Navegação – Mapa do site

InícioNuméros32ArtigosFisiographic survey of the high c...

Artigos

Fisiographic survey of the high courses of hydrographic sub-basins in the crystaline massif of Meruoca, state of Ceará

Levantamento fisiográfico dos altos cursos das sub-bacias hidrográficas no maciço cristalino Serra da Meruoca, estado do Ceará
Levantamiento fisiográfico de los cursos al­tos de las sub-cuencas hidrográficas en el macizo cristalino serra da Meruoca, estado de Ceará
Étude physiographique des hauts cours des sous-bassins hydrographiques du massif cristallin de la Meruoca, à l’état bresilien du Ceará
Ernane Cortez Lima, Vanda Claudino-Sales e Ulisses Costa de Oliveira
Este artigo é uma tradução do:
Levantamento fisiográfico dos altos cursos das sub-bacias hidrográficas no maciço cristalino Serra da Meruoca, estado do Ceará [pt]

Resumos

Este trabalho apresenta levantamento fisiográfico dos altos cursos de bacias e sub-bacias hidrográficas do Maciço da Meruoca (região Noroeste do Estado do Ceará), utilizando processamento digital de imagens de satélite landsat 8 e Spot 5 e trabalhos de campo. Utilizou-se o modelo geossistêmico de Bertrand, definindo-se a existência de geossistema e onze geofácies, cada uma representando uma das sub-bacias trabalhadas. A pesquisa permitiu identificar diferentes ambientes a sotavento e a barlavento do maciço, em termo de solos, relevos, cobertura vegetal e incisão fluvial, indicando como resultado setor a barlavento mais úmido, fato controlado pelas chuvas orográficas, com solos e cobertura vegetal mais desenvolvidos e incisão fluvial mais intensa. Identicou-se também que a maioria dos fluxos fluviais são intermitentes, formando rios de 1ª, 2ª e 3ª ordens. Conclui-se que o geossistema é frágil e vulnerável aos usos e ocupações que vem sofrendo, o que implica em riscos de elevada degradação ambiental.

Topo da página

Notas da redacção

Artigo recebido em: 13/11/2020
Artigo aprovado em: 31/03/2021

Texto integral

Introduction

1The crystalline massif Ser­ra da Meruoca is located in the Northwest of the State of Ceará, on the left bank of the Acaraú River, close to the city of Sobral. It presents as geogra­phic coordinates 03 ° 35’27’’ of south latitude and 40 ° 29’11’’ of west longitude. Involving an area of 478.8 km2 (from the 200m elevation) and ave­rage altitude between 550 and 700m, the massif covers part of the municipalities of Sobral, Coreaú and Massapê, in addi­tion to all the municipalities of Alcântaras and Meruoca.

2It is a singular massif, as it is completely delimited by ge­ological faults, forming a high structural rhombus which is distinguished in the northe­astern semiarid by the more humid climate it presents in relation to the adjacent areas. Effectively, the research area, despite being embedded in a region of semiarid dominance, represents a humid highland, composing the so-called « brejos de cimeira » mentioned by Ab'Saber (1969) and taken up by Souza (1989) and Bétard et al. (2007). It represents, in this perspective, an exception zone in the context of the semi-arid northeastern region.

3Some studies have already been conducted with a view to analyzing natural elements and environmental problems (e.g. LIMA, 1999; LIMA, E. C. 2014; DINIZ et al., 2020). The area lacks, however, studies from the hydrographic point of view, with compartmentaliza­tion of river basins, in order to provide the interpretation of the role of rivers in the confi­guration of the local geomor­phological landscape and the geoenvironment as a whole.

4This work presents the perspective of defining the physiographic characteristics and compartmentalization of the sub-basins that occur in the Massif of Meruoca, as well as analyzing the ecophysiogra­phic conditions of the region. In order to present and analy­ze these factors, the research defined as a detail area the upper course of each hydro­graphic sub-basin that is part of two large hydrographic ba­sins in the state that also have their sources in the Massif of Meruoca, namely the river ba­sins Acaraú and Coreaú.

5To this end, the authors adopted the geosystemic approach, in the terms propo­sed by Bertrand (1972), iden­tifying in the research area the existence of a geosystem (the crystalline massif) and eleven geofacies (the upper course of the hydrographic sub-basins). This methodological option allowed the major objective of the study to be reached, which is the physiographic detailing of the Serra da Meruoca from the analysis of its drainage ne­twork.

6The geosystem in this re­search presents great environ­mental vulnerability due to the use of rudimentary methods by the population in the daily treatment of natural resources. Factors such as occupation and exploitation of the tops, slopes, and valleys provoke edaphoclimatic alterations translated into degradation problems, producing the most varied environmental impacts.

7The main types of use, oc­cupation and situations that generate environmental de­gradation are associated with subsistence agriculture, lack of basic sanitation, deforesta­tion, burnings, predatory urba­nization, among others, which is associated with the lack of a conservation policy. This set of situations produces serious environmental deterioration problems, some considered almost irreversible in the hi­ghland environment. In this way, the current state of na­tural resources in the region reflects the forms of land use and occupation that have been carried out over many years of socioeconomic exploitation.

Characterization of the study area

8The Massif of Meruoca, or Meruoca-Rosário complex, where the hydrographic sub­-basins under analysis are lo­cated, comprises an area of “stock”, from a geological point of view (e.g. BRAN­DÃO; FREITAS, 2014). It is a reddish coarse granite, formed during the Brasiliano Orogeny (e.g. BRITO NEVES, 1999).

9The Brasiliano Orogeny collage on the Gondwana su­percontinent into the Prote­rozoic (550 million years) represents the most impor­tant geological event in the Brazilian Northeast, having structured the geological and morphostructural network that exists today (PEULVAST e CLAUDINO-SALES, 2005; CABY; ARTHAUD; AR­CHANJO, 1995). Later, in the Upper Cretaceous (120 Ma), the granites were raised in the form of rift shoulders that pro­duced the breakup of Gondwa­na and the separation of Africa and South America (PEUL­VAST; CLAUDINO-SALES, 2004; MATOS, 2000). The Massif of Meruoca was raised in this event, and since then it has been sculpted by the erosi­ve processes that acted in the Cenozoic, thus representing a residue from the rift shoulders (CLAUDINO-SALES, 2016).

10In fact, the older terrains than the Brasiliano granite (Ar­chean and Lower Proterozoic), for having already undergone two orogenesis throughout the geological history and for being extremely metamorphi­zed and fractured, proved to be less resistant than the granite itself. (CLAUDINO-SALES, 2016). Thus, they were devas­tated by the tertiary erosion process until they formed the Sertaneja planing surface that characterizes the area surrou­nding the massif. The granite, more resistant, was exhumed and supports the high relief of the massif (CLAUDINO-SALES; LIRA, 2011).

11In addition, and contrary to what seems to have occurred with other crystalline massifs in the northern Brazilian Nor­theast, which were re-uplifted along the Tertiary (eg MAIA; BETARD; BEZERRA, 2016; GURGEL et al., 2013; MO­RAIS NETO et al ., 2009), the Massif of Meruoca shows no evidence of having undergone a similar process in post-Cretaceous times, des­pite the presence of structural control: the massif is delimited by Brazilian shear zones, pre­senting a quadrangular shape (Figure 1) and slopes typically derived from fault scarps. With exception of subsequent resear­ch indicating the opposite, the­re is currently no evidence that may indicate the occurrence of Cenozoic soeruptions along these shear zones (CLAUDI­NO-SALES, 2016).

12The Serra da Meruoca is, therefore, a residual massif. It presents two very distinct fa­ces, one disposed to the north and the other to the south. In the north, the valleys are deep and the tops vary from 700 to 900m of altitude, reaching the 990m level, showing greater atmospheric humidity and mor­phology of ridges, hills and se­mi-mamelonized (breast-sha­ped) forms, as pointed out by Moreira and Gatto (1981). To the south, elevations between 600-800m occur, presenting drier conditions, controlled by the context of leeward slopes (LIMA, 2014, 2011, 1999) (Figure1).

13The semi-arid climate in the Northeast has as its main cha­racteristics low rainfall rates, high insolation and evapotrans­piration rates, high temperatu­res with low temperature range, and water deficit. According to Zanella (2014), the high insola­tion rates and high temperatures are a result of its latitudinal po­sition, since the region is sub­jected to strong solar radiation throughout the year.

14For presenting these climatic conditions, the Residual Massif of Serra da Meruoca is inserted in the Morphoclimatic Domain of Semi-arid Interplanaltic De­pressions, which constitutes a region of azonal climate in rela­tion to tropical and subtropical zones (MELO et al., 2005: AB`­SABER, 1974). In the area, the climate is of the humid tropical type (IPECE, 2016), precipi­tation is generally greater than 1000mm annually (BEZERRA; BEZERRA; MENDES, 1989), and the original vegetation co­ver is pluvial-cloud forest (FI­GUEIREDO, 1997; FERNAN­DES, 1990). These facts give it a differentiated natural dyna­mic, contemplated by hydro­geographic and environmental variables specific to the geosys­tem studied.

15At the massif area, there are basically two types of soil: in higher areas, there is the pre­sence of Red-Yellow Argisols, and in lower areas, of Litholic Neosols. In both sectors occur granites of the Meruoca stock, however, the occurrence of the­se soils varies depending on the arrangement of the slopes to the rains, occurring in the win­dward sectors Red-Yellow Ar­gissols and in the leeward sec­tors, Litholic Neosols (LIMA, 2015).

Research methodology

16This research is based on the systemic method, being groun­ded and founded on Bertalanfy's General Systems Theory (1975), adapted by Bertrand (1972) for the geosciences. The central principle of ge­osystemic analysis is to analy­ze the mutual relationships and interdependencies betwe­en the natural and anthropic components. It It works on the integration of the geomor­phological, hydrographical, pedological, and vegetational components with the natural resource use processes, as a way to obtain the geoenviron­mental characterization of the areas defined for the research. The perspective is to build a geoenvironmental analysis that contributes mainly to ac­tions for planning the use of natural resources.

17The geosystem and geofa­cies were identified according to the main environmental attributes inherent to them. It was necessary to survey the geomorphological features such as tops, slopes and val­leys, which was done using the Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and fieldwork. Then, based on internal diversities and using the geomorphological cri­terion, the largest territorial unit (geosystem, represented by the crystalline massif) was defined, and from there, the recognition and delimitation of smaller homogeneous su­bunits, which represent geofa­cies (the upper course of the hydrographic sub-basins).

18In this work, the main as­pects observed were the phy­siographic survey, including the climatic data and the com­partmentalization of the sub­-basins. The sub-basins were compartmentalized in number of 11, labeled « S » (S of sub­-basin), involving the entire extent of the Massif of Meruo­ca. The basins have different shapes and the physiographic and ecological space of each of them depends on diversified combinations between the en­vironmental components res­ponsible for the constitution of the relief (geoforms, hydrography, soils, vegetation, identified from the interpreta­tion of images and maps and fieldwork).

Figura 1 - Location and hypsometry of the massif of Meruoca, state of Ceará

Figura 1 - Location and hypsometry of the massif of Meruoca, state of Ceará

Source: Authors

19In order to support the analysis, a bibliographic sur­vey and thematic mapping of the sub-basins was carried out, on a scale of 1: 100,000. The maps were generated from the use of the ArcGIS 10.1 GIS (Geographic Information Sys­tem) manager, based on the Universal Transverse Merca­tor (UTM) projection, from the SIRGAS 2000 UTM Zone 24S Horizontal Datum, based on a metric coordinate system.

20A mosaic was made using the Mosaic Dataset tool, avai­lable in ArcGIS 10.1, acces­sible at the State University Vale do Acaraú - UVA, using Matrix Topographic maps, provided by the DSG (Direc­torate of Geographic Service of the Brazilian Army) and dated between 1972 and 1984, considering the location co­des referring to the Bela Cruz SA-24-YDI, Frecheirinha SA­-24-YC-VI, Granja SA-24-Y­C-III and Sobral SA -24-YD­-IV quadrants, produced in a scale of 1: 100,000 . The hy­drographic sub-basins were verified using orbital images from the LANDSAT ‘8’ satelli­te (bands 1 and 8) and Spot 5, Google Earth Pro analysis and fieldwork.

21The geoenvironmental units and geofacies were cons­tituted after interpretation of satellite images, accompanied by various checks and field surveys, carried out through walking and in situ recognition of the studied areas. Based on the scientific work of Souza (1994), connections such as lithology, relief, soils, mor­phopedological conditions and vegetation cover were made in order to achieve consistent information regarding the in­teractions among the geoenvi­ronmental components.

22The generation of the deli­mitation polygon of the area took place through the techni­que of automatic delimitation, making it necessary to assem­ble a mosaic with the images Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), Bela Cruz S.A-24-Y-D-I, Frecheirinha S. A-24-Y-C-VI, Granja S.A­-24-Y-C-III and Sobral S.A -24-Y-D-IV, image through tools, where the flow direc­tion, the accumulated flow in each cell, the longest flow path and the numerical order for each segment were deter­mined. Next, a drainage file was generated, then a draina­ge shape. The next step was to delimit the sub-basins from a collection point, after which the point shape was transformed into a polygon vector file. A synthesis map (figure 3) was prepared in which the geosys­temic unit (Residual Massif of Serra da Meruoca) and its respective geofacies (its hy­drographic sub-basins) are re­presented.

Results and dis­cussion

Geoenvironmental com­partmentalization of the geosystem / geofacies

23The geosystem defined in the research corresponds to the crystalline massif itself (Serra da Meruoca) and the geofacies, to the upper course of the ele­ven hydrographic sub-basins studied (Figure 3 and Table 1). It is worth mentioning that the morphological features that make up the Residual Massif of Serra da Meruoca show di­versifications in terms of alti­tude, temperature, soil types and the effects of dissection of the relief: these are the charac­teristics that will significantly define the delimitation and characterization of the main geofacies. Some examples of these configurations are provi­ded in figure 2.

24The 11 (eleven) sub-basins are as follows: in the North: sub-basin 1, part of sub-basin 2 and part of sub-basin 11; the Northeast, sub-basin 2 and sub-basin 3; to the Nor­thwest, sub-basin 11; to the East, sub-basins 4 and sub­-basin 5; Southeast sub-basin 6 and part of 7; to the South, sub-basin 7, 8 and part of 9; to the Southwest the sub-basin 9 and finally, to the West, the sub-basin 5 and part of the 9 (Figure 3).

25The streams of the sub-ba­sins under analysis, regarding the hierarchy of the chan­nels, are of the first, second and third order, according to Strahler (1952). These are areas of major sources, with altimetric elevations ranging from 550 to 846m. They have « V » shaped valleys with fe­atures dissected in hills and narrow interfluves, with a wi­dth between valleys of Taking into account the position of the Massif of Meruoca and considering, above all, its al­titude, with tops between 700 and 990m, the occurrence of orographic rains in the region, providing high rates of rainfall and configuring the relief as a high altitude swamp, repre­senting an enclave of moistu­re amidst the planing surface. However, although the massif represents a humid and sub­-humid area, it has dry areas. These are areas to the leeward with climatic conditions simi­lar to those of the planing sur­face (Figure 4).

Figure 2 - Overview of Serra da Meruoca:
(A) Relief dissected into hills, sub-basin trough in the center of the photo; (B) Thalweg, sub-basin riverbed; (C) « V »-shaped valley, with strong linear incision gradient; (D) Partial view of the massif of Serra da Meruoca, south face

Figure 2 - Overview of Serra da Meruoca:(A) Relief dissected into hills, sub-basin trough in the center of the photo; (B) Thalweg, sub-basin riverbed; (C) « V »-shaped valley, with strong linear incision gradient; (D) Partial view of the massif of Serra da Meruoca, south face

Source: Authors

26In the process of compart­mentalization of the upper course of the sub-basins, the area of the geosystem and ge­ofacies was calculated, esta­blished as follows: Total area of the Massif: 473.92 km2. Area and percentage of the upper course of the hydrogra­phic sub-basins in Km2: S1 = 48.831 (10.3%); S2 = 76.844 (16.2%); S3 = 4.044 (0.8%); S4 = 31.669 (6.7%); S5 = 78.891 (16.7%); S6 = 30.263 (6.4%); S7 = 18.178 (3.8%); S8 = 20.259 (4.2%); S9 = 57.967 (12.2%); S10 = 5.214 (1%); S11 = 105.76 (22.6%).

27The dendritic and subden­dritic pattern has a predomi­nance in the upper areas of the sub-basins, since the rock material is made up of crystalli­ne rocks, with low infiltration power of rainwater, due to the impermeability of the granite stock (LIMA, 1999). The irregularity of the rains makes the main river and other small streams subperennial and tem­porary, most of the time wi­thout water, except during the rainy season. The most significant rainfall occurs in the months of March, April and May; spending most of the time without rain, thus directly affecting the watercourses.

28As for the vegetation cover, it is uncharacterized, but there are a few remnants (enclaves) of Tropical Rain Forest. This natural vegetation has, howe­ver, been deforested to plant banana trees, mango trees and elephant grass. The area also has a significant presence of cashew trees.

29What is left of the humid forest is often preserved be­cause there is shade-grown co­ffee cultivation, which needs vegetation. This happens on a small scale, for the consump­tion of the landowners, and not for commercialization. It is also noticeable that on the steepest slopes a vegetation occurs that is different from the others; this is the « capoeira », which represents areas that have been deforested over many years of exploitation. On the other hand, the alveo­li are quite occupied by small residences, sometimes of mud and sometimes of bricks, with subsistence crops and fruit tre­es. In these areas, the temperature is milder, reaching around 20 ° C during the day and 18 ° C at night.

30With a view to stablishing a classification on the climatic conditions of the areas where the upper course of the hydro­graphic sub-basins are located in the Massif of Meruoca the following typology is distin­guished:

31Wet Slope:
Corresponds to the upper cou­rse of sub-basins S1, S2, S3, S4, and part of S5;
Wet Top:
Corresponds to the upper cou­rse of sub-basins S1, S11, S2, S5, S4
Dry Slope:
Corresponds to the upper cou­rse of the sub-basins S10, S11, S5, S9, S6, S7, S8.
Dry Top:
Corresponds to the upper cou­rse of sub-basins S10 part of S11, part of S5, S9, S6, S7, S8.

Final considerations

32The geosystemic analysis of the upper course of the ele­ven sub-basins that constitute the sources of the Acaraú and Coreaú rivers brings important information for the knowledge of the natural dynamics of the Northwestern segment of the State of Ceará, and thus, for the process of managing the natural environment.The rese­arch clearly indicates that one must preserve the humid tops, where the natural forest vege­tation still exists, and adapt the use and occupation for the dry areas, in order to avoid proces­ses of desertification.

33Thus, it should be noted that a large number of tribu­taries of these large rivers are formed by temporary or inter­mittent rivers, which places the hydrographic complex as vulnerable to aggressive uses, such as irrigation projects. In addition, the windward segment has more humid condi­tions, with drainage forming incised, V-shaped valleys, which makes the area more susceptible to environmental degradation in the case of subsistence agriculture and defo­restation for various purposes.

34Through the climatic typo­logy it was possible to stablish different significant climatic conditions for areas of the upper courses of the Serra da Meruoca hydrographic sub-basins. The survey also indicates that the soils are more appro­priate for agriculture exactly in this windward segment, which indicates the urgent need for environmental zoning by the management agencies, with the perspective of indica­ting the environment's support limit (that is, allowing explo­ration, but controlling the ma­nagement, the type of occupation, the sectors and the extent to which this can occur), thus overcoming the « development x preservation » dilemma. Re­search, on the other hand, has shown that native vegetation, in particular that of the rainfo­rest type, exists only in the re­sidual form in areas that are not very extensive, and should the­refore go through a more inten­se process of preservation. The complete removal of this ve­getation cover would probably change the climate and bring lower humidity conditions to the geosystem, thereby modifying the entire natural set, which would also penalize eco­nomic activities in the region.

35Finally, we can say that this work has produced a large amount of information about the Massif of Meruoca, particu­larly with regard to the physio­graphic characterization, which will be useful for increasing the knowledge of the local and ex­ternal population about the en­vironmental reality of the area in question, promoting an improvement in the process of education and social formation in the region where the analy­zed geosystem is inserted.

Figure 3 - Location of the eleven sub-basins studied (geofacies). The map refers to the upper course of the sub-basins analyzed

Figure 3 - Location of the eleven sub-basins studied (geofacies). The map refers to the upper course of the sub-basins analyzed

Source: Authors

Figure 4 – Climatic typology of the residual massif of Serra da Meruoca

Figure 4 – Climatic typology of the residual massif of Serra da Meruoca

Source: Authors

Table 1 - Geoenvironmental compart­mentation (geosystem / geofacies) of the Meruoca-Ceará massif, Brazil

Geossistema

Sub-bacias

Geofácies

Serra da
Meruoca
(473 km2)

Upper course of sub-basin 1; northern part of the upper course of sub-basin 11

I - They are areas that have wet tops and slopes, and are subjected to regularly distributed rainfall reaching an average of 1,527.9 mm per year according to data from Funceme (2015). As a consequence, there is a predo­minance of chemical weathering, resulting in thicker soils (Red-Yellow Argisols) and a vegetation cover presenting arboreal size classified as humid forest. The slope classes vary from 20 to greater than 75%, somewhat mitigating deforestation. It is worth noting the occurrence of acute angle "V" valleys, confirming the greater capacity for linear incision and greater valley notching or eventual structural control.

Serra da
Meruoca
(473 km2)

Upper course of sub-ba­sins 2 and 3; part of the upper course of sub-ba­sin 4

II -It is to the northeast of the massif and has wet slopes and tops (higher sectors of the relief with greater precipitation) with “V” shaped valleys with a strong gradient and recess associated with the eroding erosion of the 1st and 2nd order channels. In this area is the Contendas stream, an important water resource that crosses the city of Massapê.

Maciço Residual Serra da Meruoca

Upper course of sub-basins 4 and 5

III - East of the Massif and presents a significant indentation called bo­queirão, which possibly separates a significant part of Serra da Meruoca from Serra do Rosário by a structural control. These upper courses of the sub-basins are still located in areas of wet slopes and tops with the exception of sub-basin 5, which already has a dry slope (leeward slope, composing the so-called Serra do Jordão), as well as a dry top (a leeward top, with less precipita­tion) further upstream from the sub-basin

Upper course of sub-basin 6

IV - Southeast of the Massif, with slope area and dry top, alveolus and relief dissected in ridges and shallow hills, and with the presence of physical weathering.

Upper course of sub-basins 7 and 8; southern part of the upper course of sub-basin 9

V - Despite the upper course of these sub-basins being in the same geosystem, they present significant differences from a climatic, edaphic and vegetational point of view. In these sub-basins both the top and slopes are dry with dissected relief in ridges and in suspended levels of pedimentation and alveoli (raised valleys) appear between narrow and deep valleys.

Maciço Residual Serra da Meruoca

Southwestern upper course of sub-basin 9

VI - It has slopes and dry tops, facing the drier wilderness.

Upper course of sub-basin 10; part of the upper course of sub-basins 9 and 11

VII - West of the massif. It is the smallest sub-basin in terms of territorial extension with dry slopes and tops and some alveoli, relief dissected into ridges and low hills.

Upper course of sub-basin 11

VIII - Northwest of the massif, with dry slopes and tops and alveoli.

Topo da página

Bibliografia

AB’SABER, A. N. Participação das superfícies aplainadas nas paisagens geomorfológicas do Nordeste do Brasil. Geomorfologia, 19. São Paulo: USP, Instituto de Geografia, 1969.

AB'SABER, A. N. O Domínio Morfoclimático Semi-árido das Caatingas Brasileiras. Geomorfologia, São Paulo, n. 43, p. 1-39, 1974.

BERTALANFFY, Ludwig von. Teoria geral dos Sistemas, Trad.: Francisco M. Guimarães. 2. ed. Petrópoles, Vozes: Brasília, INL, 1975.

BERTRAND, G. Paisagem e Geografia Física Global: esboço metodológico. Caderno de Ciências da Terra, n. 13, p. 1-27, 1972.

BETARD, F.; PEULVAST, J. P.; CLAUDINO-SALES, V. Caracterização morfopedológica de uma serra úmida no semiárido do Nordeste brasileiro. Mercator, v. 6, p. 107-126, 2007.

BEZERRA, E. C.; BEZERRA, J. E. G.; MENDE, M. F. S. Precipitações. In: IPLANCE: Atlas do Ceará. Fortaleza, p. 18-19, 1989.

BRANDÃO, R. L.; FREITAS, L. C. B. Geodiversidade do estado do Ceará. Fortaleza: CPRM. 2014. 214 p.

BRITO NEVES, B. B. América do Sul: quatro fusões, quatro fissões e o processo acrecionário andino. VII Simpósio Nacional de Estudos Tectônicos, SBG. Bahia. p. 11-13, 1999.

CABY, R.; ARTHAUD, M. H.; ARCHANJO, C. J. Lithostratigraphy and petrostructural characterization of supracrustals units in the Brasiliano Belt of Northeast Brazil: geodynamics implications. IN: SILVA FILHO, A.F.; LIMA, E.S. (eds.). Geology of The Borborema Province. Journal of South America Earth Science. p. 235-246, 1995.

CLAUDINO-SALES, V. Megageomorfologia do Estado do Ceará. São Paulo: Novas Edições Acadêmicas, 2016.

CLAUDINO-SALES, V.; LIRA, M. V. Megageomorfologia do Noroeste do Estado do Ceará. Revista Caminhos de Geografia, v. 12, n. 38, p. 200-209, jun. 2011.

DINIZ, N. A.; RODRIGUES, C. F.; SOUSA, M. A.; LIMA, E. C. Diagnóstico dos impactos socioambientais da Serra da Meruoca, CE. Revista Homem, Espaço, Tempo, vol. 3, p.127-141, 2020.

FERNANDES, A. Temas Fitogeográficos. Fortaleza: Stylus Comunicações, 1990.

FIGUEIREDO, M. A. A cobertura vegetacional do Ceará: Unidades fitoecológicas. In: IPLANCE: Atlas do Ceará. Fortaleza, p. 28-29, 1997.

GURGEL, S. P. P.; BEZERRA, F. H. R.; CORREA, A. C. B.; MARQUES, F. O.; MAIA, R. P. Cenozoic uplift and erosion of structural landforms in NE Brazil. Geomorphology, v. 186, p. 68- 72, mar. 2013.

IPECE. INSTITUTO DE PESQUISA E ESTRATÉGIA ECONÔMICA DO CEARÁ. Tipos Climáticos. Disponível em: http//ipece.ce.gov.br/atlas. Acesso em: 01 jan. 2016.

LIMA, D. B. Análise temporal da cobertura e uso da terra como subsídio ao estudo de degradação ambiental da Serra da Meruoca – Ceará. Revista GeoUece, vol. 3, p. 317-318, 2014.

LIMA, E. C. A Serra da Meruoca. Revista da Casa de Geografia de Sobral, vol.1, p. 45-49, 1999.

LIMA, E. C. Serras úmidas e secas no sertão do Ceará: estudo comparativo das condições ambientais do maciço de Baturité e a serra das Matas. In: BASTOS, F. H. (Org.). Serra de Baturite, uma visao integrada. Fortaleza: Editora Expressão Gráfica, 2011.

LIMA, E. C. A Importância das serras cristalinas no semiárido do Nordeste, especialmente no Ceará-Brasil. Revista da Casa de Geografia de Sobral. Sobral, v. 16, n. 1, p. 89-100, 2014.

LIMA, E. C; SILVA, E. V. Estudos geossistêmicos aplicados à bacias hidrográficas. Revista Equador, Teresina, v. 4, n. 4, p. 3-20, 2015.

MAIA, R. P.; BETARD, F.; BEZERRA, F. H. Geomorfologia dos Maciços de Porto Alegre e Martins, NE-Brasil: inversão do relevo em análise. Revista Brasileira de Geomorfologia, v. 17, n. 2, p. 273- 285, 2016.

MATOS, R. Tectonic evolution of the Equatorial South Atlantic. American Geophysical Union. Geophysical Monograph, v. 115, p. 331-354, 2000.

MELO, M.S.; CLAUDINO-SALES, V.; PEULVAST, J.P.; SAADI, A.; MELLO, C.L. Processos e produtos morfogeneticos continentais. In: Souza, C.R.G.; Suguio, K.; Oliveira, A.M.S.; Oliveira, P.E. (Orgs). Quaternário do Brasil, p. 258-275, 2005

MORAIS NETO, J. M.; HEGARTY, K. A.; KARNER, G. D.; ALKIMIN, F. F. Timing and mechanisms for the generation and modification of the anomalous topography of the Borborema Province, northeastern Brazil. Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 26, p. 1070–1086, 2009.

MOREIRA, M. M. M. A.; GATTO, L. C. S. Geomorfologia. In: Ministério das Minas e Energia. Projeto RADAMBRASIL. Rio de Janeiro, p. 213-252. 1981.

PEULVAST, J.P.; CLAUDINO-SALES, V. Surfaces d’aplanissement et géodynamique. Géomorphologie: relief, processus, environnement, vol. 11, n. 4, p. 249-274, 2005

PEULVAST, J. P.; CLAUDINO-SALES, V. Stepped surfaces and palaeolandforms in the northern Brazilian nordeste: constraints on models of morphotectonic evolution. Geomorphology, v. 62, p. 89- 122, 2004.

SOUZA, M. J. N. Geomorfologia. In: IPLANCE: Atlas do Ceará. Fortaleza, p. 14-15, 1989.

SOUZA, M. J. N. geossistemas e potencialidades dos recursos naturais; serra de Baturité e áreas sertanejas periféricas (Ceará) Fortaleza: UFC/Funceme:1994. 102 p.

STRAHLER, A. Hypsometric (area-altitude) analysis of erosional topography. Geol. Soc. América Bulletin, 1952, p. 1142.

ZANELLA, M. E. Considerações Sobre o Clima e os Recursos Hídricos do Semiárido Nordestino. Caderno Prudentino de Geografia, Presidente Prudente, n. 36, v. Especial, p. 126-142, 2014.

Topo da página

Índice das ilustrações

Título Figura 1 - Location and hypsometry of the massif of Meruoca, state of Ceará
Créditos Source: Authors
URL http://journals.openedition.org/geografares/docannexe/image/1293/img-1.jpg
Ficheiro image/jpeg, 158k
Título Figure 2 - Overview of Serra da Meruoca:(A) Relief dissected into hills, sub-basin trough in the center of the photo; (B) Thalweg, sub-basin riverbed; (C) « V »-shaped valley, with strong linear incision gradient; (D) Partial view of the massif of Serra da Meruoca, south face
Créditos Source: Authors
URL http://journals.openedition.org/geografares/docannexe/image/1293/img-2.jpg
Ficheiro image/jpeg, 45k
Título Figure 3 - Location of the eleven sub-basins studied (geofacies). The map refers to the upper course of the sub-basins analyzed
Créditos Source: Authors
URL http://journals.openedition.org/geografares/docannexe/image/1293/img-3.png
Ficheiro image/png, 1,0M
Título Figure 4 – Climatic typology of the residual massif of Serra da Meruoca
Créditos Source: Authors
URL http://journals.openedition.org/geografares/docannexe/image/1293/img-4.png
Ficheiro image/png, 500k
Topo da página

Para citar este artigo

Referência eletrónica

Ernane Cortez Lima, Vanda Claudino-Sales e Ulisses Costa de Oliveira, «Fisiographic survey of the high courses of hydrographic sub-basins in the crystaline massif of Meruoca, state of Ceará»Geografares [Online], 32 | 2021, posto online no dia 21 julho 2021, consultado o 17 junho 2025. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/geografares/1293

Topo da página

Autores

Ernane Cortez Lima

Professor-doutor do Curso de Geografia e do Me­strado Acadêmico em Geografia da Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú – UVA
ernanecortez@hotmail.com

Vanda Claudino-Sales

Professora-doutora do Curso de Geografia e do Mestrado Acadêmico em Geografia da Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú – UVA
vcs@ufc.br

Ulisses Costa de Oliveira

Mestre em Geografia e Fiscal Ambiental da Superintendência de Meio Ambiente do Estado do Ceará – SEMACE
ucoliveira@msn.com

Topo da página

Direitos de autor

CC-BY-NC-4.0

Apenas o texto pode ser utilizado sob licença CC BY-NC 4.0. Outros elementos (ilustrações, anexos importados) são "Todos os direitos reservados", à exceção de indicação em contrário.

Topo da página
Pesquisar OpenEdition Search

Você sera redirecionado para OpenEdition Search