Bibliographie
[UK] High Court of Justice, Family Division, Re L and B (Children), Neutral Citation Number: [2016] EWHC 849 (Fam), 2016.
[UK] Royal Courts of Justice, In the matter of B and G (Children) (No 2), Neutral Citation Number [2015] EWFC 3, Case Number LJ13C00295, January 14, 2015.
18 U.S. Code § 116. Female genital mutilation and Congressional Findings (“FGM statute”). 321 U.S. 158 (1944).
442 U.S. 584 (1979).
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS (committee on bioethics), «Informed consent, parental permission, and assent in pediatric practice», Pediatrics, n°95.2, p. 314-317, 1995.
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS (committee on bioethics), «Policy statement: Informed consent in decision-making in pediatric practice», Pediatrics, n°138, 2016.
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS (committee on fetus and newborn, section on anesthesiology and pain medicine), «Prevention and management of procedural pain in the neonate: an update», Pediatrics, 127.2, 2016.
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS (committee on fetus and newborn), «Standards and Recommendation for Hospital Care of Newborn infants», 5th ed. Evanston, IL, 1971.
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS (Committee on Fetus and Newborn), «Standards and Recommendations for Hospital Care of Newborn Infants», 6th Edition, American Academy of Pediatrics; Evanston, IL, 1977.
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS (task force on circumcision), «Circumcision Policy Statement», Pediatrics, 103.3, 1999, p. 686-693.
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS (task force on circumcision), «Circumcision policy statement», Pediatrics, n°130.3, 2012, p. 585-586.
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS (Task Force on Circumcision), «Report of the Task Force of Circumcision», Pediatrics, n°84, 4, 1989, p. 388-391.
AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (council on scientific affairs), Neonatal circumcision, 1999, published online in 2000.
BEAUCHAMP (Tom L.), CHILDRESS (James F.), Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 6th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
BRIGMAN (William E.), «Circumcision as child abuse: the legal and constitutional issues», Journal of Family Law, n°23, 1984, p. 337.
BRITISH MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, «The law and ethics of male circumcision: guidance for doctors», Journal of medical ethics, n°30.3, 2004, p. 261.
Canterbury v. Spence, 464 F. 2d 772 (Court of Appeals, Dist. of Columbia Circuit) (1972).
CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION, «Background, Methods, and Synthesis of Scientific Information Used to Inform the ‘Recommendations for Providers Counseling Male Patients and Parents Regarding Male Circumcision and the Prevention of HIV infection, STIs, and other Health Outcomes’», published at regulations.gov.
Cobbs v. Grant, 501 P. 2d 1 (Cal. Supreme Court 1972), p. 239.
Cruzan v. Director, Mo. Dept. of Health, 497 U.S. 261 (Supreme Court 1990).
DUNSMUIR (William D.), GORDON (E. M.), «The history of circumcision», BJU international, n°83.1, 1999, p. 1-12.
EARP (Brian D.), STEINFELD (Rebecca), Gender and Genital Cutting: A New Paradigm, 2017.
FORSTER (Katie), «Herpes cases among babies linked to ultra-Orthodox Jewish circumcision ritual», The Independent, March 9, 2017.
GOLLAHER (David L.), Circumcision: A history of the World’s Most Controversial Surgery, p. 1 (2000).
HAFEMEISTER (Thomas L.), GULBRANDSEN Jr. (Richard M.), «The Fiduciary Obligation of Physicians to ‘Just Say No’ if an ‘Informed’ Patient Demands Services that Are Not Medically Indicated», Seton Hall Law Review n° 39, p. 335-386, 2009.
HAFEMEISTER (Thomas L.), SPINOS (Selina), «Lean on me: A physician’s fiduciary duty to disclose an emergent medical risk to the patient», Washington University Law Review, n°86, p. 1167-1210, 2008.
HAMMOND (Tim), CARMACK (Adrienne), «Long-term adverse outcomes from neonatal circumcision reported in a survey of 1,008 men: an overview of health and human rights implications», The International Journal of Human Rights, n°21.2, 2017, p. 189-218.
HODGES (Frederick M.), «The ideal prepuce in ancient Greece and Rome: Male genital aesthetics and their relation to lipodermos, circumcision, foreskin restoration, and the kynodesme», Bulletin of the History of Medicine, n°75.3 (2001), p. 375-405.
LANDGERICHT KÖLN (Cologne District Court, Germany), Judgment of May 7 (2012) No. 151 Ns 169/11.
MAIMONIDES (Moses), The Guide of the Perplexed. Translated by Shlomo Pines, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1963, p. 609-610.
MERKEL (Reinhard), PUTZKE (Holm), «After Cologne: male circumcision and the law. Parental right, religious liberty or criminal assault?», Journal of Medical Ethics, 39.7, 2013, p. 444-449 (“After Cologne”).
OFFORD (Joseph), «Restrictions concerning Circumcision under the Romans», Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, n°6, 1913, p. 102-107.
OH (William), MERENSTEIN (Gerald), «Fourth Edition of the Guidelines for Perinatal Care: Summary of Changes», Pediatrics n°100.6, 1997, p. 1021-1022.
PRESTON (Noel E.), «Whither the Foreskin?: A Consideration of Routine Neonatal Circumcision», JAMA, n° 213.11, 1970, p. 1853-1858..
PRICE (Christopher P.), «Male Non-therapeutic circumcision: The Legal and Ethical Issues», Male and Female Circumcision, Medical, Legal, and Ethical Considerations in Pediatric Practice, DENNISTON G.C., HODGES F.M., MILOS M.F. (eds) New York: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, p. 425-454, 1999.
Prince v. Massachusetts, 321 U.S. 158 (1944). In Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205 (1972).
ROYAL DUTCH MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, Non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors, 2010.
SORRELLS (Morris L.) et al., «Fine-touch pressure thresholds in the adult penis», BJU International, n°99.4, 2007, p. 864-869.
SVOBODA (Steven J.), «Nontherapeutic circumcision of minors as an ethically problematic form of iatrogenic injury», AMA journal of ethics, n°19.8, 2017, p. 815-824.
Tortorella v. Castro, 140 Cal.App.4th 1 (2006).
US Constitution – Amendment 1.
UN Convention on the Rights of the Child Art. 3, Point 1.
UN Declaration of the Rights of the Child, Principle 7, Para. 2
Union Pacific RR Co. v. Botsford, 141 U.S. 250 (1891).
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, «Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability», published online, p. 1-36, 2006.
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Notes
D’après l’OMS, la circoncision est courante chez les musulmans et les juifs. OMS, « Dossier d'information sur la circoncision et la prévention du VIH PIÈCE N° 2 : Prévalence Mondiale de la Circoncision », publié en ligne< As SD SD SDVD, p. 1-36, 2006. https://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/infopack _fr_2.pdf. Voir aussi Moses Maimonides, The Guide of the Perplexed (Translated by Shlomo Pines), Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1963, p. 609-610. (« Ceux qui croient en l’unité de Dieu doivent avoir un signe corporel qui les unit »).
Vers 1970, au moins 85% des hommes étaient circoncis aux USA. David L. Gollaher, «Circumcision: A history of the World’s Most Controversial Surgery», p. 1 (2000). En 2006, 75% des mâles aux États-Unis étaient circoncis alors qu’au niveau mondial sa prévalence est de 30%. WHO, op. cit. 90% des pères circoncis choisissent de faire circoncire leur fils, notamment pour que le fils n’ait pas l’air différent. Id., p. 5. « [L]a pratique de la circoncision masculine est une norme sociale quintessentielle ». Dès lors, aux USA, la circoncision se perpétue.
Frederick M. Hodges, « Le prépuce idéal dans la Grèce et la Rome antiques : Esthétique génitale masculine et sa relation au lipodermos, à la circoncision, à la restauration du prépuce et au kynodesme », Bulletin of the History of Medicine, n°75.3 (2001), p. 375-405.
Joseph Offord, «Restrictions concerning Circumcision under the Romans», Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, n°6, 1913, p. 102-107.
William D. Dunsmuir and E. M. Gordon, « The history of circumcision », BJU international, n°83.1, 1999, p. 1-12. cf. http://www.cirp.org/library/history/dunsmuir1/.
AAP Rapport Technique, 2012, op. cit., p. e772 : « Le taux de complication après une procédure en milieu hospitalier avec un personnel qualifié peut être considérablement différent de ceux pratiqués dans les pays en voie de développement et/ou par des pourvoyeurs rituels non qualifiés ».
AAP Rapport Technique, 2012, op. cit., p. e774. (« La majorité des blessures [et] complications sévères concernent l’amputation du gland ou du pénis, la transmission d’un herpès simplex après un contact de la bouche avec le pénis opéré par un mohel (circonciseur juif rituel) après la circoncision, une infection du staphylocoque doré résistant à la méticilline, une fistule cutanée de l’urètre, l’ischémie du gland et la mort »). En ce qui concerne l’herpès, il a été attribué à un rituel de circoncision juive orthodoxe qui implique de nettoyer la plaie de la circoncision par la bouche. Voir par exemple un article de 2017 dans le journal The Independent, « Cas d’herpes chez les bébés attribués au rite de circoncision ultra-orthodoxe », Katie Forster, March 9, 2017. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/ herpes-babies-jewish-circumcision-ritual-link-rabbis-infants-a7620446.html (dernier accès le 13 mars 2017).
Royal Dutch Medical Association, «Non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors», 2010. https://www.knmg.nl/advies-richtlijnen/dossiers/jongensbesnijdenis.htm.
American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Circumcision, «Circumcision policy statement», Pediatrics, n°130.3, 2012, p. 585-586.
D’après l’AAP dans une communication à ses membres disponible auprès des auteurs, les médecins des États-Unis devraient présenter leurs conseils aux parents de chaque nouveau-né.
American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Circumcision (AAP), « Circumcision Policy Statement », Pediatrics, 103.3,1999, p. 686-693, at 688. https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/ pediatrics/103/3/686.full.pdf.
Moses Maimonides, op. cit.
Reinhard Merkel, Holm Putzke, «After Cologne: male circumcision and the law. Parental right, religious liberty or criminal assault?», Journal of Medical Ethics, 39.7, 2013, p. 444-449 («After Cologne»).
Committee on Fetus and Newborn, Standards and Recommendations for Hospital Care of Newborn Infants. Sixth Edition, American Academy of Pediatrics; Evanston, IL, 1977.
AAP Technical Report, op. cit., p. e776.
AAP Committee on Fetus and Newborn, Section on Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, «Prevention and management of procedural pain in the neonate: an update», Pediatrics, 127.2, 2016, emphasis added.
AAP Technical Report, op. cit., 2012, p. e774.
Douglas Gairdner, «The Fate of the Foreskin», British medical journal, n°2.4642, 1949, p. 1433.
American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Circumcision (AAP), «Report of the Task Force of Circumcision» Pediatrics, 84.4, 1989, p. 388-91. http://www.cirp.org/library/statements/aap/#a1989.
1997 AAP Statement, op. cit.
Tim Hammond, Adrienne Carmack, «Long-term adverse outcomes from neonatal circumcision reported in a survey of 1,008 men: an overview of health and human rights implications», The International Journal of Human Rights, n°21.2, 2017, p. 189-218.
Steven J. Svoboda, «Nontherapeutic circumcision of minors as an ethically problematic form of iatrogenic injury», AMA journal of ethics, n°19.8, 2017, p. 815-824.
Valeria Purpura et al., op. cit., p. 3.
British Medical Association, «The law and ethics of male circumcision: guidance for doctors», Journal of medical ethics, n°30.3, 2004, p. 261.
See, e.g., Tim Hammond, Adrienne Carmack, op. cit., 2017.
Tom L. Beauchamp, James F. Childress In Robert Darby, op. cit., p. 5-6.
Morris L. Sorrells et al., «Fine-touch pressure thresholds in the adult penis», BJU International, n°99.4, 2007, p. 864-869.
Morten Frisch et al., op. cit., p. 798.
David Gollaher, op. cit., notes 64-65.
Steven J. Svoboda, op. cit., p. 815.
American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Fetus and Newborn. «Standards and Recommendation for Hospital Care of Newborn infants», 5th ed. Evanston, IL, 1971. http://www.cirp.org/library/ statements/aap/#a1971.
AAP Statement, 1989, op. cit.
AAP Statement, 1999, op. cit.
American Medical Association Council on Scientific Affairs, «Neonatal circumcision», 1999, published online in 2000. http://www.cirp.org/library/statements/ama2000/.
Royal Dutch, op. cit.
Andrew Freedman, op. cit., p. 1.
Steven Svoboda, op. cit., p. 819, citant Andrew Freedman, op. cit.
Noel E. Preston, «Whither the Foreskin?: A Consideration of Routine Neonatal Circumcision», JAMA, n° 213.11, 1970, p. 1853-1858.
Hugh Thompson et al., op. cit.
Committee on Fetus and Newborn, «Standards and Recommendations for Hospital Care of Newborn Infants», 6th Edition, American Academy of Pediatrics; Evanston, IL, 1977.
Task Force on Circumcision (AAP), «Report of the Task Force of Circumcision», Pediatrics, n°84, 4, 1989, p. 388-391.
AAP Policy Statement, 1999, op. cit., p. 691.
AAP Policy Statement, 2012, op. cit.
William Oh, Gerald Merenstein, «Fourth Edition of the Guidelines for Perinatal Care: Summary of Changes», Pediatrics n°100.6, 1997, p. 1021-1022.
AAP Policy Statement, 1999, op. cit., p. 691 [références omises].
AAP Technical report, 2012, op. cit., p. 763.
18 U.S. Code § 116. Mutilations Génitales Féminines et Constatations du Congrès (« statut des MGF »). https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/116.
Brian D. Earp, Rebecca Steinfeld, «Gender and Genital Cutting: A New Paradigm», 2017. http://euromind.global/en/brian-d-earp-and-rebecca-steinfeld/?lang=en.
Union Pacific RR Co. v. Botsford, 141 U.S. 250 (1891). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/141/ 250/
Cruzan v. Director, Mo. Dept. of Health, 497 U.S. 261 (Supreme Court 1990).
Landgericht Köln (Cologne District Court, Germany), jugement du 7 mai (2012) No. 151 Ns 169/11 («German Decision»).
«After Cologne», op. cit.
William E. Brigman, «Circumcision as child abuse: the legal and constitutional issues» Journal of Family Law, n°23, 1984, p. 337.
Christopher P. Price, «Male Non-therapeutic circumcision: The Legal and Ethical Issues», Male and Female Circumcision, Medical, Legal, and Ethical Considerations in Pediatric Practice, Denniston GC, Hodges FM and Milos MF (eds), New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, p. 425-454, 1999.
[UK] Royal Courts of Justice, In the matter of B and G (Children) (No 2), Neutral Citation Number [2015] EWFC 3, Case Number LJ13C00295, January 14, 2015.
AMA Code, op. cit., Opinion 1.1.1 (« A patient-physician relationship exists when a physician serves a patient’s medical needs »).
Id., Opinion 11.3.1.
Id., Chap. 2.
T.L. Beauchamp, J.F. Childress, Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 6th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
AMA Code, op. cit., Opinion 2.1.2.
Royal Dutch, op. cit.
Tortorella v. Castro, 140 Cal.App.4th 1 (2006).
Voir plus généralement Thomas L. Hafemeister and Richard M. Gulbrandsen Jr., «The Fiduciary Obligation of Physicians to ‘Just Say No’ if an ‘Informed’ Patient Demands Services that Are Not Medically Indicated», Seton Hall Law Review n° 39, p. 335-386, 2009, citant la jurisprudence.
Id.
Thomas L. Hafemeister and Selina Spinos, «Lean on me: A physician's fiduciary duty to disclose an emergent medical risk to the patient», Washington University Law Review, n°86, p. 1167-1210, 2008.
American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Bioethics, «Informed consent, parental permission, and assent in pediatric practice», Pediatrics, n°95.2, p. 314-317, 1995.
American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Bioethics, «Policy statement: Informed consent in decision-making in pediatric practice», Pediatrics, n°138, 2016.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, «Background, Methods, and Synthesis of Scientific Information Used to Inform the Recommendations for Providers Counseling Male Patients and Parents Regarding Male Circumcision and the Prevention of HIV infection, STIs, and other Health Outcomes», publié en ligne sur regulations.gov. https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=CDC-2014-0012-0002.
Canterbury v. Spence, 464 F. 2d 772 (Court of Appeals, Dist. of Columbia Circuit) (1972). https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16106013819601769055&q=Canterbury+v.+Spence&hl=en&as_sdt=40000006.
Cobbs v.Grant,501P.2d1(Cal. Supreme Court 1972), at p. 239. https://scholar.google.com/scholar_ case?case=9007336518867928085&q=cobbs+v+grant&hl=en&as_sdt=40000006.
321 U.S. 158 (1944). https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/321/158.
442 U.S. 584 (1979). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/442/584/.
AMA Code, op. cit., Opinion 2.1.2. AAP Policy Statement, 2012, op. cit., Résumé. (« Les parents doivent en dernier recours décider si la circoncision ne contredit pas l’intérêt supérieur de leur enfant »).
FGM statute, op. cit., Notes.
U.S. Constitution –1er Amendement. https://www.usconstitution.net/xconst_Am1.html.
Décision allemande, op. cit.
Reinhard Merkel, Holm Putzke, op. cit., p. 447.
Id., Résumé, l’emphase est celle des auteurs.
[UK] High Court of Justice, Family Division, Re L and B (Children), Neutral Citation Number: [2016] EWHC 849 (Fam), 2016. http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Fam/2016/849.html.
UN Declaration of the Rights of the Child, Principle 7, Para. 2; UN Convention on the Rights of the Child Art. 3, Point 1.
Prince c. Massachusetts, 321 U.S. 158 (1944). Dans Wisconsin c. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205 (1972), la Cour Suprême des États-Unis a réaffirmé Prince en déclarant : « Il est sûr que le pouvoir des parents, même lorsqu’il est lié à une demande d’exercice de liberté, peut être sujet à des limitations selon les termes de Prince s’il apparaît que les décisions parentales mettent en danger la santé ou la sécurité d’un enfant... » https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/406/205.html.
Lors d’un débat en 2013 à Charleston, Caroline du Sud, à propos de l’éthique et de la légalité de la circoncision entre Michael Brady de l’AAP de 2012 et Steven Svoboda de l’Association des Avocats pour les Droits de l’Enfant (acronyme anglais ARC), un médecin de campagne a déclaré que les parents choisissent parfois que leur fils soit circoncis pour « ressembler à papa ». L’ARC fut autorisée à enregistrer le débat qui est disponible auprès de cette organisation.
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