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The Middle and Late Neolithic settlement of Saint-Julien-lès-Metz in Moselle, Lorraine (Abridged version)

Structure, material culture, animal and plant resources
Véronique Brunet, Ginette Auxiette, Laura Berrio, Sandrine Bonnardin, Nicolas Cayol, Miriam Cubas, Anthony Denaire, Lamys Hachem, Marie Imbeaux, Denis Maréchal, Cécile Monchablon, Joël Rolet, Yvan Pailler, Aurélie Salavert, Julian Wiethold et Marie-France André
Traduction de Louise Byrne
Cet article est une traduction de :
L’habitat lorrain du Néolithique moyen et final de Saint-Julien-lès-Metz en Moselle [fr]

Résumé

The preventive archaeological excavation of Saint-Julien-lès-Metz took place some twenty years ago, and the artefacts were completely restudied following the publication of this relatively well-preserved site. The site as a whole illustrates three Neolithic periods from sometimes unprecedented angles, and represents a major contribution to our understanding of village communities in Lorraine. The three recognised settlements span the 5th to 3rd millennia and are separated by chronological gaps. The first documented occupation dates back to the first part of the Middle Neolithic. The main features of this period are two buildings and a succession of polylobed pits, typical of sites from the Grossgartach culture. They provide an unprecedented vision of a structured plateau settlement. The second is dated to the second half of the Middle Neolithic. A sequence of polylobed pits is the only remaining feature of a Bischheim settlement. These structures are recurrent features on contemporaneous Lorraine sites. The last occupation dates from the Final Neolithic. A combustion structure and a silo are the only remaining elements of a probable Bell Beaker settlement.

La fouille de Saint-Julien-lès-Metz réalisée dans un cadre préventif s’est déroulée il y a une vingtaine d’années et sa publication a conduit à la reprise complète des études de mobiliers. Le site se caractérise par un état de conservation relativement bon. L’ensemble illustre trois périodes du Néolithique sous des angles parfois inédits et constitue un apport majeur pour la compréhension des communautés villageoises lorraines. Les trois occupations reconnues s’étendent du Ve au IIIe millénaire et sont séparées par des hiatus chronologiques. La première occupation attestée remonte à la première partie du Néolithique moyen. Deux bâtiments et une succession de fosses polylobées sont les éléments principaux de ce gisement. Ils sont caractéristiques des sites de la culture de Grossgartach et offrent une vision inédite d’un habitat structuré en plateau. La deuxième est datée de la seconde partie du Néolithique moyen. Une succession de fosses polylobées est le seul élément de ce qu’il reste d’un habitat Bischheim. Ces structures sont récurrentes sur les sites lorrains contemporains. La dernière occupation est datée du Néolithique final. Une structure de combustion et un silo sont les seuls éléments restants d’un probable habitat campaniforme.

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1The purpose of this article is to present the results of an archaeological excavation carried out at Saint-Julien-lès-Metz “Ferme de Grimont” in Moselle, in a preventive context, 25 years ago. Ten or so trenches were excavated during the 6-hectare survey, and the Neolithic site was cleared over an area of around 6,330 sq.m., uncovering three Neolithic occupations separated by more or less significant chronological gaps. The first two date from the Middle Neolithic; the oldest from the Grossgartach culture and the second from the Bischheim. The last occupation is dated to the Late Neolithic, to the Bell Beaker culture.

2This site thus illustrates three Neolithic periods, sometimes from unprecedented angles. The oldest and best-documented occupation is the first settlement, consisting of two building plans organised around a series of poly-lobed pits, where subsistence and craft activities were carried out using a variety of local or imported materials. The second occupation, the Bischheim, is limited to a string of multi-lobed pits. The waste discharged into the pit provides evidence of domestic and craft activities. No contemporaneous house plans have been identified. However, the substantial quantity of cob found in one of the lobes points to the presence of at least one building in the immediate vicinity of the pit. Evidence of the last occupation, dated to the Late Neolithic, consists of two dugout structures side by side, located outside the Middle Neolithic occupations. In all likelihood, these correspond to a combustion structure and a silo-type pit. The infill of these structures contained no archaeological material but revealed an exceptional plant corpus that contributes to our knowledge of the plant economy and dietary practices in the Bell Beaker horizon.

3The site is located on the western fringe of the Messin plateau, more than two hundred metres above the valley. It is in a dominant position, on a relatively flat zone. However, differential conservation was noted at different gradients of the site. The pits dug in the lower parts are better preserved, whereas the houses built in the higher parts have undergone more erosion.

4A quarter of a century has elapsed since the excavation, during which new analyses have been carried out on the various categories of artefacts that had not been studied for the excavation report. These include a complete restudy of the pottery corpus and items of jewellery, and a revision of the faunal remains and the lithic industry. We also undertook new analyses; macrolithic tools were studied, we launched new research on determining raw material origins using the new method of petrographic characterisation of siliceous materials carried out with a stereomicroscope following the descriptive method of sedimentary facies. A number of tools were selected for functional analyses. Another functional test was carried out using analytical chemistry on organic residues from a pottery barrel, in order to identify its function. A sieving campaign of all the sediments removed during the excavation, organised in 2014 by the Lorraine Regional Archaeology Service, not only revealed plant macroremains, but also a net ballast and a new bead. Analysis of the sieve residue provided an opportunity to document the plant resources and the woody environment.

5The aim of this article is therefore to publish the Middle and Late Neolithic occupations. We describe the data for each of the identified periods in order to determine the architecture of the buildings, reveal the associated subsistence and craft activities and their impact on the environment. More specifically, for the Grossgartach, the best documented culture here, we attempt to understand how the site was organised. The occupations at Saint-Julien-lès-Metz are part of a local context comprising around ten sites for the Middle Grossgartach and Late/Final Grossgartach, around thirty for the Rössen, including six for the Bischheim, and around forty for the Bell Beaker culture.

A Grossgartach settlement: an organised domestic area

6Saint-Julien-lès-Metz comprises the best preserved Grossgartach site in Lorraine. It is organised around two dwellings with no real side pits, in addition to the existence of a single small excavation per house and large multi-lobed pits located equidistant from the two houses (fig. 1). The average dimensions of the individual pits are similar to the side pits of Early Neolithic houses. The pits at Saint-Julien-lès-Metz appear to be aligned along an axis, like the side pits. In addition, the analysis of find distribution shows that the densest concentrations occur in two places: at the southern end of complex IV and the northern end of complex VIII (fig. 3). In comparison, the central complexes are virtually devoid of finds. This is reminiscent of interruptions in ditched enclosures, corresponding to circulation routes and waste accumulations (Dubouloz et al. 2022). At Saint-Julien-lès-Metz, the highest densities are found at the extremities, suggesting that the northern and southern parts were passageways, marking out circulation zones between the two houses. As a result, the largest quantities of waste accumulated in these pits.

7The durability of the occupation is underlined by the presence of houses accompanied by everyday objects such as millstones and knurls, pottery and flint tools, all of which are signs of a lasting occupation.

Fig. 1 Site plan, Saint-Julien-lès-Metz ‘Ferme de Grimont’ (Moselle).

Fig. 1 – Site plan, Saint-Julien-lès-Metz ‘Ferme de Grimont’ (Moselle).

8Two hypotheses have been put forward to suggest a Grossgartach date for the buildings. The first is based on the architectural features, which are related to a Linear Pottery Culture (LBK) heritage. The two dwelling structures are built on load-bearing posts, while the wall posts are small in size (Brunet 2018). The second concerns the spatial organisation, indicating the transition from the LBK to the Grossgartach: “marked in particular by the disappearance of the side pits alongside the houses’… ’the ‘family’ extraction pits were replaced by larger quarries located away from the dwellings” (Jeunesse 1993). House 1 is 15.5 m long and 6.5 m wide. The shape of this building is similar to the pseudo-rectangular plans in A. Coudart’s classification (Coudart 1998). The orientation corresponds to that of post-LBK houses, northeast-southeast with an axis of 302°. The floor plan of house 2 is less well preserved and more difficult to reconstruct. In its current state, the building is 10 m long and 6.7 m wide. The orientation also corresponds to that of post-LBK houses, which are oriented northwest-southeast with an axis of 311° (Coudart 1998). The quantities of cob found near the houses suggest that the walls of the buildings were made of earth. Plan comparisons are limited; in the region, only the Marly site (Moselle) provides an insight into the spatial organisation of a Grossgartach dwelling (Maire et al. 2012a). However, that building is rather different to those at Saint-Julien-lès-Metz, as it is rectangular, and only 9.60 m long and 3.10 m wide, which is considerably smaller than the houses at Saint-Julien-lès-Metz, and only five post holes were found during site operations. On a larger scale, in Alsace, although many Grossgartach sites are known, very few of them contain any settlement structures. To date, only the Brumath site comprises four dwellings (Leprovost 2012), which bear little resemblance to those at Saint-Julien-lès-Metz, with their fusiform ground plans. As a result, comparative structures are rare and present highly variable plans.

9The techniques used to dig the pits are relatively diversified. There are eight closely-spaced pit complexes, each 23.8 m long, 8.8 m wide and 0.70 m deep, over an area of 95 sq.m. Some of the profiles are asymmetrical, with a more or less vertical edge set against a sloping surface, while others feature an unusual vertical edge, sometimes with a step forming a level around thirty centimetres high. This step could well be the last remaining evidence of the technique of hollowing successive steps. In fact, several digging experiments of V-shaped LBK ditches using Neolithic tools have highlighted this technique (Broes and Bosquet 2007; 135, 137 and 142). This appears to be the case at Rosheim and Duntzenheim in Alsace (Michler et al. 2014; Véber et al. 2017). In the enclosures, this technique can be seen in certain ditch sections, such as at Carvin in Pas-de-Calais, dated to the Middle Neolithic II of the Spiere group (Monchablon et al. 2014) and at Méry-sur-Marne in Seine-et-Marne, dated to the Michelsberg (Brunet et al. 2021).

10The function of the pits appears to be threefold: symbolic, extraction and dumping. One of the lobes probably contains a village foundation deposit. The layout of this lobe is unusual, consisting of a pit hollowed out in the shape of an inverted bell or a recess, with a bench. Both of these were filled in very quickly, as can be seen from the non-anthropized surrounding sediments (Beeching et al. 2010). The finds and morphology of this structure are atypical compared with other pits. The bench contained two whole vessels (a barrel and a beaker) and broken objects concentrated below the pit. Artefacts include a perforated wedge, a low adze and a millstone, probably paired but not functional, in addition to wild mammal remains. The overall effect is one of staging, with whole items placed at the top and broken elements at the bottom. It is important to note that in the neighbouring pits, waste is always found in the last phases of filling, whereas here the broken objects appear in the deepest levels. The stratigraphic position and rapid filling of the pit (Beeching et al. 2010) suggest that this practice is associated with a foundation ritual (Hamon 2008, p. 200). The breaking of objects could have several meanings: either a break with tradition or a sign of recognition (Rey 2004; Granjon et al. 2008), with a symbolic connotation in a symbolic or ritual context (Bonnardin, 2009). It is interesting to note that the Grossgartach site at Saint-Julien-lès-Metz is the only one in the region comprising a hoard. This plateau site could represent the conquest of new territories through the foundation of a pioneering village during the Middle Grossgartach (Middle B of Spatz/Grossgartach 3/4 of Denaire). In fact, the location of the site appears to be the only one of its kind to date, situated at the highest point in the topography (253 m NGF) and almost a kilometre from the slope break, compared with the other occupations which are situated on slopes or in the interfluve zone between 157 and 194 m NGF.

11Economic and subsistence activities seem to taken place in the immediate vicinity of the pits. We cannot put forward any hypotheses on the distribution of activities linked to food practices in the houses at this site during the Grossgartach, but the results from the poly-lobed pit are characteristic of secondary deposits and burning activities that may have been carried out nearby (De Hingh 2000; Kreuz et al. 2005; Berrio 2012; Galland et al. 2014; Juhél et al. 2014). Furthermore, the spatial distribution of remains in the pits seems to attest to a sorting process, with certain lobes bearing bone remains with no cob, and vice versa. This would appear to indicate activities in a structured domestic area, with specialised activity zones.

12The Grossgartach pottery series from Saint-Julien-lès-Metz is currently the largest known in Moselle, comprising around 400 sherds. Nevertheless, the diversity of shapes encountered is very limited, compared with the tableware usually found in Grossgartach domestic pits. Several types are absent, such as large storage vessels or bottles, and many variants, particularly bowls. There is no trace of quadripod vessels or hollow-ringed vessels, which are abundant elsewhere and, above all, the easily recognisable poly-lobed rims — emblematic of Grossgartach production — are also absent. The decorated pottery from Saint-Julien-lès-Metz would suggest an occupation spanning at least two stages of the Grossgartach, namely a Middle Grossgartach (Spatz’s Middle B/Denaire’s Grossgartach 3/4) and a Late Grossgartach, or even a Final Grossgartach with the Planig-Friedberg phase.

Fig. 2 – Decorated Grossgartach pottery shapes, Saint-Julien-lès-Metz “Ferme de Grimont” (Moselle).

Fig. 2 – Decorated Grossgartach pottery shapes, Saint-Julien-lès-Metz “Ferme de Grimont” (Moselle).

13The most remarkable element in the pottery series is undoubtedly a small barrel, an unprecedented artefact in the Grossgartach of the Moselle and Rhine valleys. This object was unearthed in association with a decorated square beaker (fig. 2, no 1). This barrel can clearly be attributed to the Grossgartach culture, on the basis of its paste characteristics. It is a small, roughly cylindrical vessel, 107 mm long and 59 mm high, with a wall thickness of around 10 mm. One end is flattened, the other is slightly concave (fig. 3). This type of vessel is extremely rare in a Grossgartach context. Four others have been reported in Alsace, at Bernolsheim (grave 3027; Leprovost 2023, p. 254, figs. 260–262) and in Germany (Biermann, 2003, pp. 88–91), at Reinheim-Überau “Am Langenstein” (Krs. Darmstadt-Dieburg) in Hesse, Bochum-Laer “O Laerfeldstraße” (Stadt Bochum) in North Rhine-Westphalia and Sargstedt (Stadt Halberstadt, Lkrs. Harz) in Saxony-Anhalt. The first three are attributed to the Grossgartach, the latter to the Planig-Friedberg phase (Spatz 1996, p. 437; Denaire 2009, p. 437). Chemical analyses of the organic residues contained in the barrel yielded disappointing results, revealing lipids corresponding to plant material, but no further information due to the absence of plant-specific biomarkers. The function of this barrel therefore remains unknown to this day.

Fig. 3 – The barrel, Grossgartach pottery, Saint-Julien-lès-Metz “Ferme de Grimont” (Moselle).

Fig. 3 – The barrel, Grossgartach pottery, Saint-Julien-lès-Metz “Ferme de Grimont” (Moselle).

14The characteristics of the lithic series are defined by a differentiated economy of raw materials comprising several operating chains (Perlès 1991), the importance of raw materials from distant origins and the small size of the corpus, which comprises 43 pieces. The lithic assemblage is dominated by the production of mostly short flakes, detached with a stone hammer, alongside a single Boucheporn siliceous core (27 × 20 × 11 mm, weight: 5 g). There are no flakes, core shaping or maintenance elements in the same raw material as the core, pointing to the absence of debitage on the excavated area. The laminar products present very heterogeneous morphologies and most are fragmented. The products vary in width from 20 to 29 mm, and were detached by indirect percussion.

15The corpus of tools is small, with a total of twelve elements, including nine classes of tools probably from “functional domains that are well differentiated from one another” (Perlès 1991) and are mostly on laminar blanks. Three are end scrapers; one on a flake with abrupt, scalar retouch, and two others associated with microdenticulation; one on a blade and the second on an indeterminate blank. There are also two asymmetrical armatures with a concave base on the blade. The first bears invasive, sub-parallel bifacial retouch (34 × 23 × 6 mm). The second bears straight converging edges with slightly invasive, bifacial, scalar retouch (28 × 19 × 4 mm). There are also two pieces esquillées. Five other categories of tools are represented by a single specimen, including a flake with oblique retouch, a piece with marginal retouch, a piece with partial retouch, and a full debitage blade with a “chewed” edge. The polished tools include a perforated wedge broken at the perforation, with only the carefully polished proximal part remaining. The cylindrical perforation was made with a hollow drill bit (Farruggia 1993). Finally, a fragment of a polished tool could belong to a low adze roughout.

16At Saint-Julien-lès-Metz, raw material management indicates a preference for distant regional flints from autonomous production chains with different production sites and raw materials, showing the long-distance transport of tools and blanks. This can be described as an “economy of raw materials”, with “the simultaneous use of different raw materials for different technical categories” (Perlès 1991). The sole core was not knapped in situ, suggesting that there was very little, if any, knapping activity at Grossgartach. The two mace tools are of eastern origin: the perforated wedge is made from amphibolite rock, from the Rhine basin (Farruggia 1992, 1993), while the serpentinite appears to come from Switzerland (Thirault et al. 2007). As for the low adze, its origin lies in the Vosges or the Rhine.

17The grinding equipment consists of a number of millstones and knurls, confirming that domestic activities took place near the pit. The millstones are the best evidence of food preparation activities, and bear witness to permanent settlement on the site. The macrolithic remains collected during the excavation form a small series of 63 items weighing 23.321 kg. Interpretations are limited due to the small number of finds.

18Two items of adornment are present at Saint-Julien-lès-Metz. These consist of a suid canine blade fragment and a fragment of a ceramic bracelet, which probably correspond to waste products. Suid canine teeth are among the most significant elements in the Middle Rhine Neolithic corpus, used for adornment and tools, and are frequently found in funerary contexts (Schneider 1983; Sidéra 2000). Ceramic rings are much rarer. Those inventoried by C. Jeunesse, at Wettolsheim and Rosheim in pits associated with the Grossgartach and Rössen respectively (Jeunesse 1995), correspond more to disc rings, i.e., wide, flat rings, than to narrow rings as at Saint-Julien-lès-Metz.

19The animal remains include both domestic fauna, dominated by cattle and pigs, and wild species, including deer and aurochs. The latter were found in the foundation hoard. Cattle are predominant, showing the importances of these animals is the food economy, followed by pigs. The Grossgartach fauna seems comparable to that of other contemporaneous sites in Alsace, such as Reichstett and Dachtein (Poulain, 1978, 1979), Colmar and Wettolsheim (Arbogast 1994), Lingolsheim (Hachem 1997) and Rosheim (Bakaj et al. 1998) in the Bas-Rhin, and Kraichtal-Goshseim in Baden-Württemberg (Boessneck 1892).

20Cereals are the main plant resources for food (naked wheat, starch and einkorn). As they were discovered in a “waste” type secondary deposit, they were probably burnt near the poly-lobed pit. Sparse legumes and foraging plants have been identified. These carpological remains therefore derive from the residues of domestic activities. The anthracological remains consist of four main taxa: oak, ash, elm and hazel, with less frequent Maloideae (subfamilies of apple, pear, mountain ash and hawthorn) and beech remains. Elm and ash are two markers of alluvial forests or pedunculate oak stands in wet conditions (Rameau et al. 1989). Hazel and Maloideae can develop in undergrowth or at the edges of forests.

The contribution of the Bischheim occupation to our knowledge of economic aspects

21The Bischheim occupation is materialised by a string of poly-lobed pits. The considerable quantity of cob found in one of the pits points to the presence of at least one building in the immediate vicinity. In contrast to the Grossgartach, the spatial distribution of the different categories of artefacts is not particularly concentrated, and they are distributed more or less evenly across the different complexes. No contemporaneous house plans have been identified. The durability of the occupation is underlined by the presence of everyday objects: millstones and knurls, a cup hole abrader, pottery and flint tools, all of which indicate a long-lasting occupation. The waste dumped in the pit mainly reflects domestic and craft activities.

22The techniques used to dig the pits are much the same as those used at Grossgartach. The poly-lobed pit is made up of a succession of four lobes forming a complex 21.9 m long, 14.5 m wide and 0.80 m deep. They cover a total surface area of 100 sq.m. Pit lobe profiles are asymmetrical, with a more or less vertical edge set against a sloping surface, or a vertical edge sometimes with a step forming an excavation level around thirty centimetres high. Pit functions appear to be mainly twofold; the extraction of materials and dumping waste.

23The Bischheim pottery corpus from Saint-Julien-lès-Metz is one of the largest corpuses currently known in Moselle, with almost 500 sherds. Pastes are well prepared and fired, and the vessels are carefully assembled, particularly the necks which, despite their thinness, have withstood the test of time. The vessels are well finished, with extensive polishing of the outer surface in most cases. The care taken in assembling and finishing the small decorated beakers is particularly noteworthy. In fact, they are among the most meticulously produced beakers in the Neolithic period of Western Europe. As elsewhere, the repertoire of shapes diminished considerably after the Grossgartach and again after the Rössen. At Saint-Julien-lès-Metz, five categories are attested for the Bischheim in addition to cooking dishes. Almost all of the sherds uncovered correspond to the Rhenish Bischheim. The beakers decorated with checkered triangles are exceptions, as the only comparable elements are found in the western Bischheim of the Paris Basin (Jeunesse et al. 2003). The same applies to decorations consisting of a row of beads, a rare feature in the Rhenish Bischheim, but characteristic of the western Bischheim. The presence of a bead decoration under the lip of one of the beakers is also unusual for the Rhenish facies, but much less so for the western facies. Comparisons with neighbouring regions suggest two scenarios regarding the status of these beakers. The first implies that these sherds are imports from the Paris Basin. Given the poorly understood, but highly probable, chronological gap between the beginnings of the Rhenish Bischheim and the western Bischheim, such imports may have taken place during an “advanced” stage of the local Rhenish Bischheim, although once again this is an impression and cannot be precisely dated. Possibly at some stage during the 44th or first part of the 43rd century BC, following the Alsatian chronology, with all the risks of discrepancies inherent to that framework. The second scenario is that these sherds were produced locally, after the Bischheim Rhenish vessels that make up the bulk of the series. According to this hypothesis, this production would have been influenced by the western Bischheim. Along with the Falck site, this could be one of the rare examples of post-4,250 - 4,200 BC Bell Beaker vessels, as in Lower Alsace with the BOM (Western Bischheim of Moselle), which owes more to the influences of the western Bischheim than to the decorative tradition of the Rhenish Bischheim; a sort of western Bischheim of Moselle, which would interrupt the local Bischheim tradition to incorporate a repertoire from western Bischheim. At this stage, only future discoveries from closed assemblages will make it possible to rule out one or the other of these proposals, which are equally likely in the current state of knowledge.

Fig. 4 – Decorated vessels, Bischheim pottery, Saint-Julien-lès-Metz ‘Ferme de Grimont’ (Moselle).

Fig. 4 – Decorated vessels, Bischheim pottery, Saint-Julien-lès-Metz ‘Ferme de Grimont’ (Moselle).

24The characteristics of the lithic series are the same as those found at Grossgartach, namely a differentiated economy of raw materials consisting of several operating chains (Perlès 1991), raw materials from distant origins and a low number of finds (59 in total). The lithic industry is characterised by the production of flakes detached with a stone hammer. Only one core was found, presenting numerous joints, rendering it unsuitable for knapping. It is probably a small residual core (less than 50 mm, weight: 15 g), with a polyhedral shape. The dimensions of the last removal (18 × 13 mm) are smaller than those of the two flakes made from the same material, with an average length of 27 mm and an average width of 22 mm, suggesting that the core is depleted. Non-retouched blank dimensions are as wide as they are long. Butts are smooth, sometimes dihedral. Laminar production is limited, consisting of two blades and two tools on blades. All the products are fragmented. Debitage surfaces show bipolar organisation, the products are from the full debitage phase and very irregular. Butts are smooth or dihedral. Hard hammer percussion is prevalent, with some examples of soft percussion. Average blade width is 15 mm. Bladelet products are fragmented with an average width of 7 mm. The presence of a lip in contact with smooth butts and well-marked bulbs suggests the use of direct percussion with a soft hammer. A single pyramidal-shaped bladelet core was found, less than 50 mm. It presents unipolar knapping scars, with very pronounced concavities, indicating hard hammer percussion at the end of the knapping sequence. The bifacial shaping process is illustrated by a single bifacial piece (47 × 39 × 34 mm, weight: 92 g), showing relatively accomplished workmanship with invasive retouching of the two edges delimiting more or less parallel ridges. This piece was abandoned due to the poor quality of the raw material. A differentiated economy of raw materials is thus apparent, with a disjointed production of several operating chains (three at Saint-Julien-lès-Metz), which were not produced on site due to a preference for extra-regional resources.

25The rare tools consist of six artefacts representative of several “classes of tools from different functional areas” (Perlès 1991). Two equilateral triangular armatures with rectilinear bases and edges were identified, one of which appears to have been made on a flake. It was not possible to determine the blank used for the second. They measure 25 × 21 × 5 mm and 30 × 18 × 8 mm respectively. The edges present sub-parallel, flat, invasive retouch, with short retouch at the base. The other tools include a blade with sub-parallel oblique retouch and a proximal fragment of a bladelet with sinuous edges and irregular edges with marginal retouch on the left edge. This latter artefact could be a sickle element, although no cereal lustre was observed on the edge. A pièce esquillée on a relatively thick blank (6 mm) is very heavily thinned on both sides. The identification of a median burin spall points to the presence of a burin. It presents a very flat spall on the underside. The spall scar is very blunt with semi-abrupt, continuous, scalar retouch.

26Strategies for acquiring siliceous rocks mainly focus on regions 30 to 50 km from the site, and to a lesser extent on flints from closer regions, less than 30 km away, and finally extra-regional areas. These different materials come from autonomous production chains with different production sites and raw materials. The most distant materials come from a variety of sources, mainly Cretaceous flint from the Paris Basin, represented by four tools, three of which are from the Marais de Saint-Gond region and one from the north of the Paris Basin, accompanied by two non-retouched products and two knapping waste products. A Tertiary flint fragment from the Paris Basin, a non-retouched knapping product from the Tertiary of Mont-lès-Étrelles and knapping waste (a debris) from the Alsatian Muschelkalk, are also noteworthy. The rest of the material is of undetermined or indeterminate origin, including two tools (a retouched flake and an armature).

27The grinding material, comprising a number of millstones and knurls, attests to food preparation, indicating domestic activities near the pit. The presence of a fragment of a polisher or a cup-hole abrader is more indicative of “craft” activities.

28The elements of adornment consist of a fragment of a ceramic bracelet and a flat circular object with a trapezoidal cross-section. The small internal diameter of the bracelet (around 31 mm) is quite remarkable and unusual.

29The discovery of a tubular “net ballast”, along with around thirty small rolled pebbles, suggests a fishing or hunting activity, or perhaps even a game. Most of these pebbles weigh less than 0.50 g, and were only rarely used as tools. The hypothesis that they were used as temper agents for pottery does not seem plausible, given the absence of stone tools used to crush the pebbles. Other hypotheses have been put forward, such as the manufacture of ballast weights consisting of a pebble inserted into a cover made of perishable material (plant bark, cloth, etc.), like those found at Clairvaux (Pétrequin et al. 2015). This interpretation could perhaps imply that the concentration of fifteen small pebbles in one of the pits are the remains of an unidentifiable “folded or tightened net? Finally, we cannot rule out the possibility that the pebbles may have been collected for non-utilitarian purposes (collection, chips for games, etc.). These suggestions do not exhaust the field of possibilities” (Monchablon, forthcoming).

30The meat-based food economy focused exclusively on domestic fauna, in particular pigs, followed by cattle and Caprinae. Dog bones were also recovered.

31Plant resources for food are similar to those at the Grossgartach, with a few changes. Cereals predominate, whereas cultivated legumes are rare. Gathered plants are slightly better represented, and wild plants are virtually absent from the spectrum of plants dating from the Bischheim. All of the remains from the poly-lobed pit, like those from the Grossgartach, indicate a plant assemblage characteristic of secondary deposits. They were discarded in the pit, but would have been burnt elsewhere.

32Two main species were used for firewood on the site: oak and ash. Secondary and minor species are hazel, elm, maple and Maloideae, and a fragment of beech. This forest formation is indicative of a fairly wet environment. The taxonomic list and hierarchy of taxa are comparable in the different structures, supporting a contemporaneous chronocultural attribution. In anthracological assemblages, beech and maple do not appear until the Late Neolithic in more westerly regions such as the Aisne or the south of the Scheldt basin (Salavert et al. 2018).

The Bell Beaker occupation and its contribution to our knowledge of the plant economy and food practices

33Two dugout structures located 2.5 m apart were identified in the northern part of the site (fig. 1). They yielded no archaeological material or fauna, but the fill contained an exceptional corpus of carpological remains and abundant charcoals. From an environmental point of view, the area appeared to be open, with no large trees, which may indicate either the exploitation of a highly degraded shrub-dominated environment (Prunoideae, Maloideae, dogwood, buckthorn) near the site, or the collection of shrubs from more easily accessible forest edges for burning activities.

34Charcoal dating results point to stage 2 of the Bell Beaker culture, between 2,400 and 2,150 BC (Salanova et al. 2011; 132). These results are similar, but do not signify that the pits were strictly contemporaneous. This type of structure is common in Lorraine (Blouet et al. 2019).

35One of the pits is morphologically similar to silos from other periods. The function of the combustion structure has not been determined with certainty. As J. Gascó points out, we do not know whether it was in working order or whether it corresponds to a final collective use (Gascó 2002). More generally in Lorraine, these structures are considered to be domestic ovens or small storage silos (Blouet and Vanmœrkerke 2008). Nevertheless, the function of the hearth pit and silo is still enigmatic. At Saint-Julien-lès-Metz, plant remains from the combustion structure are relatively scant and are not representative of plant cooking remains or cereal grain roasting. It is therefore impossible to determine whether the pit was used for drying grain or fruit. However, we cannot rule out the possible use of domestic waste (with seeds) as fuel, or burning in order to get rid of it. The quantity of plant remains is insufficient to suggest a possible storage function for the silo, or even to describe the post-harvest sequence of events. Nevertheless, the small quantities of carpological remains seem to correspond to agricultural and domestic waste.

36The occupation is characterised by the emergence of dressed barley and spelt. The carpological data attributed to the Bell Beaker culture show some interesting changes compared with previous periods. It is important to note the predominance of wild plants, the abundance of gathered plants and the secondary role of cereals. On the other hand, cultivated legumes are still as poorly represented as in previous periods. It is noteworthy that emmer wheat becomes the main cereal species, followed by spelt, which makes its appearance in the spectrum. Conversely, the proportion of naked wheat decreases in comparison to previous periods to become the third species. Hulled barley appears in the spectrum and naked barley is only minor. The Str. 24 combustion structure contained few remains with a limited number of taxa, with only one foraging plant, dwarf elder, and two wild plant taxa, lamb’s-quarters and fumitory. A single naked wheat remnant was identified, alongside a remnant of an undetermined legume and a wild rose remnant. On the other hand, the silo comprises a fairly interesting taxonomic diversity, including cereals, foraged plants and wild plants. For both the silo and the combustion structure, the range of plants is very characteristic of secondary “waste” type deposits that would have burnt elsewhere.

37It is not possible at this stage to determine whether these two structures were complementary, from a functional perspective, or whether they form a “complete” household unit for cooking plants. However, they greatly enhance our knowledge of the plant economy and dietary practices, and indicate the adoption of a new cereal species, spelt.

38In conclusion, the excavation of the Saint-Julien-lès-Metz site took place a long time ago, but the site publication has allowed for the resumption of comprehensive studies of the various categories of objects. Recent advances in research have enhanced our knowledge of the fifth and third millennia in the northern half of France. Indeed, in the 25 years since the excavation, there has been a significant increase in the number of Neolithic sites unearthed, owing to preventive archaeology. Nevertheless, the Saint-Julien-lès-Metz site still has no equivalent in Lorraine, particularly for the Grossgartach. To date, it is the only site with a combination of houses and poly-lobed pits, and the only settlement associating several functions: economic, domestic and symbolic. This is a major Bischheim site, and contributes greatly to our knowledge of economic aspects and of the Bell Beaker plant economy and dietary practices. The occupation of Saint-Julien-lès-Metz is part of a local context comprising a small number of sites dated to the Middle Grossgartach and Late Grossgartach, around thirty Rössen and Bischheim sites, and around forty Bell Beaker settlements from the Late Neolithic (Blouet et al. 2019).

39Saint-Julien-lès-Metz is therefore a reference site for our knowledge of plateau settlements from this period for Lorraine and the east of France.

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Table des illustrations

Titre Fig. 1 Site plan, Saint-Julien-lès-Metz ‘Ferme de Grimont’ (Moselle).
URL http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/4572/img-1.jpg
Fichier image/jpeg, 226k
Titre Fig. 2 – Decorated Grossgartach pottery shapes, Saint-Julien-lès-Metz “Ferme de Grimont” (Moselle).
URL http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/4572/img-2.jpg
Fichier image/jpeg, 150k
Titre Fig. 3 – The barrel, Grossgartach pottery, Saint-Julien-lès-Metz “Ferme de Grimont” (Moselle).
URL http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/4572/img-3.jpg
Fichier image/jpeg, 171k
Titre Fig. 4 – Decorated vessels, Bischheim pottery, Saint-Julien-lès-Metz ‘Ferme de Grimont’ (Moselle).
URL http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/4572/img-4.jpg
Fichier image/jpeg, 148k
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Véronique Brunet, Ginette Auxiette, Laura Berrio, Sandrine Bonnardin, Nicolas Cayol, Miriam Cubas, Anthony Denaire, Lamys Hachem, Marie Imbeaux, Denis Maréchal, Cécile Monchablon, Joël Rolet, Yvan Pailler, Aurélie Salavert, Julian Wiethold et Marie-France André, « The Middle and Late Neolithic settlement of Saint-Julien-lès-Metz in Moselle, Lorraine (Abridged version) »Gallia Préhistoire [En ligne], 64 | 2024, mis en ligne le 08 juillet 2024, consulté le 10 février 2026. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/4572 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/11z16

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Auteurs

Véronique Brunet

Inrap centre archéologique de Centre-Île-de-France, Croissy-Beaubourg, UMR 8215 Trajectoires. De la sédentarisation à l’État, Centre de Recherche, Université de Paris 1 -CNRS, Paris – France

Ginette Auxiette

Inrap centre archéologique des Hauts-de-France, Soissons, UMR 8215 Trajectoires. De la sédentarisation à l’État, Centre de Recherche, Université de Paris 1 - CNRS, Paris – France

Laura Berrio

Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, UMR 8215 « Trajectoires ». De la sédentarisation à l’État, UMR 7041 « ArScAn » équipe Archéologies environnementales, Maison des Sciences de l’Homme Mondes, Université de Paris 1 - CNRS, Nanterre – France

Sandrine Bonnardin

Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Cultures - Environnements. Préhistoire, Antiquité, Moyen-Âge, Nice | CEPAM UMR 7264, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Pôle Universitaire Saint-Jean d’Angély, SJA 3 – CEPAM UMR7264 – CNRS – UNS, Nice

Nicolas Cayol

Inrap centre archéologique des Hauts-de-France, Passel, UMR 8215 Trajectoires. De la sédentarisation à l’État, Centre de Recherche, Université de Paris 1 - CNRS, Paris – France

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Miriam Cubas

University of York, Heslington – Angleterre | University of Oviedo, Oviedo – Espagne

Anthony Denaire

Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6298 Artehis, Dijon – France

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Lamys Hachem

Inrap centre archéologique de Centre-Île-de-France, Pantin, UMR 8215 Trajectoires. De la sédentarisation à l’État, Université de Paris 1 -CNRS, Paris – France

Marie Imbeaux

Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6298 ARTEHIS, Dijon – France

Denis Maréchal

Inrap centre archéologique des Hauts-de-France, Soissons – France

Cécile Monchablon

Inrap centre archéologique de Rhône-Alpes, Valence, UMR 8215 Trajectoires. De la sédentarisation à l’État, Université de Paris 1 -CNRS, Paris – France

Joël Rolet

Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Laboratoire Géo Océan (UMR 6538) Institut universitaire européen de la mer, Plouzané – France

Yvan Pailler

CPJ Archéologie des sociétés littorales, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR 6554 LETG (UBO, univ. Rennes 1, univ. Nantes), Institut universitaire européen de la mer, Plouzané – France

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Aurélie Salavert

UMR 7209 Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique : Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements (AASPE, MNHN, CNRS), AASPE, Paris – France

Julian Wiethold

Inrap Direction scientifique et technique, Cellule d’économie végétale et environnement (CEVE), Laboratoire archéobotanique, Metz, UMR 6298 ArTeHiS, Laboratoire archéobotanique, Dijon – France

Marie-France André

Inrap centre archéologique de Centre-Île-de-France, Croissy-Beaubourg – France

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