Bibliographie
Álvarez Cuartero, Izaskun. Memorias de la Ilustración: Las Sociedades Económicas de Amigos del País en Cuba (1783–1832). Madrid: Real Sociedad Bascongada de los Amigos del País, 2000.
Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London and New York: Verso, [1983] 2006.
Arrate, José Martín Félix de. Llave del Nuevo Mundo: antemural de las Indias Occidentales. La Habana: Cubana de la UNESCO, 1964.
Bhaktin, Mikhail. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays, translated by Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist. Austin & London: University of Texas Press, 1981.
Cabrera, Lydia. El monte: Igbo-finda, ewe orisha-vititi nfinda: Notas sobre las religions, la mágia, las supersticiones, y el folklore de los negros criollos y el pueblo de Cuba. Miami: Colección del Chicherekú en el Exilo, [1953] 1983.
Carrera, Magali M. Imagining Identity in New Spain: Race, Lineage, and the Colonial Body in Portraiture and Casta Paintings. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2003.
Cañizares-Esguerra, Jorge. How to Write the History of the New World: Histories, Epistemologies, and Identities in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World. Stanford (CA): Stanford University Press, 2001.
Chateloin, Felicia. La Habana de Tacon. Havana: Editorial Letras Cubanas, 1989.
Childs, Matt D. The 1812 Aponte Rebellion in Cuba and the Struggle Against Atlantic Slavery. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2006.
Corporación Nacional del Turismo, La pintura colonial en Cuba: exposición en el capitolio nacional, marzo 4 a abril 4 de 1950. Havana, 1950.
Crouch, Dora P., Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Spanish City Planning in North America. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press, 1982.
de Certeau, Michel. The Practice of Everyday Life, translated by Steven F. Rendall. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press, 1984.
de Juan, Adelaide. Pintura y grabado coloniales cubanos. Havana: Instituto Cubano del Libro, 1974.
Desmangles, Leslie G. The Faces of the Gods: Vodou and Roman Catholicism in Haiti. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1992.
Diario de la Habana, 16, Mar. 1828.
Diario de la Habana, 27, Mar. 1828.
Espada, Juan José Díaz de. “Visita Pastoral del obispo Díaz de Espada en 1804, según el relato de fray Hipólito Sánchez Rangel,” in Espada, Papeles: 161–91. Havana: Imagen Contemporánea, 1999.
Faivre D’Arcier, Sabine. Vermay: Mensajero de las Luces. Havana: Imagen Contemporanea, 2004.
Figueroa y Miranda, Miguel. Religión y política en la Cuba del siglo XIX: el obispo Espada visto a la luz de los archivos romanos, 1802–1832. Miami (FL): Ediciones Universal, 1975.
González-Ripoll Navarro, Dolores. Cuba, la isla de los ensayos: cultura y sociedad (1790–1815). Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 2000.
González-Wippler, Migene. Santería: the Religion: A Legacy of Faith, Rites, and Magic. New York: Harmony Books, 1989.
Howard, Philip A. Changing History: Afro-Cuban Cabildos and Societies of Color in the Nineteenth Century. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1998.
Humboldt, Alexander von. The Island of Cuba: A Political Essay, translated by J.S. Thrasher. Princeton: Markus Wiener; Kingston: Ian Randle, 2001.
Jameson, Robert Francis. Letters from the Havana, during the year 1820 Containing an Account of the Present State of the Island of Cuba, and Observations on the Slave Trade. London: Printed for John Miller, 1821.
Janson, H.W. (compiler). Catalogues of the Paris Salon, 1673 to 1881. New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1977.
Johnson, Sherry. The Social Transformation of Eighteenth-Century Cuba. Gainesville (FL): University of Florida Press, 2001.
Kagan, Richard L. Urban Images of the Hispanic World, 1493–1793. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2000.
Katzew, Ilona. Casta Painting: Images of Race in Eighteenth-Century Mexico. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004.
Katzew, Ilona. “‘That This Should Be Published and Again in the Age of Enlightenment?’ Eighteenth-Century Debates About the Indian Body in Colonial Mexico.” In Ilona Katzew and Susan Deans-Smith (eds), Race and Classification: The Case of Mexican America: 73–118. Stanford (CA): Stanford University Press, 2009.
Kuethe, Allan J. Cuba, 1753–1815: Crown, Military, and Society. Knoxville (TN): University Tennessee Press, 1986.
Jensen, Larry R. Children of Colonial Despotism: Press, Politics, and Culture in Cuba, 1790–1840. Tampa (FL): University Presses of Florida, 1988.
Las Casas, Bartolomé de. Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies. London: Penguin, 1999.
Laugier, Marc-Antoine. Essai sur l’architecture. Farnborough: Gregg Press, [1755] 1966.
Lefebvre, Henri. The Production of Space, translated by Donald Nicholson-Smith. Oxford: Blackwell, [1974] 1991.
Lejeune, Jean-François (ed.). Cruelty & Utopia: Cities and Landscapes of Latin America. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2003.
Macfadyen, James. The Flora of Jamaica: a Description of the Plants of that Island, Arranged According to the Natural Orders. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman, 1837.
Martinez-Alier, Verena. Marriage, Class and Colour in Nineteenth-Century Cuba: A Study of Racial Attitudes and Sexual Values in a Slave Society, second edition. Ann Arbor (MI): The University of Michigan Press, 1989.
Menocal, Narciso G. “Etienne-Sulpice Hallet and the Espada Cemetery: A Note.” The Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts 22, Cuba Theme Issue (1996): 56–61.
Morell de Santa Cruz, Pedro Agustín. Historia de la isla y catedral de Cuba. Havana: Imprenta “Cuba intelectua,” 1929.
Niell, Paul. “El Templete and Cuban Neoclassicism: An Multivalent Signifier as Site of Memory.” Bulletin of Latin American Research 30, n° 3 (2011): 344–65.
Niell, Paul. “Classical Architecture and the Cultural Politics of Cemetery Reform in Early Nineteenth-Century Havana, Cuba.” The Latin Americanist 55, n° 2 (June 2011): 57–90.
Omari-Tunkara, Mikelle Smith. Manipulating the Sacred: Yorùbá Art, Ritual, and Resistance in Brazilian Candomblé. Detroit: Wayne State University, 2005.
Ortiz, Fernando. “Bibliografía.” In Archivos del folklore cubano. July-September, Havana, 1928.
Ortiz, Fernando. La hija cubana del Iluminismo. Havana: Molina y Compañía, 1943.
Paquette, Gabriel B. (ed.). Enlightened Reform in Southern Europe and its Atlantic Colonies, c. 1750–1830. Burlington (VT): Ashgate, 2009.
Pérez Cisneros, Guy. Características de la evolución de la pintura en Cuba. Havana: Editorial Pueblo y Educación, [1959] 2000.
Pérez, Jr., Louis A. Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Reid, Michele. “The Yoruba in Cuba: Origins, Identities, and Transformations.” In Toyin Falola and Matt D. Childs (eds), The Yoruba Diaspora in the Atlantic World: 111–29. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004.
Rigol, Jorge. Apuntes sobre la pintura y el grabado en Cuba: De los orígenes a 1927. Havana: Editorial Letras Cubanas, 1982.
Roig de Leuchsenring, Emilio. La Habana: Apuntes Históricos, Tomo III. Havana: Editora del Consejo Nacional de Cultura, 1964.
Sarausa, Fermín Peraza. Historia de la Biblioteca de la Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País. La Habana: Anuario Bibliográfico Cubano, 1939.
Segre, Robert. La Plaza de Armas de la Habana. Havana: Imagen Contemporánea, 2002.
Segre, Robert. La Plaza de Armas de la Habana: Sinfonía urbana inconclusa. Havana: Editorial Arte y Literatura, 1995.
Shafer, Robert Jones. The Economic Societies in the Spanish World (1763–1821). Syracuse (NY): Syracuse University Press, 1958.
Styles, John and Amanda Vickery (eds.). Gender, Taste, and Material Culture in Britain and North America, 1700–1830. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2006.
Torres-Cuevas, Eduardo. Obispo Espada: ilustración, reforma y antiesclavismo. La Habana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1990.
Urrutia y Montoya, Ignacio de. Teatro histórico, juridico y politico military de la isla Fernandina de Cuba y principalmente de su capital la Habana. Havana: Publicación de la Comisión Nacional Cubana de la Unesco, 1963.
Valdés, Antonio José. Historia de la isla de Cuba, y en especial de La Habana. La Habana: Comisión Nacional Cubana de la UNESCO, 1964.
Voeks, Robert A. Sacred Leaves of Candomblé: African Magic, Medicine, and Religion in Brazil. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997.
Voekel, Pamela. Scent and Sensibility: Pungency and Piety in the Making of the Gente Sensata, Mexico, 1640–1850. PhD dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 1997.
Weiss, Joaquín E. La arquitectura colonial cubana: siglos XVI al XIX. Havana and Seville: Instituto Cubano del Libro, Agencia Española de Cooperacion Internacional, Junta de Andalucia, 1996.
Widdifield, Stacie G. The Embodiment of the National in Late Nineteenth-Century Mexican Painting. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press, 1996.
Young, Alfred F. Liberty Tree: Ordinary People and the American Revolution. New York and London: New York University Press, 2006.
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Notes
“La última prueba de su lealtad y de su patriotismo nunca desmentido.” Diario de la Habana, 16, Mar. 1828, p. 1.
“Al rango de los pueblos más cultos de Europa,” see “Alguna cosa más sobre el nuevo monumento erigido en la plaza de Armas.” Diario de la Habana, 27, Mar. 1828, p. 1.
El Templete appears in numerous work of Cuban art, architectural, and urban history, including Guy Pérez Cisneros, Características de la evolución de la pintura en Cuba (1959; Editorial Pueblo y Educación, 2000), p. 49–50; Emilio Roig de Leuchsenring, La Habana: Apuntes Históricos, Tomo III (Editora del Consejo Nacional de Cultura, 1964), p. 7–14; Adelaide de Juan, Pintura y grabado coloniales cubanos (Instituto Cubano del Libro, 1974), p. 18; Jorge Rigol, Apuntes sobre la pintura y el grabado en Cuba: de los orígenes a 1927 (Editorial Letras Cubanas, 1982),p. 101–2; Roberto Segre, La Plaza de Armas de la Habana: Sinfonía urbana inconclusa (Editorial Arte y Literatura, 1995), p. 20–22; Joaquín E. Weiss, La arquitectura colonial cubana: siglos XVI al XIX (Instituto Cubano del Libro, Agencia Española de Cooperacion Internacional, Junta de Andalucia, 1996), p. 387; Sabine Faivre D’Arcier, Vermay: Mensajero de las Luces (Imagen Contemporanea, 2004), p. 133–61.
The historiography of El Templete and suggested new approaches based on the reality of the mulivalence of late colonial visual culture is discussed in Paul Niell, “El Templete and Cuban Neoclassicism: An Multivalent Signifier as Site of Memory.” Bulletin of Latin American Research 30, n° 3 (2011): 344–65.
Mikhail Bhaktin, The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays, translated by Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist (University of Texas Press, 1981).
Michel de Certeau, The Practice of Everyday Life, translated by Steven F. Rendall (University of California Press, 1984) and Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space, translated by Donald Nicholson-Smith (1974; Blackwell, 1991).
For the Bourbon Reforms in Cuba, see Allan J. Kuethe, Cuba, 1753–1815: Crown, Military, and Society (University of Tennessee Press, 1986); Louis A. Pérez, Jr., Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution (Oxford University Press, 1995); Dolores González-Ripoll Navarro, Cuba, la isla de los ensayos: cultura y sociedad (1790–1815) (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 2000); and Sherry Johnson, The Social Transformation of Eighteenth-Century Cuba (University of Florida Press, 2001).
See Jean-François Lejeune (ed.), Cruelty & Utopia: Cities and Landscapes of Latin America (Princeton Architectural Press, 2003), p. 21. See also Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, & Axel I. Mundigo, Spanish City Planning in North America (MIT Press, 1982).
“Hasta el año de 1753 se conservaba en ella robusto y frondosa la ceiba en que, según tradición, al tiempo de poblarse la Habana se celebró bajo su sombra la primera misa y cabildo, noticia que pretendió perpetuar a la posteridad el Marisal de Campo D. Francisco Cagigal de la Vega, gobernador de esta plaza, que dispuso levanter en el mismo sitio un pardon de piedra que conserve esta memoria.” José Martín Félix de Arrate, Llave del Nuevo Mundo: antemural de las Indias Occidentales (Cubana de la UNESCO, 1964), p. 77–78.
Segre, La Plaza de Armas, p. 20–23.
“February 5, 1819, se dío cuenta de un informe del Sr. Francisco Filomeno sobre la Petición hecha por el Sr. Bonifacio García, cuyos originales estan unidos al acta y copiado dicho informe dice así,” in the notes of Emilio Roig de Leuchsenring, La Biblioteca del Museo de la Ciudad de La Habana.
See Renovacion, Crisis, Continuismo: La Real Academia de San Fernando en 1792 (Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, 1992).
See Fermín Peraza Sarausa, Historia de la Biblioteca de la Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País (Anuario Bibliográfico Cubano, 1939).
Catalogues of the Paris Salon, 1673 to 1881, compiled by H.W. Janson (Garland Publishing, 1977) catalogue for 1808, p. 91; 1810, p. 103; 1812, p. 102; 1815, p. 95–96.
For the notion of the communocentric view, see Richard L. Kagan, Urban Images of the Hispanic World, 1493–1793 (Yale University Press, 2000), 107–50.
Bartolomé de las Casas (1484–1566) was the sixteenth-century Spanish Dominican priest known for his advocacy on behalf of Native Americans to King Charles V. See Bartolomé de Las Casas, Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies (Penguin, 1999). Las Casas was included as an indispensable actor in eighteenth-century Cuban historiography. See Arrate, Llave del Nuevo Mundo, 22 among others; Pedro Agustín Morell de Santa Cruz, Historia de la isla y catedral de Cuba (Imprenta “Cuba intelectua,” 1929); and Antonio José Valdés, Historia de la isla de Cuba, y en especial de La Habana (Comisión Nacional Cubana de la UNESCO, 1964).
James Macfadyen (Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longman, 1837), p. 92.
See Lydia Cabrera, El folklore de los negros criollos y el pueblo de Cuba (Colección del Chicherekú en el Exilo, 1983); see also Migene González-Wippler, Santería: The Religion: A Legacy of Faith, Rites, and Magic (Harmony Books, 1989) and Michele Toyin Falola & Matt D. Childs (eds.), The Yoruba Diaspora in the Atlantic World (Indiana University Press, 2004), p. 111–29.
Leslie G. Desmangles (University of North Carolina Press, 1992), p. 111; Robert A. Voeks, Sacred Leaves of Candomblé: African Magic, Medicine, and Religion in Brazil (University of Texas Press, 1997), p. 20, 32, 161, 163; and Mikelle Smith Omari-Tunkara, Manipulating the Sacred: Yorùbá Art, Ritual, and Resistance in Brazilian Candomblé (Wayne State University, 2005), p. 93, 107.
Juan José Díaz de Espada, “Visita Pastoral del obispo Díaz de Espada en 1804, según el relato de fray Hipólito Sánchez Rangel.” In Espada, Papeles, p. 161–91.
These images also allude to social issues of race and marriage, shaped by the Real Pragmática de Matrimonios of 1776 and the enforcement of marriage policy in Cuba by the Church and State. Verena Martinez-Alier, Marriage, Class and Colour in Nineteenth-Century Cuba: A Study of Racial Attitudes and Sexual Values in a Slave Society, second edition (The University of Michigan Press, 1989).
See Philip A. Howard, Changing History: Afro-Cuban Cabildos and Societies of Color in the Nineteenth Century (Louisiana State University Press, 1998), p. 73–99 and Matt D. Childs, The 1812 Aponte Rebellion in Cuba and the Struggle Against Atlantic Slavery (The University of North Carolina Press, 2006).
From 1790 to 1820, figures show 225,574 Africans imported into Havana alone. See Alexander von Humboldt, The Island of Cuba: A Political Essay, translated by J.S. Thrasher (Markus Wiener; Kingston: Ian Randle, 2001), 139.
For “Western” Cuba, the area including Havana, the Cuban census of 1827 gave the following figures: Whites (Male: 89,526; Female: 75,532), Free Colored (Male: 21,235; Female: 24,829), Slaves (Male: 125,888; Female: 72,027), Total: 408,537. See Ibid., p. 133.
Martinez-Alier, Marriage, Class and Colour.
Childs, The 1812 Aponte Rebellion.
For casta painting, see Magali M. Carrera, Imagining Identity in New Spain: Race, Lineage, and the Colonial Body in Portraiture and Casta Paintings (University of Texas Press, 2003) and Ilona Katzew, Casta Painting: Images of Race in EighteenthCentury Mexico (Yale University Press, 2004).
As an administrative unit, Cuba was a captaincy general, governed by a senior Spanish official known as a captain general.
For details on the development of the colonial press during this period, see Larry R. Jensen, Children of Colonial Despotism: Press, Politics, and Culture in Cuba, 1790–1840 (University Presses of Florida, 1988).
For Economic Societies in the Iberian world, see Robert Jones Shafer, The Economic Societies in the Spanish World (1763–1821) (Syracuse University Press, 1958). For the Havana Society, see p. 178–99 of this source. For the impact of the Economic Society of Havana on the intellectual culture of city, see Louis A. Pérez, Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution (Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 66–69.
The Royal Economic (or Patriotic) Society of the Friends of the Country of Havana published Memorias de la Real Sociedad Económica de La Habana intermittently, including the years 1817 and 1827–28. For a close account of the Society’s activities and publications, see Izaskun Álvarez Cuartero, Memorias de la Ilustración: las Sociedades Económicas de Amigos del País en Cuba (1783–1832) (Madrid: Real Sociedad Bascongada de los Amigos del País, 2000).
“El rango del buen gusto,” See Papel Periódico de La Habana, 28 Sept., 1800.
“El gusto modern,” Papel Periódico de La Habana, 15 Feb., 1801.
Diario de la Habana, 16 Mar., 1828.
Ibid.
“Con gusto, propiedad, y la erudición,” see Diario de la Habana, 27 Mar., 1828. Habitual readership of the press created a public space for the production of public opinion on the visual arts. See Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (Verso, [1983] 2006). For the notion of a “community of taste,” see John Styles & Amanda Vickery, (eds.), Gender, Taste, and Material Culture in Britain and North America, 1700–1830 (Yale University Press, 2006).
For biography on Bishop Juan José Díaz de Espada y Landa, see García Pons, El Obispo Espada; Miguel Figueroa y Miranda, Religión y política en la Cuba del siglo XIX: el obispo Espada visto a la luz de los archivos romanos, 1802–1832 (Ediciones Universal, 1975); and Eduardo Torres-Cuevas, Obispo Espada: ilustración, reforma y antiesclavismo (Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1990).
Sources on the General Cemetery of Havana include Emilio Roig de Leuchsenring, La Habana, 245; Felicia Chateloin, La Habana de Tacon (Editorial Letras Cubanas, 1989), p. 50–54; Narciso G. Menocal, “Etienne-Sulpice Hallet and the Espada Cemetery: A Note.” The Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts, 22, Cuba Theme Issue (1996): 56–61; and Paul Niell, “Classical Architecture and the Cultural Politics of Cemetery Reform in Early Nineteenth-Century Havana, Cuba,” The Latin Americanist 55 (2): 57–90 (June 2011).
For Espada’s architectural transformations of the cathedral, see Weiss, La arquitectura colonial cubana, 345.
Álvarez Cuartero, Memorias de la Ilustración, p. 128.
For sources on the Academy of San Alejandro in Havana, see Corporación Nacional del Turismo, La pintura colonial en Cuba: exposición en el capitolio nacional, marzo 4 a abril 4 de 1950 (Havana, 1950); Pérez Cisnero, Características de la evolución de la pintura en Cuba; Rigol, Apuntes sobre la pintura y el grabado en Cuba; de Juan, Pintura y grabado colonials cubanos.
For discussion of the development of civil society in Latin America under the Bourbon monarchy, see Pamela Voekel, “Scent and Sensibility: Pungency and Piety in the Making of the Gente Sensata, Mexico, 1640–1850” (PhD dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 1997) and Gabriel B. Paquette (ed.), Enlightened Reform in Southern Europe and its Atlantic Colonies, c. 1750–1830 (Ashgate, 2009).
Descriptions of the festivities are given in the Diario de la Habana, 16 Mar. 1828 and in Mariano Gómez, El Primer Centenario del Templete, p. 14–21.
Ibid.
Robert Francis Jameson, Letters from the Havana, during the Year 1820 Containing an Account of the Present State of the Island of Cuba, and Observations on the Slave Trade (Printed for John Miller, 1821), p. 8.
González-Ripoll Navarro, Cuba.
Pérez, Jr., Cuba, p. 52.
See Fernando Ortiz, “Bibliografía.” In Archivos del folklore cubano (Havana, 1928) and Fernando Ortiz, La hija cubana del Iluminismo (Molina y Compañía, 1943). This theory has been sustained in Robert Segre, La Plaza de Armas de la Habana and Eduardo Torres-Cuevas, El Obispo Espada: Papeles (magen Contemporánea, 2002).
For the liberty tree in transatlantic context, see Alfred F. Young, Liberty Tree: Ordinary People and the American Revolution (New York University Press, 2006).
Diario de la Habana, 27 Mar. 1828, p. 1.
Laugier identified a “primitive hut,” a primordial structure composed of trees first encountered by the Greeks, who imitated the example to produce the first architecture. The idea of the “primitive hut” thus reinforced Laugier argument and that of other eighteenth-century theorists that architecture should derive directly from the principles of natures. See Marc-Antoine Laugier, Essai sur l’architecture (Gregg Press, [1755] 1966). For the Indian figure in late nineteenth-century Mexican painting in relationship to notions of cultural authenticity and nationhood, see Stacie G. Widdifield, “Resurrecting the Past: The Embodiment of the Authentic and the Figure of the Indian.” In The Embodiment of the National in Late Nineteenth Century Mexican Painting (The University of Arizona Press, 1996), p. 78–121.
Arrate, Llave del Nuevo Mundo, p. 18.
Ibid., p. 19.
Ignacio de Urrutia y Montoya, Teatro histórico, juridico y politico military de la isla Fernandina de Cuba y principalmente de su capital la Habana (Publicación de la Comisión Nacional Cubana de la Unesco, 1963), p. 90.
Ibid.
See Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra, How to Write the History of the New World: Histories, Epistemologies, and Identities in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World (Stanford University Press, 2001), p. 11–59, 60–129. For the visualization of the Indian in art, see Ilona Katzew, “‘That This Should Be Published and Again in the Age of Enlightenment?’ Eighteenth-Century Debates About the Indian Body in Colonial Mexico.” In Ilona Katzew & Susan Deans-Smith (eds), Race and Classification: The Case of Mexican America, (Stanford University Press, 2009), p. 73–118.
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