Abbreviations
AE: Année épigraphique
CIL: Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
Works
Alberti M. and Birley A.R. 2024, ‘Sub-Roman and Post-Roman Christianity on Hadrian’s Wall: The Remarkable New Evidence from Vindolanda’, in H. Van Enkevort, M. Driessen, E. Graafstal, T. Hazenberg, T. Ivleva, and C. Van Driel-Murray (eds), Living and Dying on the Roman Frontier and Beyond. Proceedings of the 25th International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies 3, Leiden, Sidestone Press, Archeologische Berichten Nijmegen 11, pp. 281-288, DOI: https://doi.org/10.59641/1b090en.
Arce I. 2009, ‘Qasr Al-Hallabat (Jordan): Transformation of a limes Arabicus fort into a monastic and palatine complex’, in A. Morillo Cerdán, N. Hanel and E. Martín Hernández (eds), Limes XX. XX Congreso internacional de estudios sobre la frontera Romana [XXth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies] León, España, septiembre, 2006, 3 vols, Madrid, Polifermo, Anejos de Gladius 13, pp. 155-180.
Arce I. 2015, ‘Severan Castra, Tetrarchic Quadriburgia, Justinian Coenobia, and Ghassanid Diyarat: Patterns of Transformation of Limes Arabicus Forts During Late Antiquity’, in R. Collins, M.F.A. Symonds and M. Weber (ed.), Roman Military Architecture on the Frontiers. Armies and Their Architecture in Late Antiquity, Oxford, Oxbow Books, pp. 98‑122.
Arce I. 2017, ‘Transformation Patterns of Roman Forts in the Limes Arabicus from Severan to Tetrarchic and Justinianic Periods. The Case of Deir el-Kahf (Jordan)’, in N. Hodgson, P.T. Bidwell, and J. Schachtmann (eds), Roman Frontier Studies 2009. Proceedings of the XXI International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies (Limes Congress) held at Newcastle upon Tyne in August 2009, Oxford, Archaeopress Roman Archaeology 25, pp. 121-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv177tk1m.25 [restricted access, accessed in April 2025].
Arce I. 2018, ‘The Anastasius Edict Project: A preliminary report. Part 2 – The Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Contexts’, in C.S. Sommer and S. Matešić (eds), Limes XXIII. Proceedings of the 23rd International Limes Congress of Roman Frontier Studies, Ingolstadt 2015, 2 vols, Mainz, Nünnerich-Asmus, Beiträge zum Welterbe Limes 4, pp. 682-690.
Baradez J. 1949, Fossatum Africae. Recherches aériennes sur l’organisation des confins sahariens à l’époque romaine, Paris, Arts et métiers graphiques.
Barker G., Gilbertson D., Jones B. and Mattingly D. (eds) 1996, Farming the Desert: The UNESCO Libyan Valleys Archaeological Survey, 2 vols, Paris, UNESCO, London, Society for Libyan Studies.
Bidwell P.T. and Speak S. 1994, Excavations of South Shields Roman Fort. Volume I, Newcastle upon Tyne, Society of Antiquaries, Monograph series 4,.
Birley A.R. 2019, ‘Vindolanda’, in R. Collins and M. Symonds (eds), Hadrian’s Wall 2009-2019. A Summary of Excavation and Research Prepared for the Fourteenth Pilgrimage of Hadrian’s Wall, 20-28 July 2019, Kendal, Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, pp. 164-177.
Carrié J.-M. 1974, ‘Les Castra Dionysiados et l’évolution de l’architecture militaire romaine tardive’, Mélanges de l’École française de Rome. Antiquité 86, pp. 819-850, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/mefr.1974.991.
Courtois C. 1955, Les Vandales et l’Afrique, Paris, Arts et métiers graphiques.
Crow J.G. 1995, Book of Housesteads, London, Batsford, English Heritage.
Daniels C.M. 1987, ‘The Frontiers: Africa’, in J.S. Wacher (ed.), The Roman World I, London-New York, Routledge, pp. 223-265.
Decret F. 1985, ‘Les gentes barbarae asservies par Rome dans l’Afrique du ve siècle. Remarques d’Augustin d’Hippone sur un point d’histoire sociale et religieuse à la veille de l’invasion vandale’, Bulletin archéologique du Comité des Travaux historiques. Nouvelle série 19, fasc. B, pp. 265-271.
Duval N. 1991, ‘La basilique de Bénian (Ala Miliaria) est-elle un remploi de principia militaires ? (Etudes d’archéologie chrétienne nord-africaine, XXII)’, in A. Mastino (ed.), L’Africa romana. Atti dell’VIII convegno di studio, Cagliari, 14-16 dicembre 1990, Sassari, Gallizzi, Pubblicazioni del Dipartimento di storia dell'Università di Sassari 18, pp. 1079-1089.
Fellmann R. 1976, ‘Le « Camp de Dioclétien » à Palmyre et l’architecture militaire du Bas-Empire’, Cahiers d’archéologie romande 5. Mélanges d’histoire ancienne et d’archéologie offerts à Paul Collart, Lausanne, pp. 173-191, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5169/seals-835538.
Fentress E.W.B. 1979, Numidia and the Roman Army. Social, Military and Economic Aspects of the Frontier Zone, Oxford, British archaeological reports, BAR. International series 53.
Frend W.H.C. 1952, The Donatist Church. A Movement of Protest in Roman North Africa, Oxford, Clarendon Press.
Gsell S. 1899, Fouilles de Bénian (Alamiliaria), Paris, E. Leroux, ARK: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k54963737.
Gsell S. 1901, Monuments antiques de l’Algérie, 2 vols, Paris, A. Fontemoing, online: https://bibliotheque-numerique.inha.fr/idurl/1/8653 and https://bibliotheque-numerique.inha.fr/idurl/1/8654 [accessed in April 2025].
Gsell S. 1911, Atlas archéologique de l’Algérie. Édition spéciale des cartes au 200.000e du Service géographique de l’armée, Algiers, A. Jourdan, Paris, A. Fontemoing, online: https://bibliotheque-numerique.inha.fr/idurl/1/21113.
Guey J. 1939, ‘Note sur le limes romain de Numidie et le Sahara au ive siècle’, Mélanges d’archéologie et d’histoire 56, pp. 178-248, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/mefr.1939.7303.
Gui I., Duval N., Caillet J.‑P., Chevalier P. and Lorquin A. 1992, Basiliques chrétiennes d’Afrique du Nord. Inventaire et typologie I. Inventaire des monuments de l’Algérie 1, 2 vols, Paris, Institut d’études augustiniennes, Collection des études augustiniennes 129-130.
Hamdoune C. 2018, Ad fines Africae Romanae. Les mondes tribaux dans les provinces maurétaniennes, Bordeaux, Ausonius, Scripta Antiqua 111.
Khatchatrian A. 1962, Les baptistères paléochrétiens, Paris, EHESS, Collection chrétienne et byzantine.
La Blanchère M.R. de 1883, ‘Voyage d'étude dans une partie de la Maurétanie Césarienne’, Archives des missions scientifiques et littéraires. Troisième série 10, pp. 1-129, online: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k56197658/f6.item.
Laporte J.-P. 1989, Rapidum. Le camp de la cohorte des Sardes en Maurétanie Césarienne, Sassari, Università degli studi di Sassari-Dipartimento di Storia, Pubblicazioni del Dipartimento di storia dell’Università di Sassari 12.
Laporte J.-P. 2015, ‘Quelques sites notables au sud-ouest de l’Aurès (Sadouri, Doucen, Sidi Khaled, etc.), Aouras 8, pp. 295-337.
Lassus J. 1981, La forteresse byzantine de Thamugadi. Fouilles à Timgad 1938‑1956, Paris, CNRS, Études d’antiquités africaines.
Lawless R.I. 1969, Mauretania Caesariensis. An Archaeological and Geographical Survey, 3 vols, PhD thesis, University of Durham (unpublished).
Lee A.D. 2007, War in Late Antiquity: A Social History, Malden (Mass.)-Oxford-Victoria, Blackwell, Ancient World at War.
Lenoir M. 1986, ‘Une martyre près des Principia. À propos du camp et de la basilique d’Ala Miliaria’, Mélanges de l’École française de Rome. Antiquité 98/2, pp. 643-664, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/mefr.1986.1517.
Lenoir M. 2011, Le camp romain. Proche-Orient et Afrique du Nord, Rome, École française de Rome, Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d’Athènes et de Rome 345.
Lepelley C. 1981, Les cités de l’Afrique romaine au Bas-Empire. Tome II. Notices d’histoire municipale, Paris, Études Augustiniennes, Collection de études augustiniennes. Série Antiquité 81.
Leschi L. 1941, ‘Centenarium quod Aqua Viva appelatur…’, Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 85/1, pp. 163-176, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/crai.1941.77409.
Leschi L. 1943, ‘Le « centenarium » d’Aqua Viva près de M’doukal (Commune mixte de Barika)’, Revue Africaine 87, pp. 5-22
Matthews J.F. 1976, ‘Mauretania in Ammianus and the Notitia’, in R. Goodburn and P. Bartholomew (eds), Aspects of the Notitia Dignitatum. Papers presented to the conference in Oxford, December 13 to 15, 1974, Oxford, British Archaeological Reports, BAR Supplementary Series 15, pp. 157-186.
Mattingly D.J. 1995, Tripolitania, London, B.T. Batsford.
Mattingly D., Sterry M. and Leitch V. 2013, ‘Fortified Farms and Defended Villages of Late Roman and Late Antique Africa’, Antiquité tardive 21. Mondes ruraux en Orient et en Occident II, pp. 167‑188, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1484/J.AT.5.101410 [restricted access, accessed in March 2025].
Pringle D. 1981, The Defence of Byzantine Africa from Justinian to the Arab Conquest, 2 vols, Oxford, British Archaeological Reports, BAR International Series 99.
Petrikovits H. von 1971, ‘Fortifications in the North-Western Roman Empire from the Third to the Fifth Centuries AD’, Journal of Roman Studies 61, pp. 178-218, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/300017 [restricted access, accessed in April 2025].
Rebuffat R. 1977-1979, ‘Sur le fort oriental de Drah-Souid’, Bulletin d’Archéologie Algérienne 7/1, pp. 259-270.
Rushworth A. 1992, Soldiers and Tribesmen. The Roman Army and Tribal Society in Late Imperial Africa, 2 vols, PhD thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne (unpublished).
Rushworth A. (ed.) 2009, Housesteads Roman Fort – The Grandest Station. Excavation and Survey at Housesteads, 1954-95, by Charles Daniels, John Gillam, James Crow, and Others, Swindon, English Heritage Archaeological Report, online: https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/eh_monographs_2014/contents.cfm?mono=1089086.
Rushworth A. 2015, ‘Castra or centenaria? Interpreting the later forts of the North African frontier’, in R. Collins, M.F.A. Symonds and M. Weber (ed.), Roman Military Architecture on the Frontiers. Armies and Their Architecture in Late Antiquity, Oxford, Oxbow Books, pp. 123-139.
Rushworth A. 2017, ‘Soldiers or tribesmen: who guarded the frontiers of late Roman Africa?’, in N. Hodgson, P.T. Bidwell, and J. Schachtmann (eds), Roman Frontier Studies 2009. Proceedings of the XXI International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies (Limes Congress) held at Newcastle upon Tyne in August 2009, Oxford, Archaeopress Roman Archaeology 25, pp. 151-159, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv177tk1m.29 [restricted access, accessed in April 2025].
Rushworth A. 2018, ‘Roads, itineraries and limites in the African frontier zone’, in C.S. Sommer and S. Matešić (eds), Limes XXIII. Proceedings of the 23rd International Limes Congress of Roman Frontier Studies, Ingolstadt 2015, 2 vols, Mainz, Nünnerich-Asmus, Beiträge zum Welterbe Limes 4, pp. 723-730.
Rushworth A. 2024, ‘Principia or monasteries? Two fortified basilicas in the North Africa frontier zone’, in H. Van Enkevort, M. Driessen, E. Graafstal, T. Hazenberg, T. Ivleva, and C. Van Driel-Murray (eds), Living and Dying on the Roman Frontier and Beyond. Proceedings of the 25th International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies 3, Leiden, Sidestone Press, Archeologische Berichten Nijmegen 11, pp. 319-327, full volume online: https://doi.org/10.59641/1b090en.
Salama P. 1951, Les voies romaines de l’Afrique du Nord, Algiers, Imprimerie officielle du gouvernement général de l'Algérie.
Salama P. 1953, ‘Nouveaux témoignages de l’œuvre des Sévères dans la Maurétanie Césarienne’, Libyca 1, pp. 231-261.
Salama P. 1955, ‘Nouveaux témoignages de l’œuvre des Sévères dans la Maurétanie Césarienne’, Libyca 3, pp. 329-365.
Salama P. 1977, ‘Les déplacements successifs du limes en Maurétanie Césarienne (Essai de synthèse)’, in J. Fitz (ed.), Limes. Akten des XI. Internationalen Limeskongresses. Szekesfehervar, 30. 8.-6. 9. 1976, Budapest, pp. 577-595.
Seston W. 1934, ‘Le monastère d’Aïn-Tamda et les origines de l’architecture monastique en Afrique du Nord’, Mélanges d’archéologie et d’histoire 51, p. 79-113, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/mefr.1934.7245.
Sheldrick N. 2021, Building the Countryside. Rural Architecture and Settlement in Tripolitania During the Roman and Late Antique Periods, London, Society for Libyan Studies, Open Access Monograph 2, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2m7c4wz.
Sjöström I. 1993, Tripolitania in Transition: Late Roman to Islamic Settlement. With a Catalogue of Sites, Aldershot, Avebury, Worldwide Archaeology Series 4.
Trousset P. 1977, ‘Le camp de Gemellae sur le limes de Numidie d’après les fouilles du colonel Baradez (1947-1950)’, in J. Fitz (ed.), Limes. Akten des XI. Internationalen Limeskongresses. Szekesfehervar, 30. 8.-6. 9. 1976, Budapest , pp. 559-576.
Ward-Perkins J.B. and Goodchild R.G. 1953, The Christian Antiquities of Tripolitania, Oxford, C. Batey, Archaeologia 95.
Wijnendaele J.W.P. 2015, The Last of the Romans. Bonifatius – Warlord and Comes Africae, London, Bloomsbury, Bloomsbury classical studies monographs.






















