Notes
For more details on globalization and the Arabian Peninsula see: Hopper Matthew S., Slaves of One Master: Globalization and Slavery in Arabia in the Age of Empire, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2015.
I preferred to use the term “Quṣmân” not “Qaṣimîs”, although they both refer to people of al-al-Qaṣîm, since the term “Quṣmân” should not be confused with the Âl Qaṣimî, the dynasty that has ruled Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah.
For more details on the history of connections between Arabia and the Indian Subcontinent see: Abdul Sheriff and Ho Engseng, The Indian Ocean, Oceanic Connections and the Creation of New Societies, London, Hurst & Company, 2014; Burrell Robert Michael and Cottrell Alvin J., Iran, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Indian Ocean, New York, National Strategy Information Center, 1972; Chaudhuri Kirti N., Asia before Europe: Economy and Civilisation of the Indian Ocean from the Rise of Islam to 1750, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000; Chaudhuri Kirti N. Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1985; Risso Patricia, Merchants and Faith: Muslim Commerce and Culture in the Indian Ocean, Boulder, Westview Press, 1995; Vohra N. N. History, Culture, and Society in India and West Asia, Delhi, Shipra Publication, 2003; Wink Andre, Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, 3 Vols, Leiden, Brill, 2004.
For more details on the history of al-‘Uqaylât see: Pétriat Philippe, “Caravan Trade in the Late Ottoman Empire: The ʿAqīl Network and the Institutionalization of Overland Trade,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 63, no. 1–2, 2020, p. 38–72; Al-Ẓâhirî, Abû ‘Abd al-Raḥmân b. ‘Aqîl, Masâ’il min târîkh al-Jazîra al-‘Arabiyya. Riyadh, Mu’assasat Dâr al-Aṣâla, 1994; Al-Ẓahrânî, Ibtisâm bint Ḥasan, “Juhûd al-tujjâr fî tawḥîd Najd fî ‘ahd al-malik ‘Abd al-‘Azîz, 1902-1921,” M.A. thesis, Jâmi‘at al-Imâm Muḥammad b. Sa‘ûd al-Islâmiyya, Riyadh, 2015; Al-Sharîda Manṣûr b. Sulaymân, Al-‘Uqaylât wa-Dawrahum al-tijârî ma‘a al-Ḥijâz, 1847-1938, Beirut, Dâr Jadâwil, 2015; Al-Musallam Ibrâhîm, Riḥlatî ma‘ al-‘Uqaylât, al-Riyâḍ, al-Jam‘iyya al-‘arabiyya al-sa‘ûdiyya li-l-thaqâfa wa-l-funûn, 1984; Al-Musallam Ibrâhîm, Al-‘Uqaylât, al-Riyâḍ, Mu’assasat Dâr al-Aṣâla, 1985; Al-Wuhaybî, ‘Abd al-Laṭîf, al-‘Uqaylât: Ma’athir al-abâ’ wa-al-ajdâd ‘alâ ẓuhûr al-ibl, 6 vols, al-Riyâḍ, al-‘Ubaykân, 2017; Valenti, Peter C. “State-Building in Central Arabia London: Empires and Regional Actors at the Crossroads of al-Qasim,” Ph.D. dissertation, New York University, New York, 2015; Alsharidah, Mansour. “Merchants without Borders: Qusman Traders in the Arabian Gulf and Indian Ocean, c. 1850-1950,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, 2020.
Valenti, “State-Building,” p. 7 and p. 13-15.
Altorki Soraya and Cole Donald P., Arabian Oasis: The Transformation of ‘Unayzah, Austin, University of Texas Press, 1989, p. 68-71.
al-Bassâm ‘Abd al-‘Azîz b. Ḥamad b. Muḥammad b. ‘Abdallâh, personal interview, Bahrain, July 26, 2018. He lives now in Bahrain and seems in his late sixties.
Doughty Charles M., Travels in Arabia Deserta, New York, Random House, 1936, vol. 2, p. 362.
Most of the information about Sulaymân al-Rawwâf was obtained from his son ‘Abd Allah by personal interview, Buraydah, July 8, 2018.
“The Arabian Horse,” The Times of India, June 14, 1894, 4.
Burckhardt John Lewis, Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabys, London, Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, 1831, vol. 1, p. 207.
al-Salmân Muḥammad b. ‘Abdallâh, al-Aḥwâl al-siyâsiyya fî al-Qaṣîm fî ‘ahd al-dawla al-sa‘ûdiyya al-thâniya, 1823-1891, n. p., 1999, p. 349.
Pelly Lewis, “A Visit to the Wahabee Capital, Central Arabia,” The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Vol. 35 (1865), p. 182.
al-Darura ‘Alî b. Ibrâhîm, “Tijârat al-khayl fî-l-Kuwayt,” al-Wathîqa, vol. 23, no. 46, 2004, p. 146.
Doughty, Travels in Arabia, vol. 2, p. 389.
Burckhardt John Lewis, Notes on the Bedouins, vol. 1, p. 211; Philby Harry St. John, Arabia of the Wahhabis, New York, Arno Press, 1973, p. 274.
Lorimer John G., Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman, and Central Arabia, vol. 2: Geographical and Statistical, Calcutta, Superintendent Government Printing, 1908, p. 2335.
Doughty, Travels in Arabia, vol. 2, p. 350 and 390-91.
Doughty, Travels in Arabia, vol. 2, p. 389-90.
The Indian rupee is the currency most referred to in this monograph because it was the dominant currency in the Gulf during the time of study. While Maria Theresa dollar was the dominant currency in the inner regions of Arabia, the Indian rupees began to dominate the coastal districts of the Gulf with the British dominance after 1820. In 1905, one Maria Theresa dollar equaled one rupee and five anna while one sterling pound equaled 15 rupees. See al-Qâṣimî Nûra Muḥammad, Al-Wujûd al-Hindî fî-l-Khalîj al-‘Arabî, Sharjah, Manshûrat Dâ’irat al-thaqâfa wa-l-i‘lâm, 1996, p. 128-29.
al-Darûra, “Tijârat al-Khayl,” p. 151.
Tweedie William, The Arabian Horse: His Country and People, Edinburgh, William Blackwood, 1894, p. 299.
Tweedie, The Arabian Horse, p. 4.
Al-Darura, “Tijârat al-Khayl,” p. 152.
al-Zâmil Muḥammad b. ‘Abdallâh b. ‘Alî, personal interview, al-Khobar, July 26, 2018. Al-Zâmil left ‘Unayzah to Bahrain for trading purposes in c. 1944. He is now roughly in his early nineties residing in al-Khobar, Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.
al-Ḥarbî Ḥussa, Târîkh al-‘alâqât al-Kuwaytiyya al-Hindiyya: al-Mawsû‘a al-Kâmila wa-l-Muṣawwara, 1895-1965, Kuwait, n.p., 2017, p. 206-07.
Lorimer John G., Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman, and Central Arabia, vol. 2: Geographical and Statistical, Calcutta, Superintendent Government Printing, 1908, p. 1053.
Altorki and Cole, Arabian Oasis, p. 48 and p. 57.
al-Bassâm Khâlid, Rijâl fî Jazâ’ir al-Lu’lu’, 2nd ed., Beirut, al-Mu’assasa al-‘arabiyya li-l-dirâsât wa-l-nashr, 2007, p. 11-12.
al-Ibrâhîm Ya‘qûb Yûsuf, Min al-Shirâ‘ ilâ-l-Bukhâr: Qiṣṣat awwal sharikat millâha baḥriyya ‘arabiyya, Kuwait, Sharikat al-Rubay‘ân li-l-nashr wa-al-tawzî‘, 2003), p. 104.
“al-Lu’lu’ fî-l-Bahrayn,” Lughat al-‘Arab, Vol. 3, No. 8, February 1914, p. 448; al-Harbî, Tarîkh al-‘alâqât al-Kuwaytiyya al-Hindiyya, 66.
“al-Lu’lu’ fî-l-Bahrayn,” Lughat al-‘Arab, Vol. 3, No. 11, May 1914, p. 615.
al-Ḥarbî, Târîkh al-‘alâqât al-Kuwaytiyya al-Hindiyya, p. 66.
al-Bassam, Rijâl fî Jazâ’ir al-Lu’lu’, p. 13 and p. 18.
al-Bassâm ‘Abdallâh b. ‘Abd al-Raḥmân, ‘Ulamâ’ Najd Khilâl Thamâniya Qurûn, 2nd ed., Riyadh, Dâr al-‘Âṣima, 1999, vol. 6, p. 428.
Philby, Arabia of the Wahhabis, p. 292.
al-‘Umayri Nuwayyir Mubârak, “Tujjâr Najd fî-l-Hind: ‘Unayzah Namûdhajan,” Al-Majalla al-‘Arabiyya, No. 485, February 28, 2017 [online].
al-Ḥarbî, Tarîkh al-‘alâqât al-Kuwaytiyya al-Hindiyya, p. 87-88.
al-Zâmil, personal interview, al-Khobar, July 26, 2018; al-Bassâm ‘Abd al-‘Azîz b. Ḥamad, personal interview, Bahrain, 26 July 2018.
al-‘Umarî ‘Abd al-‘Azîz b. Ibrâhîm, Wathâ’iq ‘â’iliyya min Burayda: min Muqtanayât al-Wâlid Ibrâhîm b. Sulaymân al-‘Umarî Raḥimahu Allâh, Riyadh, Dâr al-Thalûthiyya, 2016, vol. 2, p. 809.
al-‘Umarî, Wathâ’iq ‘â’iliyya, vol. 2, p. 809.
al-Bassâm ‘Abd al-‘Azîz b. ‘Abd al-Raḥmân, personal interview, ‘Unayzah, July 27, 2018.
al-Bassâm ‘Abd al-‘Azîz b. Ḥamad, personal interview, Bahrain, 26 July 2018.
al-‘Amîrî, “Tujjâr Najd fî-l-Hind,” p. 85.
al-‘Amîrî, “Tujjâr Najd fî-l-Hind,” p. 85.
al-‘Umarî ‘Umar b. ‘Abdallâh, Suwwar min al-Ḥaraka al-Tijâriyya fî ‘Unayza, ‘Unayzah, al-Salmân li-l-ṭibâ‘a, 2015, vol. 2, p. 56.
Philby, Arabia of the Wahhabis, p. 284.
al-Rawwâf ‘Abdallâh b. Sulaymân, personal interview, Buraydah, July 8, 2018.
al-‘Ubûdî Muḥammad b. Nâṣir, Mu‘jam Usar Burayda, Riyadh, Dâr al-thalûthiyya, 2010, vol. 8, p. 280-81.
Doughty, Travels in Arabia, vol. 2, p. 348; Lorimer, Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf (Geographical), 75.
Doughty, Travels in Arabia, vol. 2, p. 438.
Lorimer John G., Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman, and Central Arabia, vol. 2: Geographical and Statistical, Calcutta, Superintendent Government Printing, 1908, p. 327.
al-‘Amîrî, “Tujjâr Najd fî-l-Hind,” 85.
al-Bassâm ‘Abd al-‘Azîz b. ‘Abd al-Raḥmân, personal interview, ‘Unayzah, July 27, 2018.
al-Bassâm Khâlid, Al-Najdî al-Ṭayyib: Sîrat al-Tâjir wa-l-Muthaqqaf Sulaymân al-Ḥamad al-Bassâm, 1888-1949, Beirut, al-Mu’assasa al-‘arabiyya li-al-Dirâsât wa-l-Nashr, 2008, p. 107.
Daftar Tijârî, al-‘Assâfî’s Commercial Records, Archives of Imam Muḥammad b. Sa‘ûd Islamic University, Riyadh, Folder 4978, January 3, 1899.
Daftar Tijârî, al-‘Assâfî’s Commercial Records, Archives of Imam Muḥammad b. Sa‘ûd Islamic University, Riyadh, Folder 4978, December 15, 1898.
Daftar Tijârî, al-‘Assâfî’s Commercial Records, Archives of Imam Muḥammad b. Sa‘ûd Islamic University, Riyadh, Folder 4979, May 20, 1884, 61.
Daftar Tijârî, al-‘Assâfî’s Commercial Records, Archives of Imam Muḥammad b. Sa‘ûd Islamic University, Riyadh, Folder 4979, October 18, 1884, 71.
Daftar Tijârî, al-‘Assâfî’s Commercial Records, Archives of Imam Muḥammad b. Sa‘ûd Islamic University, Riyadh, Folder 4978, February 2 and 3, 1902, 132.
al-Mushayqiḥ ‘Abd al-Raḥmân b. ‘Abdallâh b. ‘Abd al-‘Azîz, personal interview, Buraydah, July 23, 2018.
al-Mushayqiḥ Sulaymân, “Mishwar 60 ‘âman ma‘a al-Tijâra wa-l-waẓa’if al-ḥukûmiyya, wa-ḥadîth al-dhikrâyât ma‘a al-Shaykh Sulaymân al-Mushayqiḥ,” interview by Muḥammad al-Wu‘ayl, al-Jazira, December 4, 1987, no. 5545, p. 4.
al-‘Umarî, Suwar min al-Ḥaraka al-Tijâriyya, vol. 1, p. 112.
Doughty, Travels in Arabia, vol. 2, p. 341.
al-Bassâm ‘Abd al-‘Azîz b. Ḥamad, personal interview, Bahrain, 26 July 2018.
al-‘Amîrî, “Tujjâr Najd fî-l-Hind,” p. 85.
Daftar Tijârî, al-‘Assâfî’s Commercial Records, Archives of Imam Muḥammad b. Sa‘ûd Islamic University, Riyadh, Folder 4978, December 11, 1898.
Daftar Tijârî, al-‘Assâfî’s Commercial Records, Archives of Imam Muḥammad b. Sa‘ûd Islamic University, Riyadh, Folder 4978, November 1, 1901, 121.
Daftar Tijârî, al-‘Assâfî’s Commercial Records, Archives of Imam Muḥammad b. Sa‘ûd Islamic University, Riyadh, June27, 1899, 22.
al-‘Ubûdî Muḥammad b. Nâṣir, Mu‘jam Usar ‘Unayza, n. p. vol. 10, p. 427.
Daftar Tijârî, al-‘Assâfî’s Commercial Records, Archives of Imam Muḥammad b. Sa‘ûd Islamic University, Riyadh, Folder 4979, May 19, 1881, 3.
Doughty, Travels in Arabia, vol. 2, p. 362.
Daftar Tijârî, al-‘Assâfî’s Commercial Records, Archives of Imam Muḥammad b. Sa‘ûd Islamic University, Riyadh, 4979, April 14, 1884, 59.
Daftar Tijârî, al-‘Assâfî’s Commercial Records, Archives of Imam Muḥammad b. Sa‘ûd Islamic University, Riyadh, April 17, 1899.
Daftar Tijârî, al-‘Assâfî’s Commercial Records, Archives of Imam Muḥammad b. Sa‘ûd Islamic University, Riyadh, June 8, 1900, 55.
al-Mushayqiḥ ‘Abd al-Raḥmân b. ‘Abdallâh b. ‘Abd al-‘Azîz, personal interview, Buraydah, July 23, 2018; al-‘Ubûdî Muḥammad b. Nâṣir, Mu‘jam Usar Burayda, Riyadh, Dâr al-thalûthiyya, 2010, vol. 20, p. 68.
Doughty, Travels in Arabia, vol. 2, p. 362-63.
Daftar Tijârî, al-‘Assâfî’s Commercial Records, Archives of Imam Muḥammad b. Sa‘ûd Islamic University, Riyadh, Folder 4979, June 29, 1881, 4.
al-Mushayqiḥ ‘Abd al-Raḥmân b. ‘Abdallâh b. ‘Abd al-‘Azîz, personal interview, Buraydah, July 23, 2018 ; al-‘Ubûdî Muḥammad b. Nâṣir, Mu‘jam Usar Burayda, Riyadh, Dâr al-thalûthiyya, 2010, vol. 20, p. 68.
al-Mushayqiḥ Sulaymân, “Mishwar 60 ‘âman,” p. 4.
Altorki and Cole, Arabian Oasis, p. 70-71.
al-Bassâm, Al-Najdî al-Ṭayyib, p. 114.
Daftar Tijârî, al-‘Assâfî’s Commercial Records, Archives of Imam Muḥammad b. Sa‘ûd Islamic University, Riyadh, Folder 4979, April 14, 1884, 59.
Daftar Tijârî, al-‘Assâfî’s Commercial Records, Archives of Imam Muḥammad b. Sa‘ûd Islamic University, Riyadh, Folder 4978, October 29, 1898.
Daftar Tijârî, al-‘Assâfî’s Commercial Records, Archives of Imam Muḥammad b. Sa‘ûd Islamic University, Riyadh, Folder 4978, March 6, 1899.
Daftar Tijârî, al-‘Assâfî’s Commercial Records, Archives of Imam Muḥammad b. Sa‘ûd Islamic University, Riyadh, Folder 4979, July 11, 1884,.64.
al-Mushayqiḥ ‘Abd al-Raḥmân b. ‘Abdallâh b. ‘Abd al-‘Azîz, personal interview, Buraydah, July 23, 2018.
al-Mushayqiḥ ‘Abd al-Raḥmân b. ‘Abdallâh b. ‘Abd al-‘Azîz, personal interview, Buraydah, July 23, 2018.
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