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Notes
Claude Allègre, L’imposture climatique ou la fausse écologie (Paris: Plon, 2010). Vincent Courtillot, Nouveau Voyage au centre de la Terre (Paris: Odile Jacob 2011).
The lobbying activities of the Koch brother (Charles G. Koch and David H. Koch) who own Koch Industries have received considerable media attention over the last few years. For several decades, they have been funding various free-market and libertarian advocacy groups with a view to shaping the decision-making process.
Among the most prominent think tanks involved in the climate change denial movement are the American Enterprise Institute, the George C. Marshall Institute, the Heartland Institute, the Cato Institute, and the Heritage Foundation. This list is far from exhaustive.
James A. Stimson, Tides of Consent: How Public Opinion Shapes American Politics (Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 45.
Craig W. Allin, The Politics of Wilderness Preservation (Fairbanks, AK: The University of Alaska Press, 2008), 3-24.
Robert Gottlieb, Forcing the Spring: The Transformation of the American Environmental Movement (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1993), 117-161.
See the EPA website for the complete text of the Clean Air Act: http://www.epa.gov/air/caa, last updated February 17, 2012.
See the EPA website for the complete text of the Clean Water Act: http://www.epa.gov/lawsregs/laws/cwa.html, last updated April 16, 2013.
See the website of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for the complete text of the Endangered Species Act: http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/laws/esa/, last updated March 7, 2013.
See the EPA website for a summary of the history of the EPA: http://www2.epa.gov/aboutepa/epa-history, last updated May 1, 2013.
It is noteworthy that the land management policies sought by the Cato Institute and the Heritage Foundation bear an uncanny resemblance to those of the era predating federal conservation: Gifford Pinchot and his followers set out to rationalize the way in which natural resources were exploited through scientifically-based management under federal supervision. Pinchot’s autobiography makes it clear that his goal had been to remedy the havoc wreaked by easy access to property, free enterprise, and unregulated use of natural resources. See Gifford Pinchot, Breaking New Ground (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1987), 509. Pinchot understood fully well that federal conservation hinged on extensive public ownership and a reversal of the privatizing process initiated by the Founding Fathers. As the bureaucratic apparatus of federal conservation was reinforced extensively in the 1960s and 1970s, Pinchot’s perspective, the anathema of small-government conservatives, remained the order of the day. According to the Heritage Foundation’s conservation experts, environmental regulations are just one aspect of “the insatiable growth of the regulatory state.” What is more, they argue, active public management of natural resources is bound to be self-defeating, inefficient and inferior to the outcomes produced by market mechanisms. See Romina Boccia, Jack Spencer, and Robert Gordon Jr., “Environmental Conservation Based on Individual Liberty and Economic Freedom,” The Heritage Foundation, Backgrounder n°2758 (January 8, 2013): 2, accessed April 4, 2013, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/01/environmental-conservation-based-on-individual-liberty-and-economic-freedom. Their experts claim that, except for Yosemite and Yellowstone national parks, the federal government would be well-advised to privatize the public domain completely (Ibid., 3). The libertarian Cato Institute has endorsed the same position (Taylor “Environmental Policy,” 463-464).
Chris Mooney, The Republican War on Science (New York: Basic Books, 2006), 30-32.
Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway, Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming (London: Bloomsbury, 2012), 6.
Ibid., 169-215.
Al Gore, The Assault on Reason (London: Bloomsbury, 2007), Kindle edition, 199.
Al Gore, “Climate of Denial,” Rolling Stone, June 22, 2011, accessed April 30, 2013, http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/climate-of-denial-20110622.
Mann has been the unfortunate target of vicious ad hominem attacks by climate change deniers who fault him for the “hockey-stick” graph which highlights the abnormal rise in temperatures in the last decades of the 20th century. See for example http://www.businessinsider.com/michael-mann-describes-life-as-a-target-2013-3, last updated March 27, 2013.
Michael E. Mann, The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars: Dispatches from the Front Lines (New York: Columbia University Press, 2012), 3-4.
Cap and trade is defined as a market-based plan to reduce carbon emissions in which the government sets a cap to limit emissions and issues pollution credits which companies can buy and sell as they wish, the point being that those that pollute less can sell their extra credits to those that pollute more so that overall emissions do not rise above the cap. Ultimately the government imposes fines to companies who do not abide by this framework. Cap and trade was at the heart of the Waxman-Markey Bill that failed in Congress in 2009.
“Oil and Gas: Lobbying, 2012,” Center for Responsive Politics, accessed May 2, 2013, http://www.opensecrets.org/industries/lobbying.php?cycle=2012&ind=E01.
Eric Pooley, The Climate Wars: True Believers, Power Brokers, and the Fight to Save the Earth (New York: Hyperion, 2010), 186.
“Influence and Lobbying: Oil and Gas,” Center for Responsive Politics, accessed May 2, 2013, http://www.opensecrets.org/industries/indus.php?ind=E01.
“Oil and Gas Lobbying, 2012.”
“Environment: Lobbying, 2012,” Center for Responsive Politics, accessed May 2, 2013, http://www.opensecrets.org/industries/lobbying.php?cycle=2012&ind=Q11.
Peter J. Jacques, Riley E. Dunlap and Mark Freeman, “The Organization of Denial: Conservative Think Tanks and Environmental Scepticism,” Environmental Politics 17.3 (June 2008): 360.
Nick Wing, “John Shimkus, GOP Rep. Who Denies Climate Change on Religious Grounds, Could Lead House Environmental Policy,” The Huffington Post, November 13, 2010, accessed April 30, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/11/13/john-shimkus-climate-change_n_782664.html. “An Evangelical Declaration on Global Warming,” Cornwall Alliance, accessed April 29, 2013, http://www.cornwallalliance.org/articles/read/an-evangelical-declaration-on-global-warming/.
Julie Borowski, “Earth Day Special: Private Property Protects the Environment,” Freedom Works, April 20, 2012, accessed April 4, 2013, http://www.freedomworks.org/blog/jborowski/private-property-protects-environment. Norton Dunlop, “Federalism and Free Markets: The Right Environmental Agenda,” The Heritage Foundation, March 9, 2006, accessed April 29, 2013, http://www.heritage.org/about/speeches/federalism-and-free-markets-the-right-environmental-agenda.
Jay Wesley Richards, “The Economy Hits Home: Energy and the Environment” (Washington: The Heritage Foundation, Undated), 14, accessed April 4, 2013, http://thf_media.s3.amazonaws.com/2009/pdf/EconHitsHome_Environment.pdf.
Kate Zernike, Boiling Mad: Inside Tea Party America (New York: Times Books, 2010), 37.
Dick Armey and Matt Kibbe, Give Us Liberty: A Tea Party Manifesto (New York: Harper Collins, 2010), 90-91.
Ibid., 95-96.
J. Baird Callicott, “From the Land Ethic to the Earth Ethic: Aldo Leopold and the Gaia Hypothesis,” in Gaia in Turmoil: Climate Change, Biodepletion, and Earth Ethics in an Age of Crisis, ed. Eileen Crist, H. Bruce Rinker, and Bill McKibben (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2009), 191.
Oreskes and Conway, Merchants, 238.
See the website of the United States Climate Action Partnership, http://www.us-cap.org/.
Michael Gerson, “Climate Change and the Culture War,” The Washington Post, January 17, 2012, accessed April 29, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/climate-and-the-culture-war/2012/01/16/gIQA6qH63P_story.html.
Michael Crichton, State of Fear (New York: Harper Collins, 2009).
Michael Crichton, “The Role of Science in Environmental Policy-Making,” US Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works Hearing Statements, October 28, 2005, accessed April 29, 2013, http://epw.senate.gov/hearing_statements.cfm?id=246766.
George F. Will, “Global Warming Advocates Ignore the Boulders,” The Washington Post, February 21, 2010, accessed April 30, 2013, http://newstrust.net/stories/853779/toolbar.
Steve Milloy, Green Hell: How Environmentalists Plan to Control your Life and What You Can Do to Stop Them (Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing Inc., 2009), 234.
Charles Krauthammer, “Carbon Chastity,” The Washington Post, May 30, 2008, accessed April 30, 2013, http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2008-05-30/opinions/36813249_1_socialism-carbon-chastity-co2into.
Neela Barnejee, “Mitt Romney Worked to Combat Climate Change as Governor,” The Los
Angeles Times, June 13, 2012, accessed April 29, 2013, http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jun/13/nation/la-na-romney-energy-20120613.
Mitt Romney, No Apology: Believe in America (New York: Saint Martin’s Griffin, 2010), 243.
Ronald Brownstein, The Second Civil War: How Extreme Partisanship Has Paralyzed
Washington and Divided America (New York: Penguin, 2007), 11-13.
Naomi Oreskes, “Beyond the Ivory Tower: The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change,” Science 306 (5702): 1686.
James Hoggan, Climate Cover-Up: The Crusade to Deny Global Warming (Vancouver: Greystone Books, 2009), 118.
Kenneth P. Green, “Not Going Away: America’s Energy Security, Jobs and Climate Challenges,” Statement before the House Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming, December 1, 2010, accessed April 29, 2013, http://www.aei.org/speech/energy-and-the-environment/climate-change/not-going-away-americas-energy-security-jobs-and-climate-challenges/.
Indur Goklany, “What to Do About Climate Change,” Cato Institute Policy Analysis 609 (February 2008): 3, accessed April 4, 2013, http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa-609.pdf.Patrick J. Michaels, “Global Warming and Climate Change,” in Cato Handbook for Policymakers, 7th ed.,ed. David Boaz (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2009), 475. Eric A. Posner and Cass R. Sumstein, “Global Warming and Social Justice,” Regulation 31.1 (Spring 2008): 19, accessed April 4, 2013, http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/regulation/2008/2/v31n1-3.pdf.
Sallie James, “A Harsh Climate for Trade: How Climate Change Proposals Threaten Global Commerce,” Trade Policy Analysis 41 (September 2009): 4, accessed April 4, 2013, http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/tpa-041.pdf.
Derrick Morgan, “A Carbon Tax Would Harm US Competitiveness and Low-Income Americans Without Helping the Environment,” The Heritage Foundation, Backgrounder n°2720 (August 21, 2012), 4, accessed July 23, 2013, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/08/a-carbon-tax-would-harm-us-competitiveness-and-low-income-americans-without-helping-the-environment.
Ibid., 5.
Nicolas Loris and Brett D. Schaefer, “Climate Change: How the United States Should Lead,” The Heritage Foundation, Issue Brief n°3841 (January 24, 2013), accessed April 4, 2013, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/01/climate-change-how-the-us-should-lead.
Steven Groves, “The ‘Kyoto II’ Climate Change Treaty: Implications for American Sovereignty,” The Heritage Foundation, Copenhagen Consequences, Analysis of the 2009 Copenhagen UN Climate Change Conference n°5 (November 17, 2009), 3, accessed July 23, 2013, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2009/11/the-kyoto-ii-climate-change-treaty-implications-for-american-sovereignty.
Steven Groves, “National Sovereignty May Melt at Climate Conference,” The Heritage Foundation, Commentary (December 4, 2009), accessed July 23, 2013, http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2009/12/national-sovereignty-may-melt-at-climate-conference.
Derek Scissors, “China Will Follow the United States: A Climate Change Fable,” The Heritage Foundation, WebMemo n°2327 (March 5, 2009), 1, accessed July 23, 2013, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2009/03/china-will-follow-the-us-a-climate-change-fable.
Pooley, Climate, 429-431.
Groves, “National Sovereignty”.
Steven Groves, “Why Does Sovereignty Matter to America?,” The Heritage Foundation, Understanding America, 2010, 7-8, accessed July 23, 2013, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2010/12/why-does-sovereignty-matter-to-america.
Ari Fleischer, “Press Briefing,” May 7, 2001, accessed April 29, 2013, http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/briefings/20010507.html.
James Inhofe, “Energy Tax Prevention Act: The Only End to Cap and Trade,” Human Events, March 28, 2011, accessed April 29, 2013, http://www.humanevents.com/2011/03/28/energy-tax-prevention-act-the-only-end-to-cap-and-trade/.
“No Climate Tax,” Americans for Prosperity, accessed May 2, 2013, http://www.noclimatetax.com/.
Ben Geman, “House GOP Leaders Pledge to Oppose Climate Tax,” The Hill, November 15, 2012, accessed April 29, 2013, http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/268289-house-gop-leaders-pledge-to-oppose-climate-tax.
Rael Jean Isaac, Roosters of the Apocalypse (Chicago: The Heartland Institute, 2012), 26.
Ibid., 2.
Ibid., 41.
Milloy, Green Hell, 33.
J. Baird Callicott, “5 Questions,” in Sustainability Ethics, ed. Ryne Raffaelle, Wade Robinson, and Evan Selinger (Copenhagen: Automatic Press/VIP, 2010), 62.
Gore, Assault, 214.
Pooley, Climate, 349.
Bill McKibben, “Climate of Denial,” Mother Jones, May/June 2005, accessed April 30, 2013, http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2005/05/climate-denial.
Pooley, Climate, 360.
Michael Grunwald, The New New Deal (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012), 352-379.
Stimson, Tides, 44.
“Dead Aim: Joe Manchin for West Virginia,” accessed May 2, 2013, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xIJORBRpOPM.
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