 1937.
Ian Laurie, “Urban Commons”, in Ian Laurie (ed.), Nature in Cities. The Natural Environment in the Design and Development of Urban Green Space, Chichester, Wiley, 1979.
David Leatherbarrow, Topographical Stories. Studies in Landscape and Architecture, Philadelphie, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.
Le Corbusier, “Die Bodenaufteilung der Städte,” in Rationelle bebauungsweisen. Ergebnisse des 3. Internationalen Kongresses für Neues Bauen, Brüssel, November 1930, Frankfurt am Main, reprint 1979, Nendeln, 1931.
Sanda Lenzholzer, Weather in the City: How Design Shapes the Urban Climate. Rotterdam, nai010 publishers, 2015.
Arthur O. Lovejoy, “The Chinese Origin of a Romanticism,“ in Essays in the History of Ideas, New York, Capricorn, 1960 [1948].
G.Manley, “Microclimatology. Local Variations of Climate likely to affect the Design and Siting of Buildings”, The Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects, vol. 56, n°7, May 1949 (read at meeting of R.I.B.A. on 12 April 1949).
Zara Muren, Dream of the Sea Ranch, Documentary Film, 1994.
André Potvin, Assessing the microclimate of urban transitional spaces, in Proceedings of PLEA2000. Cambridge, Routledge, 2000.
André Potvin, “Intermediate environments,” in K. Steemers et Steane (dir.), Environmental diversity in architecture, London/New York, Spon Press, 2004, pp. 121‑143.
Mercè Rodoreda, Der Garten über dem Meer, Hamburg, MareVerlag, 2014 [1967].
Osvald Sirén, Gardens of China, New York, The Ronald Press Company, 1949.
Jean-Paul Thibaud, “La fabrique de la rue en marche : essai sur l’altération des ambiances urbaines”, Flux, 66/67, 2007, pp. 111‑119.
Carolina Vasilikou, Marialena Nikolopoulou, “Degrees of Environmental Diversity for Pedestrian Thermal Comfort in the Urban Continuum. A New methodological Approach,” in Bridging the Boundaries. Human Experience in the Natural and Built Enviroment and Implications for Research, Policy, and Practice. Advances in People-Enviroment Studies, vol. 5, Hogrefe, 2014.
Hans von Trotha, Angenehme Empfindungen. Medien einer populären Wirkungsästhetik im 18. Jahrhundert vom Landschaftsgarten bis zum Schauerroman, München, editor, 1999.
Hans von Trotha, “Hortus conclusus. Der mittelalterliche Klostergarten”, in Albert Lutz and Hans von Trotha (eds.), Gärten der Welt. Orte der Sehnsucht und Inspiration, edited by, Kölhn, Wienand, 2016.
Martin Wagner, Das sanitäre Grün der Städte. Ein Beitrag zur Freiflächentheorie, Dissertation TU Berlin, 27 Februar, Berlin, 1915.
Mark Wasiuta, Sarah Herda, “Anna Halprin, Lawrence Halprin. The Halprin Workshops Bay Area, California, USA 1966-1971, [on line] http://radical-pedagogies.com/search-cases/a37-anna-halprin-lawrence-halprin-workshops/ (8/10/2018).
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Notes
Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe, “West-Östlicher Divan”, in Goethes sämtliche Werke in sechzehn Bänden, Band 11, Goethes Übersetzungen und Bearbeitungen fremder Dichtungen, Leipzig, S. 678. Goethe refers to the Persian poet Dschelal-Eddin Rumi, 1923 [1819].
Lisa Heschong, Thermal Delight in Architecture, Cambridge, The MIT Press, 1979, p. ix.
Ibid., p. 29.
See Benito Jiménez Alcalá, “Aspectos bioclimaticos de la arquitectura Hispanomusulmana”, Cuadernos de la Alhambra, 35, 1999, pp. 13-29.
Katrin Hagen, “Mit Sinnen und Verstand. Gestaltungsprinzipien maurischer Gärten als Inspiration für eine klima-sensitive Stadtgestaltung”, dérive, n 48, Klima, Wandel, p. 23. “The microclimatic effect of such a spatial formation can best be explained by the patio-pórtico-torre concept (courtyard-arcade-tower) : the lushly landscaped courtyards with their water features can develop a specific microclimate thanks to the insulation provided by the adjacent building façades ; the openings of the self-contained buildings are positioned on the courtyard side and in the upper part of the tower-like main room, whereby the cool and humid garden air is sucked through the interiors ; the shading by the superior arcades counteracts heating”. Translation by the author. See also her dissertation, assessing comprehensively both historical sources and contemporary measurments in Moorish gardens. Hagen, Katrin, Freiraum im Freiraum : Mikroklimatische Ansätze für die städtische Landschaftsarchitektur, Wien, Techn. Univ., Diss., 2011.
The literary scholar Roger Willemsen emphasizes the high capacity of this literature “to hint something as immaterial as the floating of a mood, the condensation of a climate, such as the composition of the sea’s air, the flowers’ colors, and lighthearted dialogues”. Roger Willemsen, “Epilogue”, in Mercè Rodoreda, Der Garten über dem Meer, Der Garten über dem Meer, Hamburg, Marebuchverlag, 2014 [1967], p. 228.
See David Leatherbarrow, Topographical Stories. Studies in Landscape and Architecture, Philadelphie, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.
Christian Cay Lorenz Hirschfeld, Theorie der Gartenkunst, Bd. 1, 1779, p. 155. Angaben gemäss: Hans von Trotha, (1999), Angenehme Empfindungen. Medien einer populären Wirkungsästhetik im 18. Jahrhundert vom Landschaftsgarten bis zum Schauerroman, München, p. 9. See also Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten (1750-1758), Ästhetik, Meiner, Hamburg, Meiner, 2007.
Mark Fisher, The Weird and the Eerie, London, Repeater, 2016, p. 13.
Osvald Sirén, Gardens of China, New York, Ronald Press, 1949, p. 5.
Ibid., p. 6.
Chiu Che Bing, “The Traditional Chinese Garden: A World Apart,” in Frédéric Edelmann (ed.), In the Chinese City. Perspectives on the Transmutations on a Empire, Barcelona, Actar, 2008, p. 63.
Pavilion and courtyard house form two complementary architectural typologies, which led architect and theorist Werner Blaser to his fundamental distinction between “massive and filigree construction.” “The choice of skin-and-skeleton building as a means of joining and disjoining the indoor and outdoor world follows logically from the technological possibilities of combining the two archetypal dwellings: the cave and the tent.” Werner Blaser, Chinese Pavilion Architecture. Quality, Design, Structure Exemplified by China, Niederteufen, A. Niggli, 1974, p. 9.
Andrew Boyd, Chinese Architecture and Town Planning. 1500 B.C. – A.D. 1911, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1962, p. 79.
Clarence J. Glacken, Traces on the Rhodian Shore. Nature and Culture in Western Thought From Ancient Times to the End of the Eighteenth Century, Berkeley Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1967, p. ix.
The appropriation of the Chinese garden by Western researchers and architects, particularly in the decades after the World War II, have been conducted by the German sinologist Eleanor von Erdberg (Chinese Influence On European Garden Structures, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1936), the Swedish art historian Osvald Sirén (Gardens of China, New York, The Ronald Press Co., 1949), the English historians of science Arthur Lovejoy (Essays in the History of Ideas, Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press, 1948) and Joseph Needham (Science and Civilisation in China, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1956), the English architect Andrew Boyd (Chinese Architecture and Town Planning. 1500 B.C.-A.D. 1911, London, Alec Tiranti, 1962), and the Swiss architect Werner Blaser (Chinese Pavillion Architecture. Quality, Design, Structure Exemplified by China, Niederteufen, A. Niggli, 1974).
Arthur O. Lovejoy, “The Chinese Origin of a Romanticism”, in Essays in the History of Ideas, New York, 1960 [1948], p. 102.
In the sense of Goethe’s West-Eastern Divan. Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe, “West-Östlicher Divan”, in Goethes sämtliche Werke in sechzehn Bänden, Band 11, Leipzig, 1923 [1819].
Architect Ernst Egli, following climate deterministic thinking of his time, conceived the gardens of Bagdad not only modifying urban microclimates but more general the “imaginative world” of the residents. “Not much imagination is needed to tell oneself how different life is in the atmosphere of London, compared to that of Bagdad. Any European who has lived for a certain time in the dry zone of the earth knows how every inch of his surroundings will change in importance even for him: the garden, the trees, the water, the land, shade and light. The imaginative world of a person born in that country will be entirely different from our own, for he has quite different needs and desires”. See Ernst Egli, Climate and Town Districts. Consequences and Demands, Zurich, 1951, p. 64. See also Gaston Bachelard, The Poetics of Space, Boston, Beacon Press, 1994 [1958].
See Gilles Clément, “The Planetary Garden” and Other Writings, Philadelphie, University of Pennsyvania Press, 2015.
Michel Foucault, “Des Espace Autres,” in Architecture, Mouvement, Continuité, October 5, 1984, pp. 46-49.
Hans von Trotha, “Hortus conclusus. Der mittelalterliche Klostergarten”, in Albert Lutz and Hans von Trotha (dir.), Gärten der Welt. Orte der Sehnsucht und Inspiration, Kölhn, Wienand, 2016, p. 161. In German: “Ein Moment, das allen Gärten gemeinsam ist : die Abgegrenztheit von der Umwelt. Durch die Mauer, durch die Hecke, durch den Zaun oder den Graben wird der Garten zum Garten.”
Cited according to David Bray, Social Space and Governance in Urban China. The Danwei System from Origins to Reform, Palo Alto, Stanford University Press, 2005, p. 17.
Rudolf Geiger, Das Klima der bodennahen Luftschicht, ein Lehrbuch der Mikroklimatologie, Braunschweig, Berlin, Springer Vieweg, 1941 [1927], p. VI.
James R. Fleming, Vladimir Jankovic, “Revisiting Klima”, Klima, Osiris, vol. 26, 2011, p. 4.
Rudolf Geiger, Das Klima der bodennahen Luftschicht, ein Lehrbuch der Mikroklimatologie, Braunschweig, Vieweg, 1941 [1927], p. VI.
On the intersections of these three fields see Stan Allen and Marc McQuade (eds.), Landform Building: Architecture’s New Terrain, Baden, Lars Müller Publishers, 2011.
G. Manley, “Microclimatology. Local Variations of Climate likely to affect the Design and Siting of Buildings”, The Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects, vol. 56, n°7, May 1949 (read at meeting of RIBA. on 12 April 1949), p. 317.
Osvald Sirén, Gardens of China, New York, The Ronald Press Company, 1949, p. 5.
“Die Trockenheit in ausgedehnteren Städten wird vor allem durch die höhere Temperatur verursacht, und diese wieder ist eine Folge der Steinmassen der Häuser, denn wenn diese im Laufe des Sommers von der Sonne bestrahlt werden, so erhitzen sie sich beträchtlich und sammeln eine derartige Wärmemenge, dass nachts keine so grosse Abkühlung eintritt wie draussen auf dem Lande.” Carl Kassner, Die meteorologischen Grundlagen des Städtebaues, Städtebauliche Vorträge aus dem Seminar für Städtebau an der Königlichen Technischen Hochschule zu Berlin, Band III, Heft VI, herausgegeben von Joseph Brix und Felix Genzmer, Berlin, Ernst & Sohn, 1910, p. 14.
“The distribution of the station sites also enables an assessment of the urban effect to be made. In winter the central city area is warmer than the surrounding country areas at similar elevation by a degree or so and exhibits the characteristic heat island within a built-up area. Much is doubtless due to the increased heat generated by the city itself and the higher absorption rate permitted by the increased atmospheric pollution of winter months which also reduces outward radiation. In summer, however, the city station showed lower maxima than the surrounding country sites at similar elevation to the extent of 1-2 degrees. This was an interesting conformation of other observations that the heat island effect of winter is not necessarily continued throughout the year.” W.G.V. Balchin, Norman Pye, “A Microclimatological Investigation of Bath and the Surrounding District”, op. cit., p. 303f. See also Sue Grimmond, “London’s urban climate: historical and contemporary perspectives”, in Michael Hebbert, Vladimir Jankovic & Brian Webb, City Weathers. Meteorology and Urban Design 1950-2010, Manchester, University of Manchester, 2011.
Rudolf Geiger, Das Klima der bodennahen Luftschicht, ein Lehrbuch der Mikroklimatologie, op. cit., p. 352.
Albert Kratzer, Das Stadtklima, Braunschweig, F. Vieweg & sohn, 1937, p. 66.
Ibid., p. 67.
In his contribution to the CIAM Congress, le Corbusier interpreted the title as follows: “Should the surface of cities be extended or made smaller?” Le Corbusier, “Die Bodenaufteilung der Städte,” in rationelle bebauungsweisen. Ergebnisse des 3. Internationalen Kongresses für Neues Bauen, Brüssel, Novemeber 1930, Frankfurt am Main, reprint 1979, Nendeln, 1931 p. 48.
Martin Wagner, Das sanitäre Grün der Städte. Ein Beitrag zur Freiflächentheorie, Dissertation TU Berlin, 27. Februar, Berlin, S. 1, 1915.
Ian Laurie (ed.), Urban Commons, in Nature in Cities. The Natural Environment in the Design and Development of Urban Green Space, Wiley, Chichester, 1979, p. 232.
Ibid., p. 235.
Ibid., p. 232.
See Florian Hertweck, “Berliner Ein- und Auswirkungen”, in Die Stadt in der Stadt. Berlin: Ein grünes Archipel. Ein Manifest (1977) von Oswald Mathias Ungers und Rem Koolhaas mit Peter Riemann, Hans Kollhoff und Arthur Ovaska. Eine kritische Ausgabe von Florian Hertweck und Sébastien Marot, Baden, Lars Müller Publishers, 2013.
James R. Fleming, Vladimir Jankovic, “Revisiting Klima”, Klima, Osiris, vol. 26, 2011, p. 4.
Alison Bick Hirsch, City Choreographer. Lawrence Halprin in Urban Renewal America, op. cit., p. 5.
Ibid., p. 201.
https://time2switch.wordpress.com/2011/08/15/score-quad/ (8/8/2018)
W.G.V. Balchin, Norman Pye, “A Microclimatological Investigation of Bath and the Surrounding District”, op. cit., pp. 297-323.
Peter Smithson, “Bath: Walks within the walls: a study of Bath as a built form taken over by other uses”, Architectural Design, October 1969, p. 1.
Ibid., p. 8.
Mark Wasiuta, Sarah Herda, “Anna Halprin, Lawrence Halprin. The Halprin Workshops Bay Area, California, USA 1966-1971”, [on line] http://radical-pedagogies.com/search-cases/a37-anna-halprin-lawrence-halprin-workshops/ (8/10/2018)
Alison Bick Hirsch, City Choreographer. Lawrence Halprin in Urban Renewal America, op. cit., p. 200.
Ibid., p. 201.
“Day one quotations from Halprin, The RSVP Cycles”, cited according to ibid., p. 201 and 303.
“Guidelines for the Experiments in Environment Workshops”, 1968, cited according to ibid., p. 201.
Ibid., p. 7.
Halprin Lawrende, “Word-by-word quotation”, in Zara Muren, Dream of the Sea Ranch, a Documentary Film, 1994.
See Sanda Lenzholzer, Weather in the City: How Design Shapes the Urban Climate, Rotterdam, nai010, 2015.
Broadly, sensory walks have been applied in research on urban microclimates by French Jean-Paul Thibaud and Canadian André Potvin since the early 2000s. Potvin deployed mobile monitoring methods since his PhD. See André Potvin, “Assessing the microclimate of urban transitional spaces”, in Proceedings of PLEA2000, Cambridge, Routledge, 2000; André Potvin, “Intermediate environments”, in K. Steemers et Steane (dir.), Environmental diversity in architecture, London/New York, Spon Press, 2004; and Jean-Paul Thibaud, “La fabrique de la rue en marche : essai sur l’altération des ambiances urbaines”, Flux, 66/67, 2007.
Carolina Vasilikou, Marialena Nikolopoulou, “Degrees of Environmental Diversity for Pedestrian Thermal Comfort in the Urban Continuum. A New methodological Approach,” in Advances in People-Enviroment Studies, vol. 5, Bridging the Boundaries. Human Experience in the Natural and Built Enviroment and Implications for Research, Policy, and Practice, Hogrefe, 2014, p. 103.
Ibid., p. 97.
Ibid., p. 101.
Ibid., p. 106.
Ibid., p. 99.
Translation of Karl Knoch, Problematik und Probleme der Kurortklimaforschung als Grundlage der Klimatherapie, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Wetterdienstes, n°30, Offenbach a. M., 1962, p. 50.
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