The Magdalenian open site of the Hauts de Buffon in Montluçon (Allier, France)
- Cet article est une traduction de :
- Le site Magdalénien de plein air des Hauts de Buffon à Montluçon (Allier, France) [fr]
Résumés
La fouille du site de plein air « Hauts de Bufffon » a permis d’étudier une occupation magdalénienne constituée de deux concentrations séparées de quelques mètres. En l’absence de restes fauniques et organiques, l’étude s’appuie uniquement sur l’abondante industrie lithique mise au jour. Cette dernière est homogène au sein de chaque locus et les phénomènes postdépositionnels n’ont pas modifié l’organisation générale des vestiges conservés dans l’unique niveau archéologique identifié. Cette bonne conservation générale a permis de mettre en avant la complexité des activités réalisées sur place, ainsi que les différents comportements liés à l’acquisition des matières premières et aux activités techno-économiques. Les matières premières introduites sur le site montrent un approvisionnement en matériaux allochtones orienté vers les formations du sud du bassin parisien, mais également de la Limagne d’Auvergne. Un tel comportement dénote à la fois une forte anticipation des besoins au niveau de l’acquisition des matériaux, mais aussi une grande mobilité des occupants du site qui se traduit par des exportations de produits finis (bruts et retouchés) hors du site. Les différentes spécificités des matières premières introduites sur le site sont ensuite mises à profit au niveau des objectifs du débitage. L’industrie lithique associe ainsi les matières premières allochtones et de bonne qualité à la production de supports laminaires de belle facture, détachés au percuteur organique selon un schéma élaboré. Les matières premières locales et très accessibles sont réservées à une production laminaire simplifiée obtenue au percuteur tendre minéral. Les lamelles quant à elles résultent d’une production majoritairement autonome sur des petits modules. Ces objectifs technologiques se retrouvent ensuite au niveau de la gestion des supports, les lames servant de supports aux outils domestiques d’extrémité et les lamelles aux armatures. La panoplie des outils retouchés, outre le fait qu’elle permet un rattachement de l’occupation au Magdalénien récent, offre la possibilité d’identifier des activités cynégétiques et domestiques. Ces pôles d’activités prennent toute leur dimension lorsqu’on les aborde sur le plan spatial. Chaque locus montre ainsi une organisation plus ou moins complexe où se dessinent des aires d’activités spécifiques et d’autres plus polyvalentes, orientées vers la production et la consommation. La présence d’aménagements de blocs au sein du locus 2 permet d’envisager une certaine pérennité de l’occupation alors qu’à l’échelle du site, une récurrence des installations peut être envisagée.
Entrées d’index
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Haut de pageNotes de la rédaction
Received: 12 October 2016 – Admitted after revisions: 28 March 2017
Texte intégral
Presentation
1The site is located to the southwest of Montluçon town, on the southern slope of the granitic “Guineberts” hill. The excavation of the Magdalenian site led to the recovery of more than 24,000 lithic objects (tables I and II), spread over two concentrations, excavated respectively over 56 m2 (locus 1) and 245 m2 (locus 2; fig. 3). In spite of shallow burying, the site is surprisingly well-conserved and the foundations of the ancient sanctuary only very partially cover locus 2. The archaeological level is below the topsoil, 30-35 cm from the surface, for each of the two loci. It extends over a thickness of 15 to 25 cm, at the top of a level made of beige compact clayey-sandy silts, with very abundant granite centimetric gravel.
Table I. Locus 1, general breakdown of the industry by raw material
| Locus 1 | Turonien inférieur | Tertiaire à ooïdes | Tertiaire local | Tertiaire à characées | Quartz hyalin | Silex Indét. | Total |
| Éclat cortical | 3 | 84 | 19 | 106 | |||
| Éclat indifférencié | 8 | 107 | 15 | 4 | 1 | 135 | |
| Mise en forme/ravivage | 5 | 90 | 7 | 102 | |||
| Lame | 11 | 56 | 12 | 79 | |||
| Lamelle | 43 | 219 | 41 | 25 | 1 | 4 | 333 |
| Nucléus | 1 | 6 | 5 | 1 | 13 | ||
| Chute de burin | 47 | 35 | 1 | 27 | 110 | ||
| Esquille | 74 | 2865 | 235 | 108 | 1 | 3283 | |
| Support indéterminé | 1 | 2 | |||||
| Total | 192 | 3463 | 323 | 177 | 1 | 7 | 4163 |
| % | 4,6 | 83,2 | 7,8 | 4,2 | 0,02 | 0,1 | 100 |
| Poids (en g) | 250 | 2800 | 640 | 120 | 3810 | ||
| Outils | 29 | 35 | 10 | 14 | 88 |
Introduction of the raw materials
2The local raw materials are represented by silcretes, local Tertiary flint and flint with ooids (fig. 7 and 8). The first is a flint with a very irregular cortex, generally dark and opaque (grey-blue to black) or white. This material is present in a radius of 2 km around the site, but was not frequently used by the site occupants. Tertiary flint with ooids is by far the most frequently represented material at the site. It is a pale, opaque or transparent silcrete, often rich in small “oolites” with marked facies variability. The exact origin of this flint is unknown, but it appears to be local (Montluçon-Domérat basin) considering its management mode.
3The distant raw materials are represented by Lower Turonian flint from Touraine and Berry (region of the Indre and Cher valleys), by an Oligocene lacustrine flint with characeae from Limagne in Auvergne, by several objects in “jasper-type” Hettangian flint, where the closest outcrops are located to the southeast of the Indre department (region of La Châtre and Néret) and to the south of Cher (between Saint-Jeanvrin and Le Chatelet), as well as by a small batch of flint objects from the Upper Turonian of Grand-Pressigny.
4The methods of introduction and management of the main types of raw materials are very different for the local materials (local Tertiary and flint with ooids) and the distant flints (Tertiary with characeae and Lower Turonian; table III). The first are brought to the site as whole and tested blocks and pre-configured cores ready to be used. These are the only two materials for which all of the debitage chaîne opératoire took place on site with a very similar representation of the different categories of products in each locus. The only difference concerns the production aims; blades and bladelets for the flint with ooids and nearly only bladelets for the local flint. Refits on these two types of flint show a deficit in the intended products (blades and bladelets). The distant flint shows another type of management with again, similar behaviours in spite of very distant provisioning zones. The intended products are present in equivalent proportions to those of the other types of flint, although they are slightly higher in number for the flint with characeae. The difference with the local flints is due to the fact that these blanks were introduced to the site as retouched and non-retouched blanks. On site debitage activity is minimal and mainly concerns bladelet debitage, as well as the maintenance and shaping of the domestic and hunting toolkit.
Table III. Percentage of the main technological categories by raw material and by locus
| Locus 1 | Turonien inférieur | Tertiaire à characées | Tertiaire à ooïdes | Tertiaire local | ||||
| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
| Acquisition | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Décorticage | 3 | 2,5 | 0 | 0 | 84 | 14 | 19 | 21,6 |
| Éclats indif. | 8 | 6,8 | 4 | 5,8 | 107 | 18 | 15 | 17 |
| Lames | 11 | 9,3 | 12 | 17,4 | 56 | 9,3 | 0 | 0 |
| Lamelles | 43 | 36,4 | 25 | 36,2 | 219 | 36,6 | 41 | 46,6 |
| Nucléus à lamelles | 1 | 0,8 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 5 | 5,7 |
| Locus 2 | Turonien inférieur | Tertiaire à characées | Tertiaire à ooïdes | Tertiaire local | ||||
| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
| Acquisition | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0,1 | 6 | 0,3 |
| Décorticage | 66 | 4,8 | 7 | 1,2 | 432 | 11,8 | 226 | 27 |
| Éclats indif. | 136 | 10 | 53 | 9 | 984 | 27,6 | 240 | 28,7 |
| Lames | 117 | 8,6 | 61 | 10,4 | 346 | 9,7 | 22 | 2,6 |
| Lamelles | 506 | 37 | 175 | 29,9 | 779 | 21,8 | 239 | 28,6 |
| Nucléus à lames | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0,3 | 1 | 0,1 |
| Nucléus à lamelles | 8 | 0,6 | 1 | 0,1 | 30 | 0,8 | 31 | 3,7 |
Debitage characteristics: between elaborate and simplified productions
5The study of the industry brought to light two clearly dissociated production modes, one focusing on blade debitage and the other on bladelet debitage (fig. 69). No independent flake production has been clearly brought to light at the site, all of the flakes correspond to by-products from the laminar-bladelet chaîne opératoire.
6One of the aims of the laminar projects consists in producing large blades removed with a soft organic hammer, following an elaborate prismatic unipolar semi-turning “classical” schema, necessitating the creation of crests and the control of convexities (fig. 11, 13 to 15, 18 n° 2; Valentin, 1995; Pigeot, 2004; Bodu, 2006; Langlais, 2007). Apart from the ooid flint, most of this production is not carried out on site, but probably near the raw material provisioning zones. This is the case for all the blades in distant flint and for the largest elements in ooid flint, for which no refits were found. The lighter blades illustrating core reduction are more involved in refits. The second laminar project concerns the production of blades knapped with soft stones. The volumetric structure of the cores is identical, but the debitage is much less restrictive and therefore less rigid. The blades from this debitage are less standardized than the previous system and are smaller (fig. 18, n° 1). The question of the reduction of some laminar cores with organic percussion, then soft stone for the lighter blanks can be envisaged, but has not been confirmed by any refits. Based solely on the facts, the two laminar production schemas develop separately with specific objectives. Debitage with a soft h mmer, which is technically less demanding, seems to respond to more immediate needs destined to compensate for the lack of distant good quality materials. It is also very widely used for the Tertiary flint with ooids, which has intrinsic qualities facilitating elaborate debitage. On the other hand, it is more rarely used on the distant materials.
Fig. 11. Locus 2, Tertiary with ooids
Refitting of shaping/trimming products on a blade core
Drawings P. Alix, Inrap
Fig. 15. Locus 2, Tertiary with ooids
1: Blade cores with shaping ridge; 2: blade cores
Drawings P. Alix, Inrap
Fig. 18. Locus 2, Tertiary with ooids, blade refits
1: soft mineral hammer; 2: soft organic hammer
Drawings P. Alix, Inrap
7Alongside these more or less elaborate laminar debitages with a high degree of technical investment, bladelet production is much more flexible. However, lamellar debitage is just as important as blade debitage. Backed bladelets are the main production aim. Bladelet production schemas on small nodules using prismatic unipolar exploitation and more rarely on flake edges are widely documented (fig. 35 to 42). Bladelet butts are mostly plain and sometimes abraded (37%). They present soft mineral percussion marks (fig. 43 and 44).
Fig. 35. Local Tertiary (n°2 and 4, locus 1), prismatic unipolar bladelet cores
Drawings P. Alix, Inrap
Fig. 37. Locus 2, Local Tertiary, prismatic unipolar bladelet cores with resolved product refits
Drawings P. Alix, Inrap
Fig. 38. Locus 1, Tertiary with ooids
1 and 3: unipolar bladelet cores; 2: unipolar bladelet core with opposed offset debitage
Drawings P. Alix, Inrap
Fig. 39. Locus 2, Tertiary with ooids
1 and 3: unipolar bladelet cores; 2: unipolar bladelet core
Drawings P. Alix, Inrap
Fig. 40. Locus 2, Tertiary with ooids
1 and 2: unipolar bladelet cores; 3: unipolar bladelet core; 4 and 5: unipolar bladelet core on side of flake
Drawings P. Alix, Inrap
Fig. 42. Unipolar bladelet cores
n° 1 locus 1, Lower Turonian; n° 2 locus 2, Tertiary with characeae
Drawings P. Alix, Inrap
Typological study
8The retouched tools are relatively well represented in the two loci (541 objects, or 10% for locus 1 and 7% for 2). However, they are not very varied, and most of the toolkit is made up of backed bladelets and burins (tables IX and X). Logically, as is the case for most Upper Palaeolithic sites in the region, the distant raw materials are preferentially associated with tool making (Surmely and Pasty 2003). The Turonian flint from the Cher Valley has the highest transformation rate (17%), flowed by the Tertiary flint with characeae from Limagne (13.4%). The ooid flint is only rarely retouched (3.7%), as is the local Tertiary flint (2.9%).
Table IX. Locus 1, breakdown of the retouched tools by raw material
| Locus 1 | Turonieninférieur | Tertiaire àooïdes | Tertiairelocal | Tertiaireà characées | Total | % |
| Grattoir | 1 | 1 | 1,1 | |||
| Burin | 2 | 5 | 3 | 10 | 11,3 | |
| Outil multiple | 3 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 6,8 | |
| Lamelle à dos | 22 | 24 | 9 | 7 | 62 | 70,4 |
| Lame retouchée | 1 | 1 | 1,1 | |||
| Troncature | 1 | 1 | 1,1 | |||
| Encoche | 1 | 1 | 1,1 | |||
| Pièce esquillée | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 5,7 |
| Éclat retouché | 1 | 1 | 1,1 | |||
| Total | 29 | 35 | 10 | 14 | 88 | 100 |
| % | 32,9 | 39,7 | 11,4 | 15,9 | 100 |
Table X. Locus 2, décompte des outils retouchés par matière première
| Locus 2 | Hettangien | Turonien inférieur | Turonien supérieur | Tertiaire à ooïdes | Tertiaire local | Tertiaire à characées | Silex indét. | Total | % |
| Grattoir | 6 | 4 | 1 | 11 | 2,4 | ||||
| Burin | 25 | 1 | 36 | 12 | 1 | 75 | 16,5 | ||
| Perçoir | 3 | 3 | 6 | 1,3 | |||||
| Outil multiple | 10 | 9 | 6 | 25 | 5,5 | ||||
| Lamelle à dos | 1 | 168 | 3 | 72 | 17 | 51 | 312 | 68,9 | |
| Lame/Lamelle retouchée | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0,7 | |||||
| Troncature | 8 | 1 | 9 | 2 | |||||
| Encoche/Denticulé | 2 | 1 | 3 | 0,7 | |||||
| Pièce esquillée | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 0,9 | ||||
| Éclat retouché | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 0,9 | ||||
| Percuteur | 1 | 1 | 0,2 | ||||||
| Total | 1 | 223 | 4 | 133 | 17 | 74 | 1 | 453 | 100 |
| % | 0,2 | 49,2 | 0,9 | 29,3 | 3,7 | 16,3 | 0,2 | 100 |
9Apart from several exceptions, the blades are associated with domestic tools and the bladelets are associated with armatures. Flakes are only exceptionally used for making tools and are mainly used for tools requiring little technical investment (retouched flake, notch, denticulate, pièce esquillée). The backed bladelets are made on rectilinear blanks with lengths oscillating between 15 and 46 mm with an average of 31.8 mm (fig. 48 to 51). The size of these armatures shows a very standardized population with a width between 6 and 7 mm (average 6.6 mm) and a thickness between 2 and 3 mm (average 2.5 mm). The back is mainly retouched with direct percussion, and only rarely pressure retouched. It is practically systematically associated with polishing, destined to regularize the edge (Pelegrin 2004).
Fig. 48. Backed bladelets with shallow retouch
1 to 7: Tertiary with ooids, locus 1; 8: local Tertiary, locus 1; 9 to 25: Tertiary with ooids, locus 2; 26 to 32: local Tertiary, locus 2
Drawings P. Alix, Inrap
Fig. 49. Backed bladelets with shallow retouch
1 to 35: Lower Turonian, locus 2; 36 to 40: Tertiary with characeae, locus 2; 41: Upper Turonian, locus 2
Drawings P. Alix, Inrap
Fig. 50. 1 to 30: backed bladelets; 31: backed bladelet roughout
1: local Tertiary, locus 1; 2: local Tertiary, locus 2; 3: Tertiary with ooids, locus 1; 4 to 10 and 31: Tertiary with ooids, locus 2; 11 to 29: Lower Turonian, locus 2; 30: Upper Turonian, locus 2
Drawings P. Alix, Inrap
Fig. 51. 1 to 28: pressure flaked backed bladelets; 29 to 33: Double backed bladelets; 34 and 35: truncated backed bladelets
1 and 2 and 29: Tertiary with ooids, locus 1; 3 and 4: Tertiary with ooids, locus 2; 5 to 23, 31, 32 and 34: Lower Turonian, locus 2; 24 to 28 and 30: Tertiary with characeae, locus 2; 35: Hettangian, locus 2
Drawings P. Alix, Inrap
10The domestic tools make up 30.8% of the toolkit and are mainly made on blades in distant flint and Tertiary flint with ooids. They are mainly end tools (86.8% of the domestic toolkit), comprising burins and mainly dihedral burins (fig. 52 to 60). The other end tools (end scrapers, perforators, truncated objects or pièces esquillées) and lateral tools (retouched flakes, blades and bladelets, notches and denticulates) are more marginal in the series (13.1% of the domestic toolkit).
Fig. 52. Median dihedral burins
1: Lower Turonian, locus 1; 2: Tertiary with ooids, locus 1; 3 and 4: Tertiary with characeae, locus 1; 5 and 6: Tertiary with ooids, locus 2
Drawings P. Alix, Inrap
Fig. 54. Median dihedral burins
1: Tertiary with ooids, locus 2; 2 to 5: Tertiary with characeae, locus 2
Drawings P. Alix, Inrap
Fig. 55. Median dihedral burins
1 to 3: Tertiary with characeae, locus 2; 4 to 7: Lower Turonian, locus 2
Drawings P. Alix, Inrap
Fig. 56. Angled dihedral burins
1: Lower Turonian, locus 1; 2 to 5: Tertiary with ooids, locus 2
Drawings P. Alix, Inrap
Fig. 57. 1 to 4: angled dihedral burins; 5: truncation burin
1 to 3: Tertiary with characeae, locus 2; 4: Lower Turonian, locus 2; 6; Tertiary with characeae, locus 1
Drawings P. Alix, Inrap
Fig. 58. Truncation burins
1: Tertiary with ooids, locus 2; 2: Tertiary with characeae, locus 1; 3: Lower Turonian, locus 2; 4: Tertiary with characeae, locus 2
Drawings P. Alix, Inrap
Fig. 59. 1 and 2: truncation burins; 3 to 5: burins on breaks
1 and 2: Lower Turonian, locus 2; 3 to 5: Tertiary with characeae, locus 1
Drawings P. Alix, Inrap
Fig. 60. Burins on breaks
1 and 2: Tertiary with characeae, locus 2; 3 to 5, Lower Turonian, locus 2
Drawings P. Alix, Inrap
11The typological composition of “Hauts de Buffon” is classical and can be compared to many sites attributed to the Middle-Upper Magdalenian in Velay or Limagne (Delporte, 1966, Surmely, 1998; Surmely et al., 2002). It offers in particular many similar features to recent Magdalenian levels from Rond du Barry (layer E) or Enval-Fond de l’Abri (Bayle des Hermens, 1972, 1983; Bourdelle, 1979; Bourdelle and Virmont, 1983). Like at Montluçon, the Recent Magdalenian laminar debitage of Rond du Barry seems to associate a large blade debitage with a smaller laminar production using soft mineral hammers.
The spatial analysis of locus 2
12The different characteristics of the lithic industry show that the assemblages from both loci can be attributed to the same individuals, but they are not strictly contemporaneous. The main characteristic of locus 2 is the existence of structures in quartz blocks, ranging in size from several centimetres to several tens of centimetres, taken from the immediate surroundings of the site (fig. 74 and 75). As no heating marks have been identified on these blocks, they do not represent combustion structures. Apart from these structures, the spatial organization of the habitat is mainly materialized by the presence of zones with high densities of objects separated by areas where objects are rarer (fig. 76).
13These dense sectors correspond to the main debitage areas with high quantities of remains (fig. 84). In addition, annex knapping areas located outside the occupation mainly include products from the first phases of the debitage chaîne opératoire. These may be made by apprentice knappers and confirm the existence of hierarchisation in the dwelling area or at least a scale of values between the intended products and the other types of blanks. Several concentrations of remains are interpreted as multi-purpose activity zones (fig. 84). These areas concentrate most of the activities carried out on site. They include debitage activities, but also retouching operations and the use of certain categories of tools (backed bladelets, burins). We can interpret the accumulation of certain types of domestic tools (end scrapers, pièces esquillées, etc.) in sectors poor in lithic remains as areas devoted to domestic activities (hide processing, animal carcass processing, etc.).
Conclusion
14The good general conservation of the site enabled us to underscore the complexity of the activities carried out on site, and the different behaviours linked to raw material acquisition and techno-economic activities. The raw materials brought to the site give us an idea of the extent of the acquisition territory and the mobility of these human groups over long distances. On a regional scale, this is the first time that the excavation of an Upper Palaeolithic occupation records distant raw material procurement that is not solely geared towards the marine formations south of the Paris Basin. This behaviour denotes the anticipation of raw material acquisition needs, but also the high mobility of the site occupants, which is also shown by the exportation of finished products (retouched and non-retouched) from the site. The different characteristics of the raw materials brought to the site are then utilised for the debitage aims. In this way, the lithic industry associates good quality distant raw materials with the production of well-made laminar blanks following an elaborate schema. The local and very accessible raw materials are reserved for simplified laminar production. As for bladelets, they mainly result from separate production on small modules. These technological aims are visible for blank management as the blades are used as blanks for domestic end tools and bladelets as armatures. The panoply of retouched tools shows that this is a Recent Magdalenian occupation and points to hunting and domestic activities. These activity poles show their true dimension when we assess them from a spatial perspective. Each locus shows a relatively complex organization with specific activity areas and other more multi-purpose zones, geared towards production and consumption. The presence of structures of blocks in locus 2 points towards a relatively long-term occupation, with recurrent installations.
Table des illustrations
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| Titre | Fig. 7. Percentage of the different types of raw materials in each locus |
| URL | http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/543/img-1.jpg |
| Fichier | image/jpeg, 318k |
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| Titre | Fig. 8. Map of the provenance of the main types of flint identified at Hauts de Buffon |
| URL | http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/543/img-2.jpg |
| Fichier | image/jpeg, 677k |
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| Titre | Fig. 69. Summarized diagram of the production systems |
| URL | http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/543/img-3.jpg |
| Fichier | image/jpeg, 295k |
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| Titre | Fig. 11. Locus 2, Tertiary with ooids |
| Légende | Refitting of shaping/trimming products on a blade core |
| Crédits | Drawings P. Alix, Inrap |
| URL | http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/543/img-4.jpg |
| Fichier | image/jpeg, 1,8M |
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| Titre | Fig. 13. Locus 2, Tertiary with ooids, blade cores with shaping ridge |
| Crédits | Drawings P. Alix, Inrap |
| URL | http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/543/img-5.jpg |
| Fichier | image/jpeg, 957k |
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| Titre | Fig. 14. Locus 2, Tertiary with ooids, blade cores with shaping ridge |
| Crédits | Drawings P. Alix, Inrap |
| URL | http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/543/img-6.jpg |
| Fichier | image/jpeg, 988k |
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| Titre | Fig. 15. Locus 2, Tertiary with ooids |
| Légende | 1: Blade cores with shaping ridge; 2: blade cores |
| Crédits | Drawings P. Alix, Inrap |
| URL | http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/543/img-7.jpg |
| Fichier | image/jpeg, 1,2M |
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| Titre | Fig. 18. Locus 2, Tertiary with ooids, blade refits |
| Légende | 1: soft mineral hammer; 2: soft organic hammer |
| Crédits | Drawings P. Alix, Inrap |
| URL | http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/543/img-8.jpg |
| Fichier | image/jpeg, 1,0M |
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| Titre | Fig. 35. Local Tertiary (n°2 and 4, locus 1), prismatic unipolar bladelet cores |
| Légende | Drawings P. Alix, Inrap |
| URL | http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/543/img-9.jpg |
| Fichier | image/jpeg, 1,6M |
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| Titre | Fig. 36. Locus 2, Local Tertiary, prismatic unipolar bladelet cores |
| Crédits | Drawings P. Alix, Inrap |
| URL | http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/543/img-10.jpg |
| Fichier | image/jpeg, 1,1M |
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| Titre | Fig. 37. Locus 2, Local Tertiary, prismatic unipolar bladelet cores with resolved product refits |
| Crédits | Drawings P. Alix, Inrap |
| URL | http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/543/img-11.jpg |
| Fichier | image/jpeg, 1,1M |
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| Titre | Fig. 38. Locus 1, Tertiary with ooids |
| Légende | 1 and 3: unipolar bladelet cores; 2: unipolar bladelet core with opposed offset debitage |
| Crédits | Drawings P. Alix, Inrap |
| URL | http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/543/img-12.jpg |
| Fichier | image/jpeg, 1,4M |
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| Titre | Fig. 39. Locus 2, Tertiary with ooids |
| Légende | 1 and 3: unipolar bladelet cores; 2: unipolar bladelet core |
| Crédits | Drawings P. Alix, Inrap |
| URL | http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/543/img-13.jpg |
| Fichier | image/jpeg, 2,0M |
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| Titre | Fig. 40. Locus 2, Tertiary with ooids |
| Légende | 1 and 2: unipolar bladelet cores; 3: unipolar bladelet core; 4 and 5: unipolar bladelet core on side of flake |
| Crédits | Drawings P. Alix, Inrap |
| URL | http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/543/img-14.jpg |
| Fichier | image/jpeg, 1,7M |
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| Titre | Fig. 41. Locus 2, Lower Turonian, bladelet core |
| Crédits | Drawings P. Alix, Inrap |
| URL | http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/543/img-15.jpg |
| Fichier | image/jpeg, 1,6M |
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| Titre | Fig. 42. Unipolar bladelet cores |
| Légende | n° 1 locus 1, Lower Turonian; n° 2 locus 2, Tertiary with characeae |
| Crédits | Drawings P. Alix, Inrap |
| URL | http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/543/img-16.jpg |
| Fichier | image/jpeg, 1,1M |
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| Titre | Fig. 43. Locus 1, Tertiary with characeae, bladelets |
| Crédits | Drawings P. Alix, Inrap |
| URL | http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/543/img-17.jpg |
| Fichier | image/jpeg, 1,2M |
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| Titre | Fig. 44. Locus 2, Tertiary with characeae, bladelets |
| Crédits | Drawings P. Alix, Inrap |
| URL | http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/543/img-18.jpg |
| Fichier | image/jpeg, 1,4M |
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| Titre | Fig. 48. Backed bladelets with shallow retouch |
| Légende | 1 to 7: Tertiary with ooids, locus 1; 8: local Tertiary, locus 1; 9 to 25: Tertiary with ooids, locus 2; 26 to 32: local Tertiary, locus 2 |
| Crédits | Drawings P. Alix, Inrap |
| URL | http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/543/img-19.jpg |
| Fichier | image/jpeg, 1,4M |
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| Titre | Fig. 49. Backed bladelets with shallow retouch |
| Légende | 1 to 35: Lower Turonian, locus 2; 36 to 40: Tertiary with characeae, locus 2; 41: Upper Turonian, locus 2 |
| Crédits | Drawings P. Alix, Inrap |
| URL | http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/543/img-20.jpg |
| Fichier | image/jpeg, 1,9M |
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| Titre | Fig. 50. 1 to 30: backed bladelets; 31: backed bladelet roughout |
| Légende | 1: local Tertiary, locus 1; 2: local Tertiary, locus 2; 3: Tertiary with ooids, locus 1; 4 to 10 and 31: Tertiary with ooids, locus 2; 11 to 29: Lower Turonian, locus 2; 30: Upper Turonian, locus 2 |
| Crédits | Drawings P. Alix, Inrap |
| URL | http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/543/img-21.jpg |
| Fichier | image/jpeg, 1,8M |
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| Titre | Fig. 51. 1 to 28: pressure flaked backed bladelets; 29 to 33: Double backed bladelets; 34 and 35: truncated backed bladelets |
| Légende | 1 and 2 and 29: Tertiary with ooids, locus 1; 3 and 4: Tertiary with ooids, locus 2; 5 to 23, 31, 32 and 34: Lower Turonian, locus 2; 24 to 28 and 30: Tertiary with characeae, locus 2; 35: Hettangian, locus 2 |
| Crédits | Drawings P. Alix, Inrap |
| URL | http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/543/img-22.jpg |
| Fichier | image/jpeg, 2,0M |
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| Titre | Fig. 52. Median dihedral burins |
| Légende | 1: Lower Turonian, locus 1; 2: Tertiary with ooids, locus 1; 3 and 4: Tertiary with characeae, locus 1; 5 and 6: Tertiary with ooids, locus 2 |
| Crédits | Drawings P. Alix, Inrap |
| URL | http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/543/img-23.jpg |
| Fichier | image/jpeg, 1,2M |
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| Titre | Fig 53. Median dihedral burins |
| Légende | Tertiary with ooids, locus 2 |
| Crédits | Drawings P. Alix, Inrap |
| URL | http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/543/img-24.jpg |
| Fichier | image/jpeg, 1,1M |
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| Titre | Fig. 54. Median dihedral burins |
| Légende | 1: Tertiary with ooids, locus 2; 2 to 5: Tertiary with characeae, locus 2 |
| Crédits | Drawings P. Alix, Inrap |
| URL | http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/543/img-25.jpg |
| Fichier | image/jpeg, 1,4M |
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| Titre | Fig. 55. Median dihedral burins |
| Légende | 1 to 3: Tertiary with characeae, locus 2; 4 to 7: Lower Turonian, locus 2 |
| Crédits | Drawings P. Alix, Inrap |
| URL | http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/543/img-26.jpg |
| Fichier | image/jpeg, 1,5M |
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| Titre | Fig. 56. Angled dihedral burins |
| Légende | 1: Lower Turonian, locus 1; 2 to 5: Tertiary with ooids, locus 2 |
| Crédits | Drawings P. Alix, Inrap |
| URL | http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/543/img-27.jpg |
| Fichier | image/jpeg, 1,2M |
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| Titre | Fig. 57. 1 to 4: angled dihedral burins; 5: truncation burin |
| Légende | 1 to 3: Tertiary with characeae, locus 2; 4: Lower Turonian, locus 2; 6; Tertiary with characeae, locus 1 |
| Crédits | Drawings P. Alix, Inrap |
| URL | http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/543/img-28.jpg |
| Fichier | image/jpeg, 902k |
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| Titre | Fig. 58. Truncation burins |
| Légende | 1: Tertiary with ooids, locus 2; 2: Tertiary with characeae, locus 1; 3: Lower Turonian, locus 2; 4: Tertiary with characeae, locus 2 |
| Crédits | Drawings P. Alix, Inrap |
| URL | http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/543/img-29.jpg |
| Fichier | image/jpeg, 1,2M |
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| Titre | Fig. 59. 1 and 2: truncation burins; 3 to 5: burins on breaks |
| Légende | 1 and 2: Lower Turonian, locus 2; 3 to 5: Tertiary with characeae, locus 1 |
| Crédits | Drawings P. Alix, Inrap |
| URL | http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/543/img-30.jpg |
| Fichier | image/jpeg, 1,2M |
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| Titre | Fig. 60. Burins on breaks |
| Légende | 1 and 2: Tertiary with characeae, locus 2; 3 to 5, Lower Turonian, locus 2 |
| Crédits | Drawings P. Alix, Inrap |
| URL | http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/543/img-31.jpg |
| Fichier | image/jpeg, 1,1M |
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| Titre | Fig. 74. Locus 2, view of the structure F-G19-20 |
| URL | http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/543/img-32.jpg |
| Fichier | image/jpeg, 1,4M |
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| Titre | Fig. 75. Locus 2, general view of structures L-M28-29 and M-N31-32 |
| URL | http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/543/img-33.jpg |
| Fichier | image/jpeg, 1,8M |
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| Titre | Fig. 76. Locus 2, distribution of all the objects by raw material |
| URL | http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/543/img-34.jpg |
| Fichier | image/jpeg, 992k |
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| Titre | Fig. 84. Locus 2, identification of the activity areas |
| URL | http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/docannexe/image/543/img-35.jpg |
| Fichier | image/jpeg, 622k |
Pour citer cet article
Référence papier
Jean-Francois Pasty, Michel Piboule et Philippe Alix, « The Magdalenian open site of the Hauts de Buffon in Montluçon (Allier, France) », Gallia Préhistoire, 57 | 2017, 127-131.
Référence électronique
Jean-Francois Pasty, Michel Piboule et Philippe Alix, « The Magdalenian open site of the Hauts de Buffon in Montluçon (Allier, France) », Gallia Préhistoire [En ligne], 57 | 2017, mis en ligne le 15 février 2018, consulté le 10 février 2026. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/galliap/543 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/galliap.543
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