Bibliografie
Abbreviations
Add. Mss : Additional Manuscripts
AST : Archivio di Stato, Turin
CSPD, 1693 : Hardy, William John (ed.), Calendar of State Papers Domestic, 1693, London, HMSO, 1908.
CSPD, 1695 : Hardy, William John (ed.), Calendar of State Papers Domestic, 1695, London, HMSO, 1908.
DNB : Matthew, Colin, Harrison, Brian and Goldman, Lawrence (eds), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1993-2006.
HMC : Historic Manuscripts Commission
LM : Lettere Ministri
SP : State Papers
Studies
Anderson, Matthew S., The Rise of Modern Diplomacy 1450-1919, Harlow, Longman, 1993.
Bell, Gary M., A Handlist of British Diplomatic Representatives 1509-1688, London, Royal Historical Society, 1990.
Bély, Lucien, “ Conclusion ”, in L’invention de la diplomatie. Moyen Age- Temps modernes, éd. Lucien Bély, Paris, PUF, 1998, p. 373-374.
Black, Jeremy, “ The Revolution and the Development of English Foreign Policy ”, in By Force or By Default ? The Revolution of 1688-1689, ed. Eveline Cruickshanks, Edinburgh, John Donald, 1989, p. 134-158.
—, A System of Ambition ? British Foreign Policy 1660-1793, Harlow, Longman, 1991.
—, British Diplomats and Diplomacy 1688-1800, Exeter, Exeter University Press, 2001.
Blackley, W. (ed.), Diplomatic Correspondence of the Right Hon. Richard Hill, Envoy Extraordinary from the Court of St. James to the Duke of Savoy, 2 vols, London, John Murray, 1845.
Bokhorst, Matthijs, Nederlands-Zwitserse betrekkingen voor en na 1700. Eerste deel ; 1685-1697, Amsterdam, H. J. Paris, 1930.
Brewer, John, The Sinews of Power. War, Money and the English State 1688-1783, London, Unwin, 1989.
Callières, François de, The Art of Diplomacy, ed. H. M. A. Keens-Soper and K. W. Schweizer, Leicester, Leicester University Press, 1983.
Chalus, Elaine, “ Elite Women, Social Politics and the Political World of Late Eighteenth Century England ”, Historical Journal, 43 (2000), p. 669-697.
Chopard, Adrien, Die Mission des englischen Gesandten Philibert Herwarth in der Schweiz, Affoltern am Albis, Buchdruckerei Dr. J. Weiss, 1932.
Cossy, Valérie, Kapossy, Bela and Whatmore, Richard (éds), Genève, lieu d’Angleterre (1725-1814) – Geneva, an English enclave (1725-1814), Genève, Editions Slatkine, 2009.
Cunningham, Alexander, The History of Great Britain from the Revolution in 1688 to the Accession of George I, 2 vols, London, A. Strahan and T. Cadell, 1787.
Erskine, James Francis, Narrative and memorial of Colonel Erskine, relative to a regiment, raised on the borders of Switzerland, for the service of the Easty-India-company of England, 1782.
Field, Ophelia, The Kit-Cat Club, London, Harper, 2008.
Firth, Charles, Modern Languages at Oxford 1724-1929, London, Oxford University Press, 1929.
Gehling, Theo, Ein europaischer Diplomat am Kaiserhof zu Wien, Bonn, Ludwig Ruhrscheid Verlag, 1964.
Gibbs, Graham, “ The Revolution in Foreign Policy ”, in Britain after the Glorious Revolution, ed. Geoffrey Holmes, London, Macmillan, 1969, p. 59-79.
Giddey, E., “ J. F. Erskine et son régiment suisse ”, Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Geschichte, 4, (1954), p. 238-259.
Gwynn, Robin, Huguenot heritage, Brighton, Sussex Academic Press, 2001 (2nd ed.).
Hatton, Ragnhild M., “ Gratifications and foreign policy. Anglo-French rivalry in Sweden during the Nine Years War ”, in William III and Louis XIV 1680-1720, ed. Ragnhild M. Hatton and John S. Bromley, Liverpool, Liverpool University Press, 1968, p. 68-94.
Historic Manuscripts Commission, Buccleuch, 3 vols, London, HMSO, 1899-1926.
—, Finch, 5 vols, London, HMSO, 1913-2004.
Horn, David Bayne, “ The Cost of the Diplomatic Service, 1747-1752 ”, English Historical Review, 43 (1928), p. 606-611.
—, British Diplomatic Representatives 1689-1789, London, Royal Historical Society, 1932.
—, The British Diplomatic Service 1689-1789, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1961.
—, Britain and Europe in the Eighteenth Century, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1967.
Lange, Albert de, “ Pieter Valckenier. Ein Überblick über sein Leben und Werk ”, in Pieter Valckenier und das Schicksal der Waldenser um 1700, hrsg. von A. de Lange und G. Schwinge, Heidelberg/Ubstadt-Weiher/Basel, 2004, p. 61-107.
Langford, Paul, The Eighteenth Century 1688-1815, London, A. and C. Black, 1976.
Livet, Georges (éd.), Recueil des Instructions aux Ambassadeurs et Ministres de France, 2 vols, Paris, 1983.
Lodge, Richard (ed.), The Private Correspondence of Sir Benjamin Keene, K.B., Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1938.
Lowther, John, Memoir of the reign of James II, York, T. Wilson and R. Sawyer, 1808.
Manners Sutton, H. (ed.), The Lexington Papers, or Some Account of the Courts of London and Vienna at the conclusion of the seventeenth century, London, John Murray, 1851.
Maura, Duque de (ed.), Correspondencia entre dos Embajadores. Don Pedro Ronquillo y el marques de Cogolludo, 2 vols, Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 1951-1952.
Mckay, Derek and Scott, Hamish M., The Rise of the Great Powers 1648-1815, Harlow, Longman, 1983.
Meier, Markus, Die diplomatische Vertretung Englands in der Schweiz im 18. Jahrhundert, Basel, Verlag von Helbing and Lichtenhahn, 1952.
Namier, Lewis and Brooke, John, The House of Commons 1754-1790, New York, Oxford Univ. Press, 1964, 3 vols.
Onnekink, David (ed.), War and Religion after Westphalia 1648-1713, Farnham, Ashgate, 2009.
Ozanam, D., Les diplomates espagnols du XVIIIe siecle, Madrid/Bordeaux, Publication de la Casa de Velazquez et de la Maison des Pays Ibériques, 1998.
Robertson, L. A., “ The Relations of William III with the Swiss Protestants, 1689-1697 ”, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 4th series, 12 (1929), p. 137-161.
Rolt, Richard, Memoirs of the Life of the Late Right Honourable John Lindesay, Earl of Craufurd and Lindesay, London, H. Kopp, 1753.
Rott, Edouard, Histoire de la représentation diplomatique de la France auprès des Cantons suisses et leurs alliés et de leurs Confédérés, 10 vols, Berne, Alcan, 1900-1935.
Scott, Hamish M., “ The True Principles of the Revolution ; The Duke of Newcastle and the Idea of the Old System ”, in Knights Errant and True Englishmen. British Foreign Policy 1600-1800, ed. Jeremy Black, Edinburgh, John Donald, 1989, p. 55-91.
—, “ Diplomatic culture in old regime Europe ”, in Cultures of Power in Europe during the Long Eighteenth Century, ed. Hamish M. Scott and Brendan Simms, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2007, p. 58-85.
Storrs, Christopher, “ Thomas Coxe and the Lindau Project ”, in Dall’Europa alle Valli Valdesi. Atti del Convegno Il Glorioso Rimpatrio 1689-1989, a cura di Albert de Lange, Torino, Claudiana, 1990, p. 199-214.
—, “ Savoyard Diplomacy in the Eighteenth Century (1684-1798) ”, in Politics and Diplomacy in Early Modern Italy. The Structure of Diplomatic Practice 1450-1800, ed. Daniela Frigo, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 210-253.
— (ed.), The Fiscal-Military State in Eighteenth Century Europe, Farnham, Ashgate, 2009.
Stucki, Heinzpeter, “ Pieter Valckenier in Zürich ”, in Pieter Valckenier und das Schicksal der Waldenser um 1700, hrsg. von A. de Lange und G. Schwinge, Heidelberg/Ubstadt-Weiher/Basel, 2004, p. 123-140.
Szechi, Daniel, The Jacobites. Britain and Europe 1688-1788, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1994.
Tonetti, Eurigio (a cura di), Corrispondenze Diplomatiche Veneziane da Napoli. Dispacci, vol. XVII, Roma, Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, 1994.
Van Der Heim, Hendrik Jacob, Het archief van den Raadpensionaris Antonie Heinsius, 3 vols, Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1867-1880.
Vincent, Patrick, La Suisse vue par les écrivains de langue anglaise, Lausanne, Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires Romandes, 2009.
Wickham Legg, L. G. (ed.), British Diplomatic Instructions 1689-1789, VI ; France 1727-1744, London, Royal Historical Society, 1930.
Zeerlander, A., “ Die politische und literarische Mission des englischen Gesandten Abraham Stanyan in der Schweiz, 1705-1713 ”, Berner Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Heimatkunde (1942), p. 87-102.
Seitenanfang
Anmerkungen
G. Gibbs, “ The Revolution in Foreign Policy ” ; J. Black, “ The Revolution and the Development of English Foreign Policy ” and D. Mckay and H. M. Scott, The Rise of the Great Powers 1648-1815, passim.
Ch. Storrs (ed.), The Fiscal-Military State in Eighteenth Century Europe and J. Brewer, The Sinews of Power.
According to G. M. Bell, A Handlist of British Diplomatic Representatives 1509-1688, p. 280-282, England sent just twelve ministers to Swizerland in that period ; the last was there between 1655 and 1665-1667 ; cf. also L. A. Robertson, “ The Relations of William III with the Swiss Protestants, 1689-1697 ”. It is not therefore surprising that there was some uncertainty, 1688-1689 in London about which of the two Secretaries of State (the one for the North, or the one for the South) was responsible for relations with Switzerland ; Duke of Shrewsbury to William Blathwayt, Whitehall, 19 May 1696, HMC Buccleuch, II/1, p. 334.
For a very brief explanation of what “ Switzerland ” meant in this period, cf. L. A. Robertson, “ The Relations of William III with the Swiss Protestants, 1689-1697 ”, p. 154, and D. B. Horn, Britain and Europe in the Eighteenth Century, p. 310-311. Unfortunately, British diplomacy in Switzerland has not been studied in the same detail as has that of France, for which see E. Rott, Histoire de la représentation diplomatique de la France auprès des Cantons suisses et leurs alliés et de leurs Confédérés.
For “ old ” and “ new ” diplomatic history, cf. J. Black, A System of Ambition ?, p. 7ff.
British ministers in Switzerland are not prominent in either D. B. Horn, The British Diplomatic Service 1689-1789 or J. Black, British Diplomats and Diplomacy 1688-1800.
H. M. Scott, “ Diplomatic culture in old regime Europe ”.
D. B. Horn, The British Diplomatic Service 1689-1798, p. 13.
Unfortunately, these have not been published as have the French instructions, cf. G. Livet (éd.), Recueil des Instructions aux Ambassadeurs et Ministres de France – but the British instructions are less substantial anyway than the French. For John Burnaby’s instructions (1743), cf. M. Meier, Die diplomatische Vertretung Englands in der Schweiz im 18. Jahrhundert, p. 138. Where they survive, the ministers’ accounts throw useful additional light on their activities ; for Thomas Coxe’s bills of extraordinaries, Mar. 1690-Aug. 1692, cf. earl of Nottingham (Secretary of State) to Commissioners of Treasury, 21 Feb. 1693 (OS), CSPD, 1693, p. 40-43, and warrant for payment of Hervart’s extraordinary expenses, Sept. 1694-Mar. 1695, CSPD, 1695, p. 66.
William Aglionby corresponded with the representative there of the Duke of Savoy, Pierre Mellarède, in 1703-1704, AST/LM/Svizzera, mazzo 36.
D. B. Horn, The British Diplomatic Service 1689-1789, p. 6 ; Black, British Diplomats andDiplomacy 1688-1800, p. 64ff.
On the religious divide in Switzerland and its implications, cf. D. B. Horn, Britain and Europe in the Eighteenth Century, p. 311ff. For a European perspective, cf. D. Onnekink (ed.), War and Religion after Westphalia 1648-1713.
D. B. Horn, Britain and Europe in the Eighteenth Century, p. 314.
Nottingham to Coxe, Whitehall, 10 June 1690, National Archives, Kew (London), SP 104/157 f. 1 ; Coxe to duke of Shrewsbury (Secretary of State), 20 Apr. and 15 June 1690, Bouherau to [Vernon ?], 30 Apr. 1690, SP 96/7. Cf. instructions for Paget going to Vienna, 4 Sept. 1689, SP 104/194. In 1690, English policy-makers expected the Spaniards to work on the Grisons and the Catholic cantons on William III’s behalf, Instructions for lord Dursley as plenipotentiary at the Hague Congress, 20 Feb. 1689-1690, British Library (London), Add. Mss 28,939 f. 16.
P. Langford, The Eighteenth Century 1688-1815, p. 16ff.
Cf. D. Szechi, The Jacobites.
D. B. Horn, Britain and Europe in the Eighteenth Century, p. 316.
Cf. L. A. Robertson, “ The Relations of William IIIwith the Swiss Protestants, 1689-1697 ”, p. 144-145 and Ch. Storrs, “ Thomas Coxe and the Lindau Project ”.
Cf. comte de la Tour’s account of his discussion with the Dutch Pensionary, Anthonie Heinsius, 26 June 1696, AST/Negoziazioni/Svizzera, m. 7/5.
Cf. H. M. Scott, “ The True Principles of the Revolution ”, p. 55ff. and for Pitt at the start of the Seven Years War, D. B. Horn, The British Diplomatic Service 1689-1798, p. 27.
On the need to ensure Genevan neutrality, cf. Villettes to [?], Bern, 19 Dec. 1753, SP 96/34.
For the abortive English negotiations for troops in the Nine Years War : L. A. Robertson, “ The Relations of William IIIwith the Swiss Protestants, 1689-1697 ”, passim ; and in 1745, for Flanders, Minutes of meeting attended by the duke of Newcastle and others, 1 May 1745, SP 36/66.
L. A. Robertson, “ The Relations of William IIIand the Swiss Protestants, 1689-1697 ”, passim.
Cf. D. B. Horn, Britain and Europe in the Eighteenth Century, p. 316 and Id., The British Diplomatic Service 1689-1789, p. 32.
D. B. Horn, Britain and Europe in the Eighteenth Century, p. 319. Cf. J. F. Erskine, Narrative and memorial of Colonel Erskine and E. Giddey, “ J. F. Erskine et son régiment suisse ”.
During the War of the Spanish Succession, when the canton of Fribourg was offended by the Duke of Savoy’s discharging a colonel of their canton and incorporating his regiment into another, and sent a herald to Turin to complain, Victor Amadeus ordered his representative, Mellarède, to negotiate a resolution. The Duke also asked the English minister in Turin, John Chetwynd, to have the English envoy in Switzerland, Abraham Stanyan, help to resolve the matter, Chetwynd to Hedges, Turin, 28 Apr. 1706, SP 92/27 f. 301. British diplomats might mediate between their allies and the Swiss in other negotiations ; in the summer of 1690, Coxe supported the efforts of the Catholic Duke of Savoy to secure an alliance with the Protestant cantons, Coxe to Shrewsbury, 12 and 15 June 1690, Zurich, SP 96/7.
Cf. de la Tour to [cavaliere Ossorio ?], 18 Mar. 1751, AST/Negoziazioni/Svizzera, m. 10/3.
Valckenier to Fagel, 28 Apr. 1693, in M. Bokhorst, Nederlands-Zwitserse betrekkingen voor en na 1700, p. 90 ; L. A. Robertson, “ The Relations of William IIIand the Swiss Protestants, 1689-1697 ”, p. 161. Cf. also A. de Lange, “ Pieter Valckenier ”.
L. A. Robertson, “ The Relations of William IIIand the Swiss Protestants, 1689-1697 ”, p. 141ff., p. 160-161.
R. M. Hatton, “ Gratifications and foreign policy ”.
Instructions for Coxe, 20 Aug. 1689, SP 104/157 f. 70.
Coxe to Shrewsbury, Zurich, 8, 11, and 18 May, SP 96/7. Cf. same to same, Zurich, 21 May and 1 June 1690, Zurich, SP 96/7, for the receipt by the Spanish minister, Casati, and by the French ambassador of money for distribution in this way.
Blathwayt to Nottingham, 28 Mar. 1692, Hague, Add. Mss 37991, f. 10 ; same to same, 14 Apr. 1693, Add. Mss 37992 f. 2.
Villettes to Holdernesse, Bern, 22 May 1757, SP 96/36. Ca. 1780, Erskine, in outlining a Swiss official’s response to the French ambassador’s pressure against his own levy noted that the man received a substantial French pension, J. F. Erskine, Narrative and memorial of Colonel Erskine, p. 21-22.
Cf. Blathwayt to Nottingham, 14 Apr. 1693, HMC, Finch, V, p. 75, for baron de la Tour pressing for payment of £ 200, half a year’s pension, due since end 1692. In 1690 the Spaniards promised to pay arrears of the pensions they were obliged to give in Switzerland.
During the War of the Spanish Succession, Abraham Stanyan negotiated a loan of £ 150,000 from the canton of Bern to British government (and received a commission of 0.5 %, or £ 750), Calendar of Treasury Books, vol. XXIV (1710), p. 248-249 and p. 349, cited in D. B. Horn, The British Diplomatic Service 1689-1789, p. 58.
Chamier to Braun, St. James’, 11 Sept. 1778, SP 96/48 ; Braun to Weymouth, Bern, 26 Sept. 1778, SP 96/48.
Cf. Lettre de M. le Comte de Marsay… aux Magnifiques Seigneurs Sindics et Conseil de la Republique de Geneve, [5 Dec. 1736], copy in National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh.
D. B. Horn, Britain and Europe in the Eighteenth Century, p. 322 ; Id., The British Diplomatic Service 1689-1789, p. 32.
Coxe to Shrewsbury, 3 Aug. 1690, Bern, SP 96/7. According to Coxe’s bill of expenses, his entertaining on this occasion cost 155 ducats, CSPD, 1693, p. 40ff.
Cf. copy of Fischer’s memoire, 9 May 1694, SP 92/26 f. 101 ; Galway to Trenchard, 25 May and 16 July 1694, SP 92/26 f. 99, 108 ; Chetwynd to Hedges, Turin, 2 Oct. 1706, SP 92/27 f. 378 ; same to same, 18 Oct. 1706, Add. 61151 f. 25. In the summer of 1704, Richard Hill, English minister in Turin, sent to Zurich, for onward despatch to London, the treaty recently concluded with the Duke of Savoy, Hill to Hedges, Turin, 19 Aug. and 2 Sept. 1704, NS, W. Blackley (ed.), Diplomatic Correspondence of the Right Hon. Richard Hill, E, p. 409-410 and p. 416 [but same to Lord Treasurer, 2 Sept. 1704, p. 417] and to Hedges, 9 and 19 Sept., and 1 Oct. 1704, p. 418-420 and p. 430-433, Hill to Marlborough, 3 Oct. 1704, Ibid., p. 435-437.
Villettes to Fox, Bern, 6 Dec. 1755, SP 96/34 ; same to Pitt, Bern, 17 Apr. 1757, SP 96/37.
Villettes to earl of Holdernesse, Bern, 29 May 1757, SP 96/36.
Villettes to Robert Wood, Bern, 11 Dec. 1757, SP 96/36.
Coxe to Shrewsbury, 22 June 1690, Zurich, SP 96/7. In September 1695, Hervart forwarded to London a copy of the French ambassador’s recent memorial presented to the states of Switzerland, Hervart to [?], 21 Sept. 1695, British Library Lansdowne Mss., 849, f. 96.
Stanyan to Horatio Walpole, 28 Mar. 1711, HMC, Townshend, p. 86.
D. B. Horn, The British Diplomatic Service 1689-1789, p. 31 ; Id., Britain and Europe in the Eighteenth Century, p. 315.
D. B. Horn, The British Diplomatic Service 1689-1789, p. 31.
Villettes to [?], Bern, 19 Dec. 1753, and 9 Feb. 1754 SP 96/34.
Villettes to Robinson, Bern, 8 Mar. 1755 SP 96/34. Villettes was given permission, but his contacts in Geneva thought that his presence would provoke the French, causing difficulties for the republic (and for them) ; he therefore decided to return to Bern, Villettes to earl of Holdernesse, Geneva, 17 May 1755, SP 96/34.
Villettes to Robinson, Bern, 16 Apr. 1755 SP 96/34. For public news sent by Villettes, cf. same to same, Bern, 8 June 1755, SP 96/34.
Villettes to Robinson, Bern, 20 Sept. 1755, and same to Fox, Bern, 13 Dec. 1755 SP 96/34 ; same to Pitt, Bern, 17 Apr. 1757, and same to Holdernesse, Bern, 22 May 1757, SP 96/36.
In 1757, for example, he reported the negotiation by the Court of Vienna of loans in Switzerland, Villettes to Pitt, Bern, 17 Apr. 1757 SP 96/34.
Halifax to Norton, St. James’s, 26 Mar. 1765 SP 96/41 ; D. B. Horn, Britain and Europe in the Eighteenth Century, p. 318. Norton had just arrived in Switzerland. If he complied with this request, his report(s) would represent an invaluable source for the general condition of the Helvetic Body at this time. I have found no such reports.
Cf. instructions for lord Mountstuart, going as envoy to Turin, 13 Oct. 1779, SP 92/82.
Despite recognising George I as king (above), the catholic cantons still tolerated Jacobite exiles (D. B. Horn, Britain and Europe in the Eighteenth Century, p. 316).
Manning to Craggs, Bern, 20 Mar. 1720, SP 96/50. In the spring of 1754, Villettes was ordered to find out about a man sent from Rome with letters for the Old Pretender’s eldest son, addressed to a Genevan banker who apparently carried on this correspondence, Villettes to earl of Holdernesse, Geneva, 17 May 1755, and Bern, 19 May 1755 SP 96/34. Villettes’ contacts in the magistracy of Geneva secured him access to the register of travellers, but identifying the man did not prove easy.
Villettes to Robinson, Bern, 8 June 1755, and same to earl of Holdernesse, Bern, 6 Jul. 1755, SP 96/34. Earlier, Coxe’s bill of expenses, Mar. 1690-Aug. 1692, included 50 ducats paid to a correspondent in Paris, CSPD, 1693, p. 40ff.
Coxe to Shrewsbury, 25 Nov. 1689 and 20 Apr. and 29 May 1690, SP 96/7. Cf. Conte Solaro di Govone to Coxe, Lucerne, 23 Feb. 1690, AST/LM/Svizzera, m. 26.
Villettes to [?], Bern, 19 Dec. 1753, SP 96/34.
Villettes to earl of Holdernesse, Geneva, 17 May 1755, same to same, Bern, 2 Aug. 1755, SP 96/34.
Cf. on “ social politics ” E. Chalus, “ Elite Women, Social Politics and the Political World of Late Eighteenth Century England ”. Coxe’s bills of expenses throw some light on his entertaining of local dignitaries in 1690-1691, especially on the occasions of the various (extraordinary) Diets he requested, CSPD, 1693, p. 40ff.
De la Tour to [Ossorio ?], 10 and 13 Dec. 1750 and 18 Mar. 1751, AST/Negoziazioni/Svizzera, m. 10/3.
Coxe’s bill of expenses, CSPD, 1693, p. 40ff.
Villettes to lord [?], Bern, 31 May 1754, SP 96/34.
J. Black, British Diplomats and Diplomacy 1688-1800, p. 17. Coxe’s wife travelled to Switzerland while pregnant and gave birth there. This may have been the child which died in the summer of 1690, Coxe to Shrewsbury, Zurich, 9 July 1690, SP 96/7. If a husband was ill and incapable, a wife might write his regular report home, cf. marchesa Desmarches to comte de Saint Laurent, Geneva, 15 Sept. 1745, AST/LM/Geneva, m. 2.
On British travellers, cf. V. Cossy, B. Kapossy and R. Whatmore (éds), Genève, lieu d’Angleterre (1725-1814) – Geneva, an English enclave (1725-1814) and P. Vincent, La Suisse vue par les écrivains de langue anglaise, p. 19ff. For the Stanhopes, cf. DNB, “ Charles Stanhope ”. Necker, secretary to at least one British minister in Switzerland, resigned his post in order to teach history and law to English visitors to Geneva, D. B. Horn, The British Diplomatic Service 1689-1789, p. 38.
According to the Savoyard (Sardinian) representative there, the Duke’s presence hindered diplomacy, conte Ferrero della Marmora to [conte Perrone], Geneva, 13, 16, 20, 23 and 27 Aug. and 6 Sept. 1782, AST/LM/Geneva, m. 10.
DNB, “ William Wickham ”. His marriage linked Wickham to the British minister in Geneva, Isaac Pictet.
Villettes to [?], Bern, 18 Apr. 1753, SP 96/34.
Villettes to Fox, Bern, 27 Dec. 1755, NA/SP/96/34.
Villettes to Fox, Bern, 13 Dec. 1755, SP 96/34.
Cf. J. Black, British Diplomats and Diplomacy 1688-1800, p. 58.
Villettes to [?], Bern, 17 Jan. 1754, SP 96/34. Typical of an array of miscellaneous tasks of a minor nature which British representatives in Switzerland were charged with, in 1755 Villettes was ordered to help one Boisy, who was commissioned by the Landgrave of Hesse to find a tutor in Switzerland for his grandson, Villettes to Fox, Bern, 6 Dec. 1755, SP 96/34.
R. Lodge (ed.), The Private Correspondence of Sir Benjamin Keene, p. 511.
Ministers to the Grisons resided at Coire, Coxe to Shrewsbury, 22 June 1690, Zurich, SP 96/7. Ministers to Geneva, obviously, resided there ; most British ministers to the Helvetic Body resided at Bern, Basel or Zurich ; those of Catholic powers – the Duke of Savoy (king of Sardinia from 1720), the Pope and so on resided at Lucern, Coxe to Shrewsbury, 29 May and 1 June 1690, SP 96/7. From 1782 the king of Sardinia had a resident at Geneva.
D. B. Horn, British Diplomatic Representatives 1689-1789, p. 144-150.
D. B. Horn, Britain and Europe in the Eighteenth Century, p. 321.
Ibid., p. 323.
D. Pedro Ronquillo to marques of Cogolludo, London, 25 Aug. 1689, in D. de Maura (ed.), Correspondencia entre dos Embajadores, vol. 1, p. 123.
L. A. Robertson, “ The Relations of William IIIand the Swiss Protestants 1689-1697 ”, p. 156-157 ; A. Chopard, Die Mission des englischen Gesandten Philibert Herwarth in der Schweiz, p. 34. Louis XIV’s troops were now more of a threat than before 1690, since they occupied the duchy of Savoy. For Burnet, cf. DNB, “ Gilbert Burnet ”.
Coxe’s Revocation, 3 Mar. 1692, SP 104/157 f. 77.
[?] to [?], 1694, HMC, Finch, II, p. 103-104.
DNB, “ Henri Massue de Ruvigny, marquis of Galway ”.
Blathwayt to Shrewsbury, Malogne abbey, 15 Aug. 1695, Add. Mss 37,992 f. 108. Coxe to Shrewsbury, Zurich, 18 May 1690, SP 96/7.
Shrewsbury to Hill, Rome, 31 May 1704, W. Blackley (ed.), Diplomatic Correspondence of the Right Hon. Richard Hill, p. 739-740.
D. B. Horn, Britain and Europe in the Eighteenth Century, p. 316.
Cf. Additional Instructions to earl Waldegrave, 10 Apr. 1738, in L. G. Wickham Legg (ed.), British Diplomatic Instructions 1689-1789, VI ; France 1727-1744, p. 203‑204.
Memorial…, Bern, 8 July 1738, SP 96/50.
Villettes to Newcastle, Turin, 8 Feb. 1743, SP 92/47.
Lord Mountstuart to Hillsborough, Turin, 13 Jan. and 28 Nov. 1781, Add. Mss 36,802 f. 79 and 106.
Galway’s secretary in Turin, Elias Bouherau, had served Coxe in the same capacity in Switzerland.
Memoire for Duke of Savoy from Galway, 27 Nov. 1693, AST/Levata Truppe Straniere, m. 1/25 ; Galway to [?], Rotterdam, 25 Dec. 1693, SP 92/26, f. 47 ; Galway to [Blathwayt], Zurich, 31 Jan. 1694, SP 92/26, f. 49 ; Galway to “ monsieur ”, 13 Feb. 1694, Zurich, SP 92/26 f. 53. Cf. A. Chopard, Die Mission des englischen Gesandten Philibert Herwarth in der Schweiz, p. 15ff.
Galway to Trenchard, Nevay, 15 Oct. 1694, SP 92/26 f. 116 ; A. Chopard, Die Mission des englischen Gesandten Philibert Herwarth in der Schweiz, p. 21.
Galway to Trenchard, Bern, 22 and 31 Oct. 1694, SP 92/26 f. 119 and 124 ; same to Heinsius, Bern, 27 Oct. 1694, H. J. Van Der Heim, Het archief van den Raadpensionaris Antonie Heinsius, vol. 2, p. 91.
Hervart to Trenchard, Bern, 24 Oct. 1694, SP 96/9 [rec’d. 6 Nov. 1694].
Galway to Trenchard, Turin, 14 Dec. 1694, SP 92/26 f. 128 [rec’d 29/12/1694]. From Bern, Galway communicated with admiral Russell, commander of the English fleet in the Mediterranean, via Alexander Stanhope, the English minister in Madrid, Stanhope to Galway, Madrid, 2, 16, and 30 Dec. 1694, Kent Record Office, U/1590/015/4.
Hervart to Trenchard, Bern, 27 Dec. 1694, SP 96/9.
Galway to Shrewsbury, Rolle (Switz), 25 Nov. 1695, and Turin, 17 Dec. 1695, HMC, Buccleuch, 1, part 2, p. 257 and 274.
Galway to Shrewsbury, 12 Nov. 1695, HMC, Buccleuch, 2/1, p. 252.
Galway to Lexington, Vevay in Switz, 23 Nov. 1695, Add. 46,539 f. 85.
Galway to Shrewsbury, Rolle (Switz), 25 Nov. 1695, HMC, Buccleuch, 2/1, p. 257.
Galway to Lexington, 28 Nov. 1696, Milan, Add. Mss 46,539 f. 190.
R. Rolt, Memoirs of the Life of the Late Right Honourable John Lindesay, Earl of Craufurd and Lindesay, p. 354 ; D. B. Horn, The British Diplomatic Service 1689-1789, p. 40-41.
Stanhope to Pitt, 1763, Geneva, Papers of sir Edward O’Bryen Hoare, accessed via the National Archives website.
D. B. Horn, Britain and Europe in the Eighteenth Century, p. 319 ; J. F. Erskine, Narrative and memorial of Colonel Erskine.
M. S. Anderson, The Rise of Modern Diplomacy 1450-1919, p. 83-84. For one contemporary view, cf. F. de Callières, The Art of Diplomacy, p. 101ff. Callieres’ treatise was originally published in 1716.
Cf. list in D. B. Horn, British Diplomatic Representatives 1689-1789, p. 11ff.
G. Livet (éd.), Recueil des Instructions aux Ambassadeurs et Ministres de France, XXX/1, p. clix-x.
D. Ozanam, Les diplomates espagnols du XVIIIe siecle, p. 505.
Cf. D. B. Horn, The British Diplomatic Service 1689-1789, p. 43.
The 16 names given by Horn do not include an additional 5 mentioned as acting as chargé d’affaires in the absences of Marsay between 1728 and 1745, or Jean Gabriel Catt, secretary (below).
D. B. Horn, The British Diplomatic Service 1689-1789, p. 28.
D. B. Horn, “ The Cost of the Diplomatic Service, 1747-1752 ”.
Marchese Desmarches to comte de Saint Laurent, Geneva, 30 Dec. 1744, AST/LM/Geneva, m. 2.
D. B. Horn, The British Diplomatic Service 1689-1789, p. 115ff.
Cf. O. Field, The Kit-Cat Club, for Stanyan’s membership of this Whig society.
DNB, “ Sir William Burnaby ” and “ Solomon Dayrolle ”.
Coxe to Shrewsbury, Zurich, 30 Jan. 1690, SP 96/7.
L. Namier and J. Brooke, The House of Commons 1754-1790, III ; Members K-Y, p. 217-218 ; Pictet fils to [Lascaris ?], Geneva, 10 May 1776, AST/LM/Geneva, m. 10.
There is an entry in DNB, “ Philibert Hervart ”.
Cf. the details in E. Tonetti (a cura di), Corrispondenze Diplomatiche Veneziane da Napoli, p. 342. Apparently, Villettes lent books to Pietro Giannone, who was then a prisoner in Savoy, after having been lured there (1736) from Genevan territory.
Cf. the entry for Hervart’s cousin, in DNB, “ Esther d’Hervart ”.
R. Gwynn, Huguenot heritage, passim.
A. Chopard, Die Mission des englischen Gesandten Philibert Herwarth in der Schweiz, p. 4ff. ; DNB, “ Philibert Hervart ”.
Cf. J. Lowther, Memoir of the reign of James II, p. 10.
Bouer to [?], 9 June 1750, AST/LM/. Geneva, m. 3.
Villettes to lord [?], Bern, 18 Apr. 1753, SP 96/34.
DNB, “ William Anne Villettes ”. His two brothers having died unmarried, the male line died out, although on the death of Arthur Villettes his daughter had returned to Geneva with her mother, where she married a member of the Turrettini family, Annual Register, p. 87-88. Ca. 1788-1790, the son, visiting his widowed mother in Geneva, met there and gained the favour of another of George III’s sons then touring Switzerland, the Duke of Kent, father of the future Queen Victoria.
D. B. Horn, The British Diplomatic Service 1689-1789, p. 113-114.
Reynaud (1728), Martin (1732), Tronchin (1740) and Necker (1745). These are not included in the 16 listed by Horn.
The number and proportion would have been greater if George I had been allowed to employ St Saphorin as his representative in Switzerland in 1716, but Bern, which had in 1701 refused to receive St Saphorin, one of its own subjects as the representative of another sovereign, the Emperor, refused him again, as representative of George I, who sent him instead to Vienna, DNB, “ Saint Saphorin ”. For the earlier episode, cf. Th. Gehling, Ein europaischer Diplomat am Kaiserhof zu Wien, p. 15ff.
Gorzegno to Ossorio, camp at Popolo, 8 May 1745, AST/LM/Inghilterra, m. 51.
Pictet fils to [Lascaris ?], Geneva, 10 May 1776, AST/LM/Geneva, m. 10.
Count Picter to [Lascaris ?], Geneva, 16 July 1777, AST/LM/Geneva, m. 10.
Pictet fils to [Lascaris ?], Geneva, 10 May 1776, AST/LM/Geneva, m. 10. The British minister in Turin, Lynch, promptly received from the Sardinian secretary of State, the marquis d’Aigueblanche, a petition from Pictet ; according to Aigueblanche, while the king of Sardinia could not interfere, it would greatly please him if the petition succeeded because of his regard for Pictet, Lynch to Weymouth, Turin, 19 May 1776, SP 92/80/13. Subsequently, the (erroneous) news that Pictet had been appointed to succeed Cat [sic] at Bern was said to have given great satisfaction in Turin, same to same, Turin, 22 June 1776, SP 92/80/18.
SP Foreign, Military Expeditions, 87/4/11 and 87/5/25.
J. F. Erskine, Narrative and memorial of Colonel Erskine, p. 38.
Braun to Weymouth, Bern, 26 Sept. 1778, SP 96/48. J. F. Erskine, Narrative and Memorial of Colonel Erskine, p. 22-23.
Cf. Memorandum, containing copies of relevant docs, 1766, SP 78/269.
D. B. Horn, British Diplomatic Representatives 1689-1789, p. 150.
Ch. Firth, Modern Languages at Oxford 1724-1929, p. 3ff. ; D. B. Horn, The British Diplomatic Service 1689-1789, p. 131.
In 1752, he was receiving a pension of sorts while awaiting a posting, D. B. Horn, “ The Cost of the Diplomatic Service, 1745-1752 ”, p. 608.
Reflections upon the Management of our Foreign Affairs, [April 1712], SP 96/15 ; cf. D. B. Horn, The British Diplomatic Service 1689-1789, p. 2.
J. G. Catt to [?], Bern, 13 Jan. 1768, SP 96/43. Cf. same to same, Bern, 15 July 1769 (following the return of Norton from leave).
J. Black, British Diplomats and Diplomacy 1688-1800, p. 2.
Apparently, king George II thought Villettes’ letters were sometimes “ an extraordinary length ”, Newcastle to Villettes, 3 Feb. 1743/4, SP 92/49.
Cf. Ossorio to Gorzegno, London, 8 Nov. 1746, AST/LM/Inghilterra, m. 52.
A. Cunningham, The History of Great Britain from the Revolution in 1688 to the Accession of George I, vol. 1, p. 107, in D. B. Horn, The British Diplomatic Service 1689-1789, p. 102.
[?] to Coxe, London, 9 Nov. 1693, CSPD, 1693, p. 395-396.
Coxe to Shrewsbury, Zurich, 18 May 1690, SP 96/7.
Coxe to Shrewsbury, Zurich, 17 and 20 Apr., 11 and 21 May, and 13 July 1690, SP 96/7. Coxe was already owed six months salary and £ 700 in extraordinary allowances, in the spring of 1690.
For Hervart, cf. Matthew Prior to Lord and Lady Lexington, Hague, 31 Dec. 1694, in H. Manners Sutton (ed.), The Lexington Papers, p. 25-26.
Cited in M. Meier, Die diplomatische Vertretung Englands in der Schweiz im 18. Jahrhundert, p. 129.
Cf. A. Zeerlander, “ Die politische und literarische Mission des englischen Gesandten Abraham Stanyan in der Schweiz, 1705-1713 ”.
Villettes to Robinson, Bern, 4 Sept. 1755, SP 96/34.
Villettes to Fox, Bern, 6 Dec. 1755, SP 96/34. Nevertheless, Villettes identified one M. Daulbonne, a Swiss captain in Dutch service. Daulbonne proved difficult only because of his low (military) rank.
Cf. L. Bély, “ Conclusion ”, p. 373.
By contrast, the Savoyard comte de Viry after a mission to Switzerland, passed to London and was finally appointed Secretary of State in Turin, cf. Ch. Storrs, “ Savoyard Diplomacy in the Eighteenth Century (1684-1798) ”.
This included, in Turin for example, Thomas Potter (chargé, 1768-1769), Louis Dutens (secretary and later charge, 1764-1765), Robert Liston (chargé, 1782-1783 ; he went onto a distinguished diplomatic career), and William Higden (chargé, 1783).
D. B. Horn, Britain and Europe in the Eighteenth Century, p. 319 ; DNB, “ William Wickham ”.
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