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Notes
This research was written at different institutions: the library of Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, the French School at Rome, Nairobi National Archives and IFRA. I want to thank Stephanie Buttler and Henry Mitchell for their support. Field work was conducted at Manda Island, Lamu, Mombasa, Malindi and Zanzibar. An earlier version of this paper was delivered at NYU Abu Dhabi.
Christopher Bayly, in Chistopher A. Bayly, Sven Beckert, Matthew Connelly, Isabel Hofmeyr, Wendy Kozol & Patricia Seed, “AHR conversation: On Transnational History,” The American Historical Review 111, n° 5 (2006): 1441–64, p. 1442.
Frederick Cooper & Jane Burbank, Empires in World History (Princeton, 2009).
Isabel Hofmeyr, in Chistopher A. Bayly et al., “AHR conversation: On Transnational History,” p. 1444.
Maxine Berg, Writing the History of the Global: Challenges for the 21st Century (The British Academy I, Oxford University Press, 2013); David Washbrook, European Miracle in Non-European Perspective—Historical Connections (London, 2002).
Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: China, Europe and the Making of the Modern World Economy (Princeton, 2000).
Giorgio Riello, Cotton: The Fabric that Made the Modern World (Oxford University Press, 2013).
Wendy Kozol, in Chistopher A. Bayly et al., “AHR conversation: On Transnational History,” p. 1445.
N.K. Chaudhuri, Asia before Europe: Economy and Civilization of the Indian Ocean from the Rise of Islam to 1750 (Cambridge, 1985); Bose Sugata, A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire (Harvard University Press, 2009).
Globafrica Project. IFRA-IFAS/CNRS.
Ibid.
Sanjay Subrahmanyam, “Connected Histories: Notes towards a Reconfiguration of Early Modern Eurasia.” Modern Asian Studies 31 (1997): 735–762.
Linda Colley, The Ordeal of Elizabeth Marsh: A Woman in World History (Random House, 2008); Maya Jasanoif, Edge of Empire: Lives, Culture and the Conquest in the East 1750–1850 (Random House, 2006).
Christopher Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World 1780–1914 (Blackwell, 2004); Maxine Berg, Writing the History of the Global, p. 1–18.
Henry Lefebvre, The Production of Space (Blackwell, 1991).
David Harvey, The Condition of Post-modernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change (Wiley-Blackwell, 1989).
Michel Foucault, “Space, Knowledge, and Power.” In The Foucault Reader (Pantheon Books, 1984); Michel Foucault, “Of Other Spaces.” Diacritics 16 (1986): 22–27, p. 23.
Carl Sauer, “The Morphology of Landscape.” University of California Publications in Geography 2 (1925): 19–54.
Don Mitchell, Cultural Geography: A Critical Introduction (Blackwell, 2000); Edward Soja, Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Theory (Verso, 1989).
Doreen Massey, Space, Place and Gender (University of Minneapolis Press, 1994).
Foucault, “Space, Knowledge, and Power,” p. 70
Frederick Cooper, Africa in the World: Capitalism, Empire, Nation-State (Harvard University Press, 2014), p. 63–89.
See Jasanoff, Edge of Empire, esp. Chapter 3.
Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Exploration in Connected History: Mughals and Franks (Oxford University Press, 2011).
Adrien Delmas & Nigel Penn (eds.), Written Culture in a Colonial Context: Africa and the Americas, 1500–1900 (University of Cape Town Press, 2011), p. 112.
Jean-Frédéric Schaub, “Notes on some discontents in the historical narrative.” In Maxine Berg (ed.), Writing the History of the Global: 48–65.
Michael Pearson, Port Cities and Intruders: the Swahili Coast, India, and Portugal in the Early Modern Era (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998); Abdul Sheriff, Dhow Cultures of the Indian Ocean: Cosmopolitanism, Commerce and Islam (Columbia University Press, 2010).
Gaurav Desai, Commerce with the Universe: Africa, India and the Afroasian Imagination (Columbia University Press, 2013).
Chaudhuri, Asia before Europe, p. 36.
Himanshu Prabha Ray & Edward Alpers, Cross Currents and Community Networks: The History of the Indian Ocean World (Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 39, 136.
Sugata Bose, A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean and the Age of Global Empire (Harvard University Press, 2006).
Journal “Africa” published by the International African Institute (2011), and Journal of African History 54 (2013).
Fernand Braudel, La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l´époque de Philippe II (Armand Colin, 1949).
Christian Jacob, “Towards a Cultural History of Cartography.” Imago Mundi 48 (1996):191–98.
David Woodward, “Cartography and the Renaissance: Continuity and Change.” In History of Cartography, vol. 3 (The University of Chicago Press, 2007), p. 3–24.
John B. Harley & Kees Zandvliet, “Art, Science and Power in Sixteenth Century Dutch Cartography.” Cartographica 29 (1992): 10–19.
Kees Zandvliet, Mapping for Money: Maps, Plans and Topographic Painting and their Role in Dutch Overseas Expansion during the 16th and 17th centuries (Batavian Lion International, 1998).
Genevieve Carlton, Wordly Consumers: The Demands for Maps in Renaissance Italy (The University of Chicago Press, 2015); Catherine Delano Smith & Roger J.P. Kain, English Maps: A History (University of Toronto Press, 1999).
John B. Harley & David Woodward, The History of Cartography, vol. 2 (The University of Chicago Press, 1987); Daniel Cosgrove & Stephen Daniel, The Iconography of Landscape: The Symbolic Representation, Design and Use of Past Environments (Cambridge University Press, 1989).
Simon Schama, The Embarrasment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age (University of California Press, 1988).
David Turnbull, “Cartography and Science in Early Modern Europe: Mapping the Construction of Knowledge Spaces,” Imago Mundi 48 (1996): 5–24, p. 9.
O.A.W. Dilke, Greek and Roman Maps (Cornell University Press, 1985); Lionel Casson, Travel in the Ancient World, (George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1974); Carla Bocchetti, “Cultural Geography in Homer.” ERAS Journal, n° 5 (2003). http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/publications/eras/edition-5/bocchettiarticle.php. Carla Bocchetti, “The Periplous Tradition in The Iliad and The Homeric Hymns.” Revista ARGOS 29 (2007): 29–52.
David Woodward, “Cartography and the Renaissance: Continuity and Change.” The History of Cartography, vol. 2 (The University of Chicago Press, 1994).
Carlton, Worldly Consumers.
James Romm, The Edges of the Earth in Ancient Thought (Princeton University Press, 1992).
Lionel Casson, “Rome’s Trade with the East: The Sea Voyage to Africa and India.” TAPhA 110 (1980): 21–36, p. 24.
Kenneth Nebenzahl, Maps from the Age of Discovery, Columbus to Mercator (Times Books, 1990), p. ix, 234.
Peter Linebaugh & Marcus Rediker, The Many Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners, and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic (Beacon Press Boston, 2013).
Adrien Delmas, “From Traveling to History: An Outline of the VOC Writing System during the 17th century.” In Written Culture in a Colonial Context, p. 112.
Kees Zandvliet, “Mapping the Dutch World Overseas in the Seventeenth Century.” In David Woodward (ed.), History of Cartography, vol. 3 (University of Chicago Press, 2007), p. 1438.
Let Fame with wonder name the Greek no more,
What lands he saw, what toils at sea he bore;
Nor more the Trojan’s wandering voyage boast,
What storms he braved on many a perilous coast: No more let Rome exult in Trajan’s name,
Nor Eastern conquests Ammon’s pride proclaim; A nobler hero’s deeds demand my lays
Than e’er adorned the song of ancient days,
Illustrious GAMA, whom the waves obeyed,
And whose dread sword the fate of empire swayed.
Joost Fontein, Remaking Mutirikwi: Landscape, Water & Belonging in Southern Zimbabwe (James Currey, 2015), p. 201–204.
Michael Horton & John Middletown, The Swahili: The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Society (Blackwell, 2000), on the periplous of the Erythraean Sea and the Geography of Ptolemy see p. 31–37.
Gerard R. Tibbets, “The Role of Charts in Islamic Navigation in the Indian Ocean.” In The History of Cartography, vol. 2 book 1 (The University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 256–257, 261–262.
Thomas Suarez, Early Mapping of Southeast Asia: The Epic Story of Seafarers (Periplous Edition Ltd., 1999).
J. De Barros , Asia: Década I. 1552. bk. 4, ch. 6.
Gerard R. Tibbets, Arab Navigation in the Indian Ocean before the coming of the Portuguese, translation from Ibn Majid (Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1971), p. 169. See also Thomas Vernet, “East African Travelers and Traders in the Indian Ocean: Swahili Ships, Swahili Mobilities.” In Michael Pearson (ed.), Trade, Circulation and Flow in the Indian Ocean World, (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015).
Gerard R.Tibbets, Arab Navigation in the Indian Ocean, p. 237, 221, 234–235, and about the rose wind p. 296.
John C.Wilkinson, “Oman and East Africa: new light on Early Kilwan History from the Omani Sources.” The International Journal of African Historical Studies 14 (1981): 272–305. John C. Wilkinson, “A Sketch of the Historical Geography of the Trucial Oman down to the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century.” The Geographical Journal 130 (1964): 337–349.
Lionel Casson, Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World (Princeton University Press, 1971), p. 21 fig.18; and A. Aleem, “History of Indian Navigation in the Indian Ocean,” Special Publication dedicated to Dr.N.K. Panikkar (Marine Biological Association of India, 1973).
Randall L. Pouwels, “Eastern Africa and the Indian Ocean to 1800: Reviewing relations in Historical Perspective.” The International Journal of African Historical Studies 35 (2002): 385–425. See p. 395 for records of slave trade by Arabs in the ninth century.
Vernet, “East African Travelers and Traders in the Indian Ocean,” p. 171.
Allama Syed Sulaiman Nadvi, The Arab .Navigation (SH. Muhammad Ashraf, 1966), p. 68: Ibn Majid exhorts pilots to follow his work: “You can not possess knowledge / to cheer you in high seas or in tempest / so when misfortune smite you, cling / to my work and my wisdom on every course.”
Ibid., p. 88.
Ibid., p. 90.
Paul Johnstone, The Sea-craft of Prehistory (Routledge, 1980), p. 177.
Vernet, “East African Travelers and Traders in the Indian Ocean,” p. 167, 169.
Marina Tolmacheva, The Paté Chronicles, edited and translated by Marina Tolmacheva (Michigan University Press, 1993), p. 19 n. 20 and p. 21, 301, 303, 308–310, 314, 318, 320 (MS 358 of the Dar es Salaam University).
“Sultan ‘Umar bin Muhammad bin Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Sulayman gained great power (and) conquered the towns of the Swahili (coast)—Ozi, Malindi, Kiwayu, Kitao; Miya and Imidhi and Watamu—until he reached Kirimba. He gained possession of all the towns from Pate to Kirimba.” (The Pate Chronicles p. 299.) See also Utendi wa Fumo Liyongo for geographical references.
T.A. Chumovsky, Três roteiros desconhecidos de Ahmad Ibn-Madjid o piloto árabe de Vasco da Gama, tradução portuguesa de Myron Malkiel-Jirmounsky (Comissão executiva das comemorações do quinto centenario da morte do infante D. Henrique, 1960), p. 88 (Ms.2292 R.6V).
Shamil Jeppie, “Making Book History in Timbuktu.” In Caroline Davies & David Johnson (eds), The Book in Africa: Critical Debates, (Palgrave McMillan, 2015), see Chapter 4.
James de Vere Allen, “Swahili Book Production.” Kenya Past and Present 13 (1981): 17–22.
Edward Pollard, “The Maritime Landscape of Kilwa Kisiwani and its Region, Tanzania, 11th to 15th Century AD.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 27, n° 3 (2008): 265–280. For the nautical Battle of Sheela c. 1812 see Pate Chronicles.
Simplification of the Swahili culture is expressed in Carl Velten, Desturi za Wasuaheli & Sitten und Gebräuche der Suaheli (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1903), p. 335, 338. However, James de Vere Allen refers to a wider influence in terms of “Indian Ocean Culture” and current bibliography revaluates the previous simplification of Swahili culture.
Jan Knappert, “Swahili Sailors’ Song.” Afrika und Uebersee 68 (1985): 105-133, see p. 115.
Marina Tolmacheva, The Paté Chronicles, edited and translated by Marina Tolmacheva (Michigan University Press, 1993), p. 23.
William Hichens, Al-Inkishafi (The Soul’s Awakening), translated and edited by William Hichens (The Sheldon Press, 1939).
For a critique to genealogy, museum and society see Beth Lord: Fouccault museum. http://www2.le.ac.ukmuseum-studies, p. 8.
Jeffrey Fleisher & Stephanie Wynne-Jones, “Finding Meaning in Ancient Swahili Spatial Practice.” African Archaeological Review 29 (2012): 171–207.
James de Vere Allen, “Siyu in the 18th and 19th Centuries.” Transafrican Journal of History 8 (1979): 11–35; Rider Samson, “The Swahili Manuscript Culture,” Manuscript Culture Newsletter 4 (2011): 68–77. Howard Brown, “The Development and Decline of a Swahili Town,” PhD thesis UMI /BIEA, 1987. Lyndon Harries, “Siyu the Chief Seat of Old Swahili Learning.” In Swahili Poetry (Clarendon Press, 1962). In p. 6 refers to the process of writing and fabricating ink in Siyu: “The conventional description of the copyist writing material survived in the prelude to some of the poems long after the copyist had adopted more modern materials for writing. It seems plain that the copyists lined their paper by the use of a board around which was wrapped a silken cord so that parallel ridges could be impressed on the paper. Mica-sand was sprinkled on the writing to dry it. Black ink was made from rice, burned and then ground to power, mixed in water with a little gum, lemon juice and some lamp black. Red ink was made from cinnabar or native Mercuric oxide and was prepared locally from the mzingufuri or mzinjifuri plant (Ar. Zinjafr) Bixa Orellana. Coloured title pieces adorned some of the manuscripts, but generally of rather inferior design and execution. The section of a line or rhyme endings were usually divided or marked by stops. (sw kituo/zituo, or kikomo/ zikomo) though in some manuscripts there is no division at the medial rhyme and a space takes the place of the marked stops, which were shaped by inverted hearts and often lubricated. As with Arabic off course, the Swahili Arabic script is written, and the manuscripts paginated, from right to left.” Howard Brown, “Siyu: Town of Craftmen.” Azania 23 (1988): 101–113, esp. 110–112. Hichens, Al-Inkishafi, p. 122.
Elias Saad, “Kilwa Dynastic Historiography: A Critical Study.” History of Africa 6 (1979): 177–207; Randall L. Pouwels, “Eastern Africa and the Indian Ocean to 1800”; Rick M. Thomas, “Persian Gulf Seafaring and East Africa: Ninth-Twelfth Centuries.” African Historical Studies 3 (1979): 339–57.
Jonathon Gassman, War of Words, War of Stones: Racial Thought and Violence in Colonial Zanzibar (Indiana University Press, 2011).
Cooper, Africa in the World.
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