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Notes
’This article first appeared as ’Fighting Talk: Victorian War Poetry’, in The Oxford Handbook of British and Irish War Poetry, ed. by Tim Kendall (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007). I thank Oxford University Press for their permission to re-publish the article here.
See The Poetical Works of Robert Browning, vol. III, ed. Ian Jack and Rowena Fowler (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988), 178.
Browning, “Incident of the French Camp”, ibid., 197.
Lytton Strachey, Eminent Victorians (London: Chatto & Windus, 1918; repr. London: Penguin, 1986), 266.
Samuel Hynes, A War Imagined: The First World War and English Culture (London: Bodley Head, 1990), p. ix.
See, for instance, Jon Silkin, Out of Battle: The Poetry of the Great War, 2nd edn (London: Macmillan, 1998), 26–27, and Bernard Bergonzi, Heroes’ Twilight: A Study of the Literature of the Great War, 2nd edn (London: Macmillan, 1980), 16.
M. Van Wyk Smith, Drummer Hodge: The Poetry of the Anglo-Boer War (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), 310.
“War poetry” is not accorded a chapter (or even an index citation) in either Joseph Bristow (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Victorian Poetry (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), or in Richard Cronin, Alison Chapman and Anthony H. Harrison (eds.), A Companion to Victorian Poetry (Oxford: Blackwell, 2002). Instead, the emphasis is on patriotism; see Tricia Cootens, “Victorian poetry and patriotism”, in The Cambridge Companion, 255–79.
John Peck, War, The Army and Victorian Literature (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 1998), p. xiii.
Edward Creasy, Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World; from Marathon to Waterloo, vol. I (London: Bentley, 1851), p. iii-iv.
See Robert Giddings, Imperial Echoes: Eye-Witness Accounts of Victoria’s Little Wars (London: Cooper, 1996), p. xvi.
See Max Arthur, Symbol of Courage: A History of the Victoria Cross (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 2004).
Wilfred Owen, quoted in Hynes, A War Imagined, 246.
Punch 28 (17 February 1855), 64.
Matthew Arnold, “On the Modern Element in Literature”, The Complete Prose Works of Matthew Arnold, vol. I, ed. R. H. Super (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1960), 23.
Arnold, ibid., 24.
Arnold, ibid., 32.
Arnold, “Preface to the First Edition of Poems” (1853), The Poems of Matthew Arnold, ed. Miriam Allott, 2nd edn (London: Longman, 1979), 654.
Arnold, “Dover Beach”, ibid., 254.
Arnold, “On the Modern Element in Literature”, Complete Prose, vol. I, 28.
Matthew Campbell, “Poetry and War”, in Neil Roberts (ed.), A Companion to Twentieth-Century Poetry (Oxford: Blackwell, 2003), 65.
Arnold, “Preface”, Poems of Arnold, 657 and 659.
Simone Weil, “The Iliad or the Poem of Force”, Simone Weil: An Anthology, ed. Siân Miles (New York: Grove, 1986), 186, 188 & 190.
Weil, ibid., 189.
Arnold, Sohrab and Rustum, Poems of Arnold, 345–46.
Isobel Armstrong, Victorian Poetry: Poetry, Poetics and Politics (London & New York: Routledge, 1993), 216.
See Matthew Paul Lalumia, Realism and Politics in Victorian Art of the Crimean War (Michigan: UMI Research Press, 1984).
See Andrew Lambert and Stephen Badsey, The War Correspondents: The Crimean War (Stroud: Alan Sutton, 1994).
William Howard Russell, in The Times (12 February 1855), 9.
Russell, The Times (25 November 1854), 9.
“War and Poetry”, Edinburgh Review 196 (July 1902), 53.
Westland Marston, The Death-Ride: A Tale of the Light Brigade (London: Mitchell, 1855), 8.
See Geoffrey Regan, Someone Had Blundered: A Historical Survey of Military Incompetence (London: Batsford, 1987), 192–208.
T. S. Eliot, quoted in Dominic Hibberd (ed.), Poetry of the First World War: A Casebook (London: Macmillan, 1981), 52.
Russell, The Times (14 November 1854), 7.
Trudi Tate, “On Not Knowing Why: Memorializing the Light Brigade”, in Helen Small and Trudi Tate (eds.), Literature, Science, Psychoanalysis, 1830–1970: Essays in Honour of Gillian Beer (Oxford: Oxford University Press., 2003), 166.
Tennyson, letter of 23 January 1855, probably to Sydney Dobell; see Cecil Y. Lang and Edgar F. Shannon (eds), The Letters of Alfred Lord Tennyson, 3 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982–90), II, 104.
Tennyson, “The Charge of the Light Brigade”, The Poems of Tennyson, vol. II, ed. Christopher Ricks, 2nd edn, (London: Longman, 1987), 511–13.
Tennyson, quoted in Matthew Bevis (ed.), Lives of Victorian Literary Figures: Tennyson (Pickering & Chatto, 2003), 84.
W. F. Rawnsley, quoted in Bevis (ed.), Lives, 83.
James Friswell (ed.), Songs of the War (London: Ward & Lock, 1855), ii.
Martin Tupper, “The Van and the Rear”, A Batch of War Ballads (London: Bosworth, 1854), 6.
The Times (25 August 1855), 8. Punch echoed such criticisms; see “The War Poets”, Punch 28 (13 January 1854), 17.
John Addington Symonds, letter to Charlotte Symonds, May 1857; see Herbert M. Schueller & Robert L. Peters (eds), The Letters of John Addington Symonds, 3 vols (Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1967), I, 105.
Henry and Franklin Lushington, La Nation Boutiquière & Other Poems Chiefly Political and Points of War (Cambridge: Macmillan, 1855), p. xxv.
Thomas Carlyle, Heroes, Hero-Worship and the Heroic in Literature (London: Dent, 1908), 312.
Tennyson, “Epilogue”, Charge of the Light Brigade at Balaclava, Poems of Tennyson, III, 97.
Tennyson, Maud, Poems of Tennyson, II, 513–84.
Tennyson, in conversation with James Knowles; cited in Gordon N. Ray, Tennyson Reads Maud (Vancouver: University of British Columbia, 1968), 23.
See Trevor Royle, Crimea: The Great Crimean War 1854–1856 (London: Little, Brown and Company, 1999).
G. C. Swayne, ‘Peace and War: A Dialogue’, Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine 76 (1854), 592.
Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Inquire into the Present System of Recruiting in the Army (London: 1861), xvii.
See Edgar Shannon, “The Critical Reception of Tennyson’s Maud”, PMLA, 68 (1953), 397–417.
William Morris, “Concerning Geffray Teste Noir”, The Collected Works of William Morris, ed. May Morris, vol. I (London: Longmans, Green, 1910), 76 and 78.
Morris, “The Wind”, ibid., 110.
George Meredith, “Grandfather Bridgeman”, The Poetical Works of George Meredith (London: Constable, 1912), 125.
Gautam Chakravarty, The Indian Mutiny and the British Imagination (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 107.
The Times (17 September 1857), 9.
Mary E. Leslie, “Massacre at Cawnpore, 1857”, Sorrows, Aspirations, and Legends from India (London: 1858); reprinted in Donald Thomas (ed.), The Everyman Book of Victorian Verse: The Pre-Raphaelites to the Nineties (London: Dent, 1993), 161.
Tupper, quoted in Sashi Bhusan Chaudhuri, English Historical Writing on the Indian Mutiny 1857–1859 (Calcutta: World Press, 1979), 259.
Ronald Hyam, Britain’s Imperial Century 1815-1914: A Study of Empire and Expansion (London: Batsford, 1976), 224.
Christina Rossetti, “In the Round Tower at Jhansi, June 8, 1857”, Christina Rossetti: The Complete Poems, ed. R. W. Crump and Betty Flowers (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2001), 20.
See The Times report on 11 September 1857, 7. Rossetti added a note to the poem in 1875 to acknowledge the factual inaccuracy.
See Matthew Bevis, “Tennyson’s Civil Tongue”, Tennyson Research Bulletin, 7: 3 (November 1999), 113–25.
Herbert Tucker, “Epic”, in A Companion to Victorian Poetry, 32.
Tennyson, “The Last Tournament”, Poems of Tennyson, III, 521–22.
Timothy Lovelace, The Artistry and Tradition of Tennyson’s Battle Poetry (New York & London: Routledge, 2003), 165.
See Peter Burroughs, “An Unreformed Army? 1815–1868”, in David Chandler and Ian Beckett (eds.), The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 160-88, and John R. Reed, “Military”, in Herbert Tucker (ed.), A Companion to Victorian Literature and Culture (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999), 183–93.
See Edward M. Spiers, The Army and Society 1815–1914 (London: Longman, 1980), 77 and 162.
Robert MacDonald, Personal Narrative of Military Travel and Adventure in Turkey and Persia (Edinburgh: Black, 1859), 296.
The Times (22 October 1856), 6.
Samuel Smiles, Self-Help, ed. Peter Sinnema (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 331.
Francis Hastings Doyle, “The Private of the Buffs”, in Edmund Clarence Stedman (ed.), A Victorian Anthology, 1837–1895 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1895).
See Olive Anderson, “The Growth of Christian Militarism in Mid-Victorian Britain”, English Historical Review 86 (January 1971), 46–72.
See Graham Dawson, Soldier Heroes: British Adventure, Empire and the Imagining of Masculinities, 1994), 79–155.
Gerard Manley Hopkins, “The Soldier”, Gerard Manley Hopkins: The Major Works, ed. Catherine Phillips (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 168.
Rudyard Kipling, “The Instructor”, Rudyard Kipling’s Verse: Definitive Edition (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1940; repr. 1960), 472.
See Philip Warner, Dervish: The Rise and Fall of an African Empire (London: Macdonald, 1973), 134.
Melton Prior, Campaigns of a War Correspondent (London: Arnold, 1912), 287.
J. A. Hobson, The Psychology of Jingoism (London: Grant Richards, 1901), 2.
G. W. Hunt, “Macdermott’s War Song”, reprinted in The Music Hall Songster (London: Fortney, 1893).
Henry Pettit, quoted in Peter Davison, “A Briton True: A Short Account of Patriotic Songs and Verse and Popular Entertainment”, Alta (Spring 1970), 216.
Steve Attridge, Nationalism, Imperialism and Identity in Late Victorian Culture (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), 30.
The working-class inflection of this voice is also important, as Attridge explains: “A growing recognition of Tommy Atkins’s background grew contemporaneously with an awareness of the effects of material deprivation among the working class . . .The soldier figure is both accommodated and distanced, supported and derided, an expression of unity and of class antagonism”. Nationalism, Imperialism and Identity, 69 and 43.
J. B. Booth, A Pink ’Un Remembers (London: Laurie, 1937), 123.
Kipling, “Tommy”, Rudyard Kipling’s Verse, 399.
John Macleay (ed.), War Songs and Ballads of Martial Life (London: Scott, 1900), p. xxvi–xxvii.
Kipling, “That Day”, Rudyard Kipling’s Verse, 437.
Daniel Karlin, in Rudyard Kipling: A Critical Edition of the Major Works, ed. Daniel Karlin (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. xxi.
Kipling, “The Young British Soldier”, Rudyard Kipling’s Verse, 418.
For a representative selection, see Elleke Boehmer (ed.), Empire Writing: An Anthology of Colonial Literature 1870-1918 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).
See, for instance, William Ernest Henley (ed.), Lyra Heroica: A Book of Verse for Boys (London: David Nutt, 1892), which focuses exclusively on “the beauty and blessedness of death, the glory of battle and adventure, the nobility of devotion”, vii.
Henry Newbolt, “Vitaï Lampada”, first published in Admirals All and Other Verses (London: Mathews, 1897); reprinted in Boehmer (ed.), Empire Writing, 287.
“War and Poetry”, in Edinburgh Review, 40, 50–51, and 53–54.
See Denis Judd and Keith Surridge, The Boer War (London: John Murray, 2002).
A. C. Swinburne, “The Transvaal”, The Times (11 October 1899), 7.
William Ernest Henley, “Remonstrance”, first published in For England’s Sake: Verses and Songs in Time of War (London: David Nutt, 1900); reprinted in Boehmer (ed.), Empire Writing, 283.
See, for instance, J. A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study (London: Nisbet, 1902).
W. H. Colby, The Echo (13 October 1899).
M. Van Wyk Smith, Drummer Hodge, 122.
Thomas Hardy, quoted in Kathryn R. King and William W. Morgan, “Hardy and The Boer War: The Public Poet in Spite of Himself”, Victorian Poetry 17 (1979), 66–84.
Hardy, “Embarcation”, Thomas Hardy: The Complete Poems, ed. James Gibson (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001), 86.
“English Patriotic Poetry”, Quarterly Review 192 (1900), 526 and 536. For another contemporary review which noticed a change in tune, see J. A. R. Marriott, “The Imperial Note in Victorian Poetry”, Nineteenth Century 48 (1900), 236–48.
Hardy, “The Man He Killed”, Hardy: Complete Poems, 287.
A. E. Housman, “1887”, The Poems of A. E. Housman, ed. Archie Burnett (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2004), 3.
Housman, Poems of A. E. Housman, 36.
Andrew Rutherford, The Literature of War: Five Studies in Heroic Virtue (London: Macmillan, 1978), 2 and 9.
Geoffrey Hill, “‘I in Another Place’: Homage to Keith Douglas”, Stand, 6: 4 (1964–5), 7.
Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975), 282.
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