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Barkin Kenneth, “Adolf Wagner and German Industrial Development”, The Journal of Modern History, 1969, 41 (2), p. 144-159.
Bartolucci Chiara and Lombardo Giovanni Pietro, “Evolutionary Monism in the Study of Mental Phenomena. The Clinical Differential Psychopathology of Enrico Morselli, Scientist and Philosopher (1852–1929)”, History & Philosophy of Psychology, 2012, 14, p. 11–21.
Baumann Ursula, Vom Recht auf den eigenen Tod. Die Geschichte des Suizids vom 18. bis 20. Jahrhundert, Weimar, Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 2001.
Behrisch Lars, “Vermessen, Zählen, Berechnen des Raumes im 18. Jahrhundert”, in Lars Behrisch (ed.), Vermessen, Zählen, Berechnen. Die politische Ordnung des Raumes im 18. Jahrhundert, Frankfurt, Campus Verlag, 2006, p. 7-26.
Bianco Elisa, “Suicidi di Primo Ottocento: Riflessioni sulla liceità della morte volontaria nell’Italia preunitaria”, in Paolo L. Bernardini and Anita Virga (eds.), Voglio morire! Suicide in Italian Literature, Culture, and Society 1789-1919, Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2013, p. 85-114.
Bonomi Serafino, Del suicidio in Italia: Studi di statistica medica, Milan, Presso la Societa per la pubblicazione degli Annali universali delle scienze e dell’industria, 1870.
Clark Evalyn, “Adolf Wagner: From National Economist to National Socialist”, Political Science Quarterly, 1940, 55, p. 378-411.
Crum Frederick Stephen, The Statistical Work of Süssmilch, Boston, 1901.
Despine Prosper, Psychologie naturelle: Étude sur les facultés intellectuelles et morales, Paris, F. Savy, 1868.
Desrosières Alain, The Politics of Large Numbers. A History of Statistical Reasoning, Cambridge (Mass.), Harvard University Press, 1998.
Geltmaker Ty, Tired of Living: Suicide in Italy from National Unification to World War I, 1860-1915, New York, Peter Lang, 2002.
Goldney Robert D., Schioldann Johan A., Dunn Kirsten I., “Suicide Research Before Durkheim”, Health & History, 2008, 10, p. 80-81.
Guarnieri Patrizia, “Between Soma and Psyche: Morselli and Psychiatry in late-nineteenth-century Italy”, in William F. Bynum, Roy Porter, and Michael Shepherd (eds.), The Anatomy of Madness: Essays in the History of Psychiatry, vol. 3, London/New York, Routledge, 1988, p. 102-124.
Hacking Ian, The Taming of Chance, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Kirchner Joachim, “Adolf Wagners Nachlaß in der Preusischen Staatsbibliothek”, Sonderabzug aus Schmollers Jahrbuch für Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung und Volkswirtschaft im Deutschen Reiche, 1927, 192, p. 147-155.
Kushner Howard, “Suicide, Gender and the Fear of Modernity in Nineteenth-Century Medical and Social Thought”, Journal of Social History, 1993, 26, p. 461-490.
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Livi Carlo, “Del metodo sperimentale in freniatria e medicina legale”, Rivista Sperimentale di Freniatria e Medicina Legale in relazione con l’Antropologia e le Scienze Giuridiche e Sociali, 1875, 1, p. 1-10.
Lombroso Cesare, L’uomo delinquente in rapporto all ‘antropologia, alla giurisprudenza ed alla psichiatria (cause e rimedi), Torino, Fratelli Bocca, 1897.
Lombroso Cesare, Crime: its Causes and Remedies, London, W. Heinemann, 1911.
Morselli Enrico, Contributo alla psicologia dell’uomo delinquente. Note statistiche e antropologiche sui delinquenti suicidi, Reggio Emilia, Stefano Calderini, 1877.
Morselli Enrico, Il suicidio: saggio di statistica morale comparata, Milan, Fratelli Dumolard, 1879.
Morselli Enrico, Suicide, New York, D. Appelton and Co., 1882.
Oettingen Alexander von, Die Moralstatistik. Inductiver Nachweis der Gesetzmäßigkeit sittlicher Lebensbewegung im Organismus der Menschheit, vol. I: Die Moralstatistik und die christliche Sittenlehre. Versuch einer Socialethik auf empirischer Grundlage, Erlangen, Deichert, 1868.
Oettingen Alexander von, Über die Akuten und Chronischen Selbstmord, Dorpat/Tellin, E. F. Karow’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1881.
Patriarca Silvana, Numbers and Nationhood. Writing Statistics in Nineteenth-Century Italy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Pick Daniel, Faces of Degeneration: A European Disorder, c. 1848-c. 1918, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1993.
Poovey Mary, A History of the Modern Fact: Problems of Knowledge in the Sciences of Wealth and Society, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1998.
Porter Theodore M., “Statistical and social facts from Quetelet to Durkheim”, Sociological Perspectives, 1995, 38, p. 15-26.
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Tamassia Arrigo, “La pazzia nei criminali italiani”, Rivista di discipline carcerarie, 1874, 4, p. 301-309.
Tamassia Arrigo, Il progetto del codice penale pel regno d’Italia, Milano, Fratelli Rechiedei, 1874.
Tönnies Ferdinand, “Adolf Wagner”, Deutsche Rundschau, 1917, 174, p.107ff.
Troeltsch Ernst, Die Bedeutung des Protestantismus für die Entstehung der modernen Welt, Munich/Berlin, Oldenbourg, 1911.
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Turner Stephen, “Durkheim among the statisticians”, Journal of the History of Behavioral Sciences, 1996, 32, p. 354-378.
Verga Andrea, “Suicidi in Torino dal 1825 al 1859”, Gazzetta Medica Italiana – Lombardia – Appendice Psichiatrica, 1861 (April 1), 13, p. 113-115.
Wagner Adolf, Die Gesetzmässigkeit in den scheinbar willkührlichen menschlichen Handlungen vom Standpunkte der Statistik, Hamburg, Boyes & Geisler, 1864.
Whitt Hugh P. and Reinking Victor W. (eds. and trans.), A Translation of André-Michel Guerry’s Essay on the Moral Statistics of France (1833): A Sociological Report to the French Academy of Science, Lewiston, Edwin Mellen Press, 2002.
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Notes
Enrico Morselli, Suicide, New York, D. Appelton and Co., 1882, p. 16.
Enrico Morselli, Il suicidio: saggio di statistica morale comparata, Milan, Fratelli Dumolard, 1879. The book appeared in German and English translation in 1881 and in English-American translation in 1882.
Enrico Morselli, Suicide, op. cit., p. 15.
See, for instance, Howard Kushner, “Suicide, Gender and the Fear of Modernity in Nineteenth-Century Medical and Social Thought”, Journal of Social History, 1993, 26, p. 461-490; Theodore M. Porter, “Statistical and social facts from Quetelet to Durkheim”, Sociological Perspectives, 1995, 38, p. 15-26;
Stephen Turner, “Durkheim among the statisticians”, Journal of the History of Behavioral Sciences, 1996, 32, p. 354-378; Robert D. Goldney, Johan A. Schioldann, Kirsten I. Dunn, “Suicide Research Before Durkheim”, Health & History, 2008, 10, p. 80-81; Daryl Lee, “Accounting for Self-Destruction: Morselli, Moral Statistics and the Modernity of Suicide”, Intellectual History Review, 2009, 19, p. 337-352.
Two of Oettingen’s brothers held chairs at the university as well.
Die Moralstatistik. Inductiver Nachweis der Gesetzmäßigkeit sittlicher Lebensbewegung im Organismus der Menschheit, vol. I: Die Moralstatistik und die christliche Sittenlehre. Versuch einer Socialethik auf empirischer Grundlage, Erlangen, Deichert, 1868.
Alexander von Oettingen, Moralstatistik, op. cit., p. 99.
In their eulogistic A Translation of André-Michel Guerry’s Essay on the Moral Statistics of France (1833): A Sociological Report to the French Academy of Science (Lewiston, Edwin Mellen Press, 2002), Hugh P. Whitt & Victor W. Reinking (eds. & trans.) argue that Süssmilch’s work is less closely associated to modern sociology and criminology than that of Guerry.
Lars Behrisch, “Vermessen, Zählen, Berechnen des Raumes im 18. Jahrhundert”, in Lars Behrisch (ed.), Vermessen, Zählen, Berechnen. Die politische Ordnung des Raumes im 18. Jahrhundert, Frankfurt, Campus Verlag, 2006, p. 7-26.
Frederick Stephen Crum, The Statistical Work of Süssmilch, Boston, 1901, p. 6ff, 21.
Ian Hacking, The Taming of Chance, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 21f.
Ibid., p. 24; Mary Poovey, A History of the Modern Fact: Problems of Knowledge in the Sciences of Wealth and Society, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1998, p. 308.
Johann Peter Süssmilch, Die göttliche Ordnung in den Veränderungen des menschlichen Geschlechts, aus der Geburt, dem Tode und der Fortpflanzung desselben erwiesen, Erster Theil, 1761, Berlin, Im Verlag des Buchladens der Realschule, p. 18, online at: http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/permanent/echo/mpi_rostock/suessmilch_1761/index.meta&pn=4; see also Ian Hacking, The Taming of Chance, op. cit., p. 20.
Alain Desrosières, The Politics of Large Numbers. A History of Statistical Reasoning, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1998, p. 74; Ian Hacking, The Taming of Chance, op. cit., p. 21.
Johann Peter Süssmilch, Die göttliche Ordnung, op. cit., vol. II, p. 434f.
Ursula Baumann, Vom Recht auf den eigenen Tod. Die Geschichte des Suizids vom 18. bis 20. Jahrhundert, Weimar, Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 2001, p. 220.
Ibid.
On other highly influential aspects of Wagner’s political economics, from American fiscal policy to health care and the NHS, see Jürgen Backhaus (ed.), Essays on Security and Taxation: Gustav Schmoller and Adolf Wagner reconsidered, Marburg, Metropolis, 1997.
Biographies, both in German and English translation, are available in Heinrich Rubner, Adolf Wagner. Briefe, Dokumente, Augenzeugenberichte, Berlin, Duncker & Humblot, 1978, p. 428-438. Suicide hardly figures into his correspondence at all, where academic debates, controversies and petty personal conflicts consistently loom largest.
Ibid., p. 436. Years after his death, Wagner became a championed hero of the Nazi movement; see Evalyn Clark, “Adolf Wagner: From National Economist to National Socialist”, Political Science Quarterly, 1940, 55, p. 378-411.
Adolf Wagner, Die Gesetzmässigkeit in den scheinbar willkührlichen menschlichen Handlungen vom Standpunkte der Statistik, Hamburg, Boyes & Geisler, 1864.
Adolf Wagner, Die Gesetzmässigkeit, op. cit., p. 188; author’s translation.
Rodney Stark and William Sims Bainbridge, Religion, Deviance and Social Control, New York, Routledge, 1996, p. 46ff.
Adolf Wagner, Die Gesetzmässigkeit, op. cit., p. 180.
Ibid., p. 189.
See Adolf Wagner’s review of Morselli’s study on suicide in Zeitschrift für die gesammte Staatswissenschaft, 1880, 36, p. 190-194.
Ibid.
Kenneth Barkin, “Adolf Wagner and German Industrial Development”, The Journal of Modern History, 1969, 41 (2), p. 154f.
Unpublished speech, “Warum muss sich der Geistliche um die Bodenreform kuemmern?” (1910). The speech, along with a large number of his papers are listed in the Berlin Staatsbibliothek as lost during the Second World War. However, a complete list of his private papers was already catalogued in an article by Joachim Kirchner, “Adolf Wagners Nachlaß in der Preusischen Staatsbibliothek”, Sonderabzug aus Schmollers Jahrbuch für Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung und Volkswirtschaft im Deutschen Reiche, 1927, 192, p. 147-155.
These comments appear in a later edition of Moralstatistik (Erlangen, 1888), p. 24, cited by Hugh P. Whitt & Victor W. Reinking, A Translation of André-Michel Guerry’s Essay on the Moral Statistics of France, op. cit., p. ix.
Alexander von Oettingen, Über die Akuten und Chronischen Selbstmord, Dorpat/Tellin, E. F. Karow’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1881.
Ibid., p. 4.
Ibid., p. 28.
Ibid., p. 31.
Ibid., author’s translation.
Ernst Troeltsch, Die Bedeutung des Protestantismus für die Entstehung der modernen Welt, Munich/Berlin, Oldenbourg, 1911, published in the series Historische Bibliothek by the Historische Zeitschrit, flagship journal of the German National Historical Association.
Joachim Kirchner, “Adolf Wagners Nachlaß in der Preusischen Staatsbibliothek”, op. cit.; Ferdinand Tönnies, “Adolf Wagner”, Deutsche Rundschau, 174, p. 107ff.
Joachim Kirchner, “Adolf Wagners Nachlaß in der Preusischen Staatsbibliothek”, op. cit.
Ernst Troeltsch, Kritische Gesamtausgabe: Band 2: Rezensionen und Kritiken (1894-1900), Berlin/New York, 2007, p. 501-507.
Enrico Morselli, Suicide, op. cit., Preface, p. vi.
Hacking argues that Wagner took distance from his uncompromising statistical determinism after experiencing “a radical politico-economic conversion about 1870, in time to become, with [Ernst] Engel, a founding member of Verein für Sozialpolitik”. Wagner’s change of mind thus illustrates the influence of alternative societal visions on the interpretation of statistical regularity. When Wagner “subscribed to a ‘Western’ atomistic and individualist vision of society, he believed in statistical law to the extent of favouring fatalism. As his conceptions became more collectivist, his enthusiasm for statistical fatalism declined.” Ian Hacking, Taming of Chance, op. cit., p. 130-131.
Enrico Morselli, Suicide, op. cit., p. VI.
Ibid. Theodore Porter argues that Morselli was fascinated by the statistical regularities and inclined to see a ‘statistical law’ in an aggregate number that remained relatively constant from year to year’. Theodore M. Porter, “Statistical and social facts from Quetelet to Durkheim”, op. cit., p. 6.
In his short autobiography written years later at the request of Onorato Roux, Morselli mentioned the important role that Canestrini and others had played in his training, but argued that Gaddi was probably the scholar who had influenced him most during his academic years. Gaddi not only encouraged his interest in anthropology, but invited him to work in the anatomical museum of the university and familiarized him with ‘craniology’, a field of investigation connected to an evolutionary theory of racial development. See Enrico Morselli, ‘Enrico Morselli’ in Illustri Italiani Contemporanei, vol. 3, ed. Onorato Roux, Florence, 1908, R. Bemporad & Figlio, p. 315-364. For the intellectual biography of Morselli see Patrizia Guarnieri, “Between Soma and Psyche: Morselli and Psychiatry in late-nineteenth-century Italy”, in William F. Bynum, Roy Porter, and Michael Shepherd (eds.), The Anatomy of Madness: Essays in the History of Psychiatry, vol. 3, London/New York, Routledge, 1988, p. 102-124; Chiara Bartolucci and Giovanni Pietro Lombardo, “Evolutionary Monism in the Study of Mental Phenomena. The Clinical Differential Psychopathology of Enrico Morselli, Scientist and Philosopher (1852–1929)”, History & Philosophy of Psychology, 2012, 14, p. 11-21.
Livi argued that the neologism ‘phreniatry’ conveyed better than other terms the organicistic orientation of the discipline. See Carlo Livi, “Del metodo sperimentale in freniatria e medicina legale”, Rivista Sperimentale di Freniatria e Medicina Legale in relazione con l’Antropologia e le Scienze Giuridiche e Sociali, 1875, 1, p. 1-10, especially p. 1-2.
Ibid., p. 7.
Cesare Lombroso was a more complex and interesting figure than it is often suggested. A liberal at the time of unification and later a Socialist, Lombroso was committed to the building of the nation. As Daniel Pick puts it: “he denied the validity of grand metaphysical ideas, [but] he was nonetheless profoundly idealistic in his desire to serve the nation through the scrupulous impartiality of his social theory”. Daniel Pick, Faces of Degeneration: A European Disorder, c. 1848-c. 1918, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 116.
As Pick points out, Lombroso’s evolutionary concept was not Darwinian as such, but rather a conflation of biological and anthropological approaches taken from authors such as Moleschott, Büchner, Morel, Haekel, Broca and Spencer. See Daniel Pick, Faces, op. cit., p. 112.
Ibid.
Published as a supplement to the Rivista Sperimentale di Freniatria in 1877, Morselli’s statistical study extrapolated suicide rates among criminals from the incomplete records of suicide among prison inmates, gathered by the Italian Ministry of Interior in the years 1866-1872, and compared these rates with suicide rates in the general population in Italy (for the years 1864-67) and in other European countries. See Enrico Morselli, Contributo alla psicologia dell’uomo delinquente. Note statistiche e antropologiche sui delinquenti suicidi, Reggio Emilia, Stefano Calderini,1877.
In his work, Morselli referred to the studies by the psychiatrist Arrigo Tamassia (1848-1917), a student of Lombroso, on insanity rates among prison inmates and on the function of legal medicine in the project for the new Italian penal code that was discussed in those years. See Arrigo Tamassia, “La pazzia nei criminali italiani”, Rivista di discipline carcerarie, 1874, 4, p. 301-309; Il progetto del codice penale pel regno d’Italia, Milano, Fratelli Rechiedei, 1874.
As Morselli put it, “it is anthropologically demonstrated that suicide is brought about by civilization and is not to be found among the lower classes”. Enrico Morselli, Contributo, op. cit., p. 39.
See Prosper Despine, Psychologie naturelle: Étude sur les facultés intellectuelles et morales, Paris, F. Savy, 1868.
Enrico Morselli, Contributo, op. cit., p. 3.
Ibid., 10.
See Elisa Bianco, “Suicidi di Primo Ottocento: Riflessioni sulla liceità della morte volontaria nell’Italia preunitaria”, in Paolo L. Bernardini and Anita Virga (eds.), Voglio morire! Suicide in Italian Literature, Culture, and Society 1789-1919, Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2013, p. 85-114.
In 1861, an article by the psychiatrist Andrea Verga in the psychiatric appendix of the Gazzetta Medica Italiana on the number of suicides in Turin between 1825 and 1859, indicated that in the capital of the Italian Kingdom (Rome and the Papal States were annexed to the nation only in 1870) the number of suicides had not augmented as in other European capitals. See Andrea Verga, “Suicidi in Torino dal 1825 al 1859”, Gazzetta Medica Italiana – Lombardia – Appendice Psichiatrica, 13, April 1, 1861, p. 113-115.
Silvana Patriarca, Numbers and Nationhood. Writing Statistics in Nineteenth-Century Italy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 178.
See Serafino Bonomi, Del suicidio in Italia: Studi di statistica medica, Milan, Presso la Societa per la pubblicazione degli Annali universali delle scienze e dell’industria, 1870.
Reale Istituto Lombardo di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, Rendiconti, Séance August 1, 1878, p. 630. See also Ty Geltmaker, Tired of Living: Suicide in Italy from National Unification to World War I, 1860-1915, New York, Peter Lang, 2002, p. 27.
See, for instance, the review by G. J. Romanes, Nature, 1881, 25, p. 193-196.
Ian Hacking, The Taming of Chance, op. cit., p. 128.
Enrico Morselli, “Introduction: La statistica dei fatti morali e specialmente del suicidio”, in Il suicidio, p. 1-50.
Ibid., p. 31-40.
Theodore M. Porter, “Statistical and social facts from Quetelet to Durkheim”, op. cit., p. 21.
See Enrico Morselli, Suicide, op. cit., p. 20-21.
Ibid., p. 147-148.
Morselli, Suicide, op. cit., p. 370.
Ibid., 354.
Ibid., p. 370.
Enrico Ferri quoted in Cesare Lombroso, [L’uomo delinquente in rapporto all ‘antropologia, alla giurisprudenza ed alla psichiatria (cause e rimedi), Torino, Fratelli Bocca, 1897] Crime: its Causes and Remedies, London, W. Heinemann, 1911, p. 415.
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