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Davies, John L., Religious Aspects of the Eastern Question, Papers on the Eastern Question, no. 2, London: Eastern Question Association, 1877.
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Freeman Edward A., The Ottoman Power in Europe, its Nature, its Growth, and its Decline, London: Macmillan, 1877.
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Notes
C.H. Papasian to Bryce, Bodleian Library Special Collections [Bod.], Oxford, Ms. Bryce 195/28-35, 4 December 1893.
C. Harvie, 2004.
J. Bryce, 1896 [1877].
J. Bryce, 1916.
M. Tusan, 2009, p. 121-129; Id., 2014, p. 47-77.
M. Tusan, 2017, p. 3. On the American response to the 1894-1897 massacres and Armenian Genocide, see: P. Balakian, 2004; A.M. Wilson, 2009, p. 27-44; J. Winter (ed.), 2003. On the German treatment of the Armenian question since the late 1870s, see S. Ihrig, 2016, p. 19-58.
Another detailed study of the pre-genocide humanitarian activism is given in D. Rodogno, 2012. In chapter eight, Rodogno describers the passivity of the European Powers concerning the suffering of the Ottoman Armenians. Although the chapter mentions Bryce, his actions in this period are not thoroughly discussed. See D. Rodogno, 2012, p. 205, 316 (note 53). On the massacres and humanitarian aid see also K.D. Watenpaugh, 2014, p. 63-69.
M. Tusan, 2017, p. 129-150.
P. Balakian, 2004, p. 117-119.
G. Giannakopoulos, 2017, p. 307-310.
On Bryce’s contacts with the Armenian communities in Manchester and London and his pro-Armenian activities during the pre-massacre era, see J. George, 2002, p. 34 ff. In a recent edition of the Journal of Levantine Studies (2015), Bryce’s lifelong Armenian engagements and writings – not only concerning the Armenian genocide – were given greater focus. See O.Y. Steinberg, 2015, p. 13-33.
D. Bloxham, 2005, p. 51; F.M. Göçek, 2014, p. 125-150.
For the most recent studies on the Eastern Question, see S. Prévost, 2010; M. Ković, 2011; L. Frary et al., 2014; R.L. Schumacher, 2014, p. 64–80.
A.J. Kirakossian, 2003, p. 73-78.
The “Horrors” refer to the violence in Batak where it is estimated that irregular Ottoman soldiers massacred between 3,000-5,000 Bulgarians. The massacre’s details arouse great public unrest in Britain after they were published in accounts such as J.A. MacGahan, 1876, p. 9-15.
Bryce was also active, together with his Liberal colleagues J.R. Green, William Morris and George Young in the Eastern Question Association [EQA]. The EQA was founded during a London conference (8 December 1876) on the Bulgarian atrocities. In the late 1870s and later during the massacres of 1894-1896 the EQA published several pamphlets on the condition of the Christians under Ottoman rule. See J.L. Davies, 1877, p. 1-14; R. Shannon, 1963, p. 241-242; D. Rodogno, 2012, p. 154-157; M. Tusan, 2017, p. 132.
Papasian to Bryce, Bod., Ms. Bryce 195/28-35, 4 December 1893.
Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates [HC Deb.], vol. 254, col. 1261, 23 July 1880.
Bryce quoted in M.S. Gabriel, “The Armenians in Turkey,” Christian Union, 4 September, p. 312.
In a February 1888 letter, Papasian complained to Bryce that a few ‘reckless’ individuals in the London Armenian community harmed the Armenian cause by publishing the journal Haiasdan [Armenia]. Papasian, an important member of the Armenian community in Manchester, mainly endeavoured to maintain the Armenian-Mancunian hegemony and was ‘less’ enthusiastic about the activity in London. The complaints about the journal even reached the Parliament. See Bod. Ms. Bryce 193/77, 12 February 1888; HC Deb., vol. 334, col. 493, 22 March 1889; J. George, 2002, p.51-67; S. Prévost, 2016, podcast.
Papasian to Bryce, Bod., Ms. Bryce 195/28-35, 4 Dec. 1893.
Ibid.
J.T. Seaman, 2006, p. 80.
“Cruelties in Armenia,” HC Deb., vol. 336, col. 1316, 28 May 1889.
See Bryce James, “The Armenian Question,” Century Illustrated Magazine, November 1895, p. 150-154.
A.J. Kirakossian, 2008, p. 35
“Armenian Christians,” HC Deb., vol. 38, col. 68, 3 March 1896.
Millingen to Bryce, Bod., Ms. Bryce, 195/126, 19 November 1894.
A.J. Kirakossian, 2008, p. 36; D. Rodogno, 2012, p. 193.
“Professor Bryce M.P., and the Armenians in England,” The Manchester Guardian, 23 July 1889.
“Mr. Chamberlain ended his speech by the declaration that it was unfair of Mr. Bryce to attack this Government for not intervening in Armenia when Lord Rosebery’s Government might have intervened, but did not intervene”. See: “The passage in Mr. Chamberlain’s speech which dealt with the […],” The Spectator, 1 February 1896.
S. Dinçer, 2013, p. 20-45.
“The Late Government and the Armenian Atrocities: Statement by Mr. Bryce,” The Manchester Guardian, 30 January 1896.
“Mr. Bryce on Foreign Policy,” Glasgow Herald, Tuesday, 22 December 1896.
Ibid.
HC Deb., vol. 36, col. 468, 21 August 1895.
Bryce to Grosvenor, Bod. Ms. Bryce 197/1-2, 6 January 1895.
Papasian to Bryce, Bod. Ms. Bryce 195/44-69, 28 December 1894.
Baronian to Bryce, Bod. Ms. Bryce 195/129-133, 20 November 1894.
E.A. Freeman, 1877, p. xix. On Freeman’s perception of the East and racial perceptions. See V. Morrisroe, 2011, p. 25-45; O.Y. Steinberg, 2016, p. 1-29.
HC Deb., vol. 336, col. 1312, 28 May 1889.
J. Bryce, 1896, p. 471.
J. Bryce, November 1895, p. 86.
Baronian to Bryce, Bod., Ms. Bryce 195/129-133, 20 November 1894.
“Mr Bryce at Aberdeen: The Position of the Liberal Party,” The Manchester Guardian, 5 June 1895.
Bryce to Gladstone, Bod., Ms. Bryce 12/169-173, 5 June 1895.
Bryce to Gladstone, Bod., Ms. Bryce 12/173-175, 26 July 1895.
W.E. Gladstone, 1876.
Bryce to Gladstone, Bod., Ms. Bryce 12/165-168, 3 May 1895.
“An Armenian Testimonial,” Los Angeles Times, 30 December 1894.
“Mr. Gladstone on the Armenian Question: A Warning to the Sultan Important Speech,” The Manchester Guardian, 7 August 1895.
In 1891 Abdul Hamid II integrated the Kurdish tribes into the Ottoman army under the official status of Hamidiye (the ones belonging to Hamid). See: M.S. Anderson, 1966, p. 254.
Bryce to Gladstone, “Some Observations on the Armenian Question,” Bod., Ms. Bryce 12/181-182, 2 August 1895.
Ibid.
Ibid.
“Armenian Christians”, HC Deb., vol. 38, col. 48-60, 3 March 1896.
Ibid.
Ibid., col. 84.
“Armenian Christians”, HC Deb., vol. 38, col. 53, 3 March 1896.
HC Deb., vol. 36, col. 475, 21 August 1895.
Ibid.
Ibid., col. 478.
For a minute analysis of the scope of the 1894-1896 Armenian agitation in Britain, see S. Prévost, 2015 and 2016.
“Armenian Christians,” Tuesday, 3 March 1896.
Ibid.
Baronian to Bryce, Ms. Bryce 196/116-117, 17 May 1895.
Ibid.
Greene to Bryce, Bod., Ms. Bryce 196/10-11, 14 January 1895.
F.D. Greene, 1896.
Ibid., p. xv.
J. Bryce, 1896, p. 467.
J. Bryce, 1888.
R. Stein, Bod., Ms. Bryce 196/63-84, 28 March 1895.
Stein to Bryce, Bod., Ms. Bryce 196/63-64, 28 March 1895.
Ibid.
Bryce, 1895, p. 180-184.
Blackwell to Bryce, Bod. Ms. Bryce 196/159-70, 23 July 1895.
For Britain’s imagination of Armenia and Armenians, see J. Laycock, 2009.
J. Bryce, November 1895.
Ibid.
Each year the American government contributed half a million dollars to the missionary work in Asia Minor. See A.J. Kirakossian, 2004, p. 35. See also J.L. Grabill, 1971 and C. Laderman, forthcoming.
“Red Horrors in the Sasoun”, Los Angeles Herald, 3 February 1895.
The Spectator, 1 February 1896.
A.M. Wilson, 2009, p. 32.
Bryce, 1916, p. xxvi.
J.J. Rousseau, 1964, p. 480.
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