Primary sources
Archives
The National Archives, London (UK):
Adam Matthew, Foreign Office Files China & Japan, FO 371 17047 f. 148
Adelaide University (Australia):
Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher (1890–1962) Papers, MSS 0013
University College Special Collections, University of London (UK):
Sir Francis Galton (1822–1911) Papers
Karl Pearson (1840–1972) Papers
Durham (UK):
Martin and Ruth Morant personal archives
Printed sources
Black, Davidson, “A Study of Kansu and Honan Aeneolithic Skulls and Specimens from Later Kansu Prehistoric Sites in Comparison with North China and other Recent Crania”, Palaeontologia Sinica, Series D, vol. 6, 1928, pp. 1-83.
Black, Davidson, “The Croonian lecture.—On the discovery, morphology, and environment of Sinanthropus pekinensis”, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, vol. 22, 1934, pp. 57-120.
Chen, Yinghuang 陳映璜, Renleixue 人類學 (Ethnology), Shanghai, Commercial Press 商務印書館 (Peking National University Series 北京大學叢書之四, no. 4), 1925.
Columbia University in the City of New York (ed.), Catalogue 1925-1926, n.d., n.p.
Committee on General Catalogue (ed.), Columbia University Alumni Register 1754-1931, New York, Columbia University Press, 1932.
Elderton, E. M. & Woo, T. L., “On the Normality or Want of Normality in the Frequency Distributions of Cranial Measurement”, Biometrika, vol. 24, no. 1/2, 1932, pp. 45-54.
Fisher, Ronald A., “‘The Coefficient of Racial Likeness’ and the Future of Craniometry”, The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 66, 1936, pp. 57-63.
Fu, Ning 佛寗 & Zhang, Qiyuan 張淇元, “You Mei zagan 旅美雜感” (Mixed Feelings about Going to America), Huanqiu Zhongguo xueshenghui zhoukan 寰球中國學生會週刊, vol. 233, 7 Feb. 1926, pp. 3-4.
“Guanyu Zhongguo renkou kenzhi zhongzu zhu wenti zhong ying shumu 關於中國人口墾殖諸問題中英書目” (Bibliography in Population, Race, Colonization and Migration), Shehui xuejie 社會學界, vol. 4, 1930, pp. 277-297.
Hambly, Wilfrid D., “Cranial Capacities, A Study in Methods”, Fieldiana Anthropology, vol. 36, no. 3, Feb. 1947, pp. 25-75.
Harrower, G., “A Study of the Hokien and the Tamil Skull”, Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, vol. 54, no. 3, 1926, pp. 573-599.
Institut international de statistique, “Compte rendu de la XVIIIe Session de l’Institut international de statistique, Varsovie du 21 au 24 août 1929”, Bulletin de l’Institut international de statistique, vol. XXIV, no. 1, 1930.
Institut international de statistique, “Compte rendu de la XXe Session de l’Institut international de statistique, Madrid du 14 au 20 septembre 1931”, Bulletin de l’Institut international de statistique, vol. XXVI, no. 1, 1936.
Jiang, Xiangqing 蒋湘青, Renti celiangxue 人體測量學 (Anthropometry), Shanghai, Qinfen shuju 勤奮書局, 1931.
Koganei, Y., “Kurze Mitteilung über Messungen an männlichen Chinesen-Schädeln”, Internationales Centralblatt für Anthropologie und verwandte Wissenschaften, vol. 7, no. 3, 1902, pp. 129-133.
Lee, Alice & Pearson, Karl, “On the Relative Variation and Correlation in Civilised and Uncivilised Races”, Science, vol. 132, 1897, pp. 49-50.
Lee, Alice & Pearson, Karl, “Data for the Problem of Evolution in Man. VI: A First Study of the Correlation of the Human Skull”, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, vol. 196A, 1901, pp. 225-264.
Li, Chi, “Some Anthropological Problems of China”, The Harvard Graduate’s Magazine, vol. XXXI, no. CXXIII, March 1923, pp. 346-351.
Ling, Chunsheng 凌純聲, Songhua jiang xia de Hezhe zu 松花江下游的赫哲族 (The Hezhe Ethnic Group Travelling down Songhua River), Beiping, Guoli Zhongyang yanjiuyuan lishi yuyan yanjiusuo 國立中央研究院歷史語言研究所, 1934.
Lu, Yudao 盧于道, “Zhongguo rennao ji zhili 中國人腦及智力” (Chinese People’s Brain and Intelligence), in Kezhen Zhu 竺可楨, Yudao Lu 盧于道 & Zhenpian Li 李振翩 (eds.), Kexue de minzu fuxing 科學的民族復興 (The Scientific Renaissance of the Nation), Shanghai, Zhongguo kexue she 中國科學社 (China Science Society), 1937, pp. 170-210.
Lu, Zhiwei 陸志韋 (ed.), Dingzheng Bina Ximeng zhili ceyan shuomingshu 訂正比納西蒙知力測驗說明書 (Manual for Revised Binet-Simon Intelligence Tests), Shanghai, Commercial Press 商務印書館, 1924.
Lu, Zhiwei 陸志韋 & Wu, Dingliang 吴定良, “Xinli xueshi 心理學史” (History of Psychology), Xinli 心理, vol. 1, no. 2, 1922, pp. 1-10.
Mahalanobis, Prasanta Chandra, “A Statistical Study of Certain Anthropometric Measurements from Sweden”, Biometrika, vol. 22, no. 1/2, 1930, pp. 94-108.
Morant, G. M., “A First Study of the Tibetan Skull”, Biometrika, vol. 14, no. 3/4, 1923, pp. 193-260.
Morant, G. M., “A Study of Certain Oriental Series of Crania Including the Nepalese and Tibetan Series in the British Museum (Natural History)”, Biometrika, vol. 16, no. 1/2, 1924, pp. 1-105.
Morant, G. M., “A Study of Egyptian Craniology from Prehistoric to Roman Times”, Biometrika, vol. 17, no. 1/2, 1925, pp. 1-52.
Morant, G. M., “The Use of Biometric Methods Applied to Craniology, Being a Critique of Professor Gordon Harrower’s ‘A Study of the Hokien and the Tamil Skull’”, Biometrika, vol. 18, no. 3/4, 1926, pp. 414-417.
Morant, G. M., “A Preliminary Classification of European Races based on Cranial Measurements”, Biometrika, vol. 20B, no. 3/4, 1928, pp. 301-375.
Morant, G. M., “A Biometrician’s View of Race in Man”, Man, vol. 34, 1934, pp. 99-105.
Morant, G. M., “Professor Karl Pearson”, Man, vol. 36, 1936, pp. 89-92.
Pan, Guangdan 潘光旦, “Lun zhongzu caipin de buqi 論種族才品的不齊” (Translation of F. Galton’s Hereditary Genius, 1869, chapter “The comparative worth of different races”), Huanian 華年, vol. 5, no. 39, 1936, pp. 8-12 and vol. 5, no. 40, 1936, pp. 7-11.
Pan, Quentin, “A Preliminary Classification of Asiatic Races Based on Cranial Measurements. By T. L. Woo (吳定良) and G. M. Morant Nanking: Academia Sinica. 1932”, The China Critic, vol. 6, no. 2, 12 Jan. 1933, p. 48.
Pearson, Karl, “VIII. On some Applications of the Theory of Chance to Racial Differentiation. From the Work of W. R. Macdonell, M.A., LL.D., and Cicely D. Fawcett, B.Sc.”, The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, vol. 1, no. 1, 1901, pp. 110-124.
Pearson, Karl, “On the Coefficient of Racial Likeness”, Biometrika, vol. 18, no. 1/2, 1926, pp. 105-117.
Pearson, Karl, “Note on Standardisation of Method of Using the Coefficient of Racial Likeness”, Biometrika, vol. 20B, no. 3/4, 1928, pp. 376-378.
Pearson, Karl, “Experimental Discussion of the (χ2,P) Test for Goodness of Fit”, Biometrika, vol. 24, no. 3/4, 1932, pp. 351-381.
Pearson, Karl & Moul, Margaret, “The Problem of Alien Immigration into Great Britain, Illustrated by an Examination of Russian and Polish Jewish Children. Part I”, Annals of Eugenics, vol. 1, no. 1/2, 1925, pp. 5-54.
Pearson, Karl & Woo, T. L., “Further Investigation of the Morphometric Characters of the Individual Bones of the Human Skull”, Biometrika, vol. 27, no. 3/4, 1935, pp. 424-465.
“Proceedings of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 1929”, The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 59, 1929, pp. 525-531.
Slowik, Fritz, “Vergleichend-morphologische Untersuchungen an der Clavicula des Menschen und anderer Primaten”, PhD thesis, ETH Zürich, 1945.
Stevenson, Paul Huston 許文生, Detailed Anthropometric Measurements of the Chinese of the North China Plain (華北平原中國人之體質測量), The Commercial Press 商務印書館, 1938 (Anthropologia Sinica 人類學志, No. 2, ed. Woo Ting-Liang, hon. eds. Ting Vin-Kiang & Li Chi).
Teachers College (ed.), Announcement of Teachers College. School of Education. School of Practical Arts, 1925-1926, New York, Teachers College, Columbia University, n.d.
The International Committee for Standardization of the Technique of Physical Anthropology, “A General Statement of Aims and Methods”, Man, vol. 34, 1934, pp. 83-86.
Tildesley, Miriam L., “A First Study of the Burmese Skull”, Biometrika, vol. 13, no. 2/3, 1921, pp. 176-262.
University of London (ed.), University College. Calendar Session 1929-1930, London, Taylor and Francis, 1929.
Woo, T. L., “Dextrality and Sinistrality of Hand and Eye: Second Memoir”, Biometrika, vol. 20A, no. 1/2, 1928, pp. 79-148.
Woo, T. L., “Tables for Ascertaining the Significance or Non-Significance of Association Measured by the Correlation Ratio”, Biometrika, vol. 21, no. 1/4, 1929, pp. 1-66 [Tables reproduced as Table IV in Pearson, Karl, Tables for Statisticians and Biometricians, Part II, Cambridge University Press, 1931].
Woo, T. L., “A Study of Seventy-One Ninth Dynasty Egyptian Skulls From Sedment”, Biometrika, vol. 22, no. 1/2, 1930, pp. 65-93.
Woo, T. L., “A Biometric Study of the Human Malar Bone”, Biometrika, vol. 29, no. 1/2, 1937, pp. 113-123.
Woo, T. L., “An Anthropometric Study of the Chinese Clavicle Based on the Hsiao T’un and Hsiu Chiu Shan Specimens” (漢族鎖骨之研究-根據小屯與繡球山標本), Renleixue jikan 人類學集刊 (Anthropological Journal), vol. 1, 1938a, pp. 1-56.
Woo, T. L., “Neue Instrumente für die Umriss-Zeichnung von Hand und Fuss” (畫手與足外圍形之新儀器), Renleixue jikan 人類學集刊 (Anthropological Journal), vol. 1, 1938b, pp. 223-232, Tables I, II.
Woo, T. L., “Formulae for the Determination of the Capacity of the Chinese Skull from External Measurements” (殷代與近代顱骨容量之計算公式), Renleixue jikan 人類學集刊 (Anthropological Journal), vol. 2, 1941a, pp. 1-14.
Woo, T. L., “On Metopism of Chinese Skulls and its Relation to the Size of Cranial Measurements” (中國人額骨中縫及與顱骨測量之關係), Renleixue jikan 人類學集刊 (Anthropological Journal), vol. 2, 1941b, pp. 83-89, Table II.
Woo, T. L., “The Physical Characters of the Pa Miao People of Kweichow and Other Peoples of South China”, The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 72, no. 1/2, 1942, pp. 45-53.
Woo, T. L., “A Study of the Chinese Humerus”, Biometrika, vol. 33, no. 1, 1943, pp. 36-47.
Woo, T. L. & Morant, G. M., “A Preliminary Classification of Asiatic Races Based on Cranial Measurements”, Biometrika, vol. 24, no. 1/2, 1932, pp. 108-134.
Woo, T. L. & Morant, G. M., “A Biometric Study of the ‘Flatness’ of the Facial Skeleton in Man”, Biometrika, vol. 26, 1934, pp. 196-250.
Woo, T. L. & Pearson, Karl, “Dextrality and Sinistrality of Hand and Eye”, Biometrika, vol. 19, no. 1/2, 1927, pp. 165-199.
Woo, T. L. 吳定良 & Yen, Y. 顏誾, “On New Indices for Determining the Antero-Posterior Posinion [sic] of the Mantal [sic] Foramen in the Mandible”, (測定頦孔前後位置之指數), Renleixue jikan 人類學集刊 (Anthropological Journal), vol. 2, 1941, pp. 91-96, Tables I, II.
Wu, Dingliang 吳定良, “Piersheng jiaoshou shengping jiqi kexue gongxian 皮爾生教授生平及其科學貢獻 (Professor Pearson’s Life and his Scientific Contribution), Kexue 科學 (Science), vol. 20, no. 8, 1936, pp. 681-684.
Wu, Dingliang 吳定良, Renlei miangu bianpingdu zhi yanjiu 人類面骨扁平度之研究 (A Study of the Flatness of the Facial Skeleton in Man), Minzu xue yanjiu jikan 民族學研究集刊, vol. 2, 1940, pp. 13-31.
Wu, Dingliang 吳定良, “Guozu ronghexing zai renleixue shang dzi zhengming 國族融和性在人類學上之證明” (A Proof by Anthropology that the Chinese Race is of Mixed Nature), Kang dao yuekan 康導月刊, vol. 15, no. 7/8, 1943, pp. 58-60.
Wu, Dingliang 吳定良, “Zhongguo luguxue zhi fazhan 中國顱骨學之發展” (The Development of Chinese Craniology, Xueshu huikan 學術匯刊, vol. 1, no. 2, 1944, pp. 17-32.
Wu, Dingliang 吳定良, Guge dingwei qi he miaohui qi de gaijin 骨骼定位器和描繪器的改進 (An Improvement for the Craniophore and the Diagraph), Fudan xuebao (ziran kexue) 復旦學報 (自然科學), vol. 1, 1956a, pp. 153-157.
Wu, Dingliang 吳定良, “Xin shenger sesuban de yanjiu 新生兒色素斑的研究” (A Study of the Sacral Pigment Spot in the Chinese New-Born baby), Fudan xuebao (ziran kexue) 復旦學報 (自然科學), vol. 2, 1956b, pp. 210-225.
Wu, Dingliang 吳定良, “Jin ershi nian lai Nanjing shi ertong tizhi fayun de zengjin 近二十年來南京市兒童體質發育的增進 (A Statistical Study of Physical Measurements of 9060 Nanking School Children Taken in 1936 and 1956), Fudan xuebao (ziran kexue) 復旦學報 (自然科學), vol. 2, 1957, pp. 439-448.
Wu, Dingliang 吳定良, “Zhongguo yuanren shi bu shi zui zao de renlei 中國猿人是不是最早的人類 (Is the Chinese Ape Man the Oldest Human Species?), Wenhui bao (Shanghai) 文匯報 (上海), 9 Nov. 1961, p. 3.
Wu, Dingliang 吳定良 & Zhang, Shengzu 張繩祖, “Jiaoyujia tongchang suofan mingxueshang de cuowu 教育家通常所犯名學上的錯誤” (Errors of Logic Regularly Committed by Educators), Jiaoyu huikan 教育彙刊, vol. 1, 1921, pp. 1-4.
“Wu Dingliang shi celiang xuesheng tizhi 吴定良氏測量學生體質” (Wu Dingliang’s Quantification of students’ Physical Constitution), Kexue xinwen 科學新聞, vol. 6, 1936, p. 521.
Yi, An 踦盦, Yazhou renzhong chubu fenlei 亞洲人種初步分類 (A Preliminary Classification of Asiatic Races), Huanian 華年, vol. 2, no. 2, 14 January 1933, p. 37.
Zhonghua jiaoyu wenhua jijin hui 中華教育文化基金會 (ed.), Zhonghua jiaoyu wenhua jijin dongshihui di wu ci baogao 中華教育文化基金董事會第五次報告 (Fifth Report of the Board of Directors of the China Foundation for the Promotion of Education and Culture), n. p., 1930.
Secondary sources
Anderson, T. W., “R. A. Fisher and Multivariate Analysis”, Statistical Science, vol. 11, no. 1, 1996, pp. 20-34.
Brown, C. D., “Making the Majority: Defining Han Identity in Chinese Ethnology and Archaeology”, PhD thesis, University of Pittsburgh, 2008.
Bréard, Andrea, “Translating Statistics into 20th Century China: A Glimpse on Early Institutions and Manuals”, Journ@l électronique d’histoire des probabilités et de la statistique, vol. 2, no. 2, 2006.
URL: https://www.jehps.net/decembre2006.html
Bréard, Andrea, “Statistics”, in Howard Chiang (ed.), The Making of the Human Sciences in China. Historical and Conceptual Foundations, Leiden, Brill (China Studies, 40), 2019, pp. 303-336.
Chung, Yuehtsen Juliette, Struggle for National Survival: Eugenics in Sino-Japanese Contexts, 1896-1945, New York and London, Routledge, 2002.
Chung, Yuehtsen Juliette, “Eugenics in China”, in Alison Bashford & Philippa Levine (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the History of Eugenics, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2010, pp. 258-273.
Clever, Iris, “The Lives and Afterlives of Skulls. The Development of Biometric Methods of Measuring Race (1880-1950)”, PhD thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, 2020.
Dikötter, Frank, The Discourse of Race in Modern China, Hong Kong University Press, 1992.
Dikötter, Frank (ed.), The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan, Hong Kong, Hong Kong University Press, 1997.
Dikötter, Frank, “Racial Theories in The China Critic”, China Heritage Quarterly, vol. 30/31, June/September 2012.
URL: http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/features.php?searchterm=030_dikotter.inc&issue=030 (last accessed 12 July 2022)
Du, Jing 杜靖, Zhongguo tizhi renleixue shi yanjiu 中國體質人類學史研究 (A Study on the History of Chinese Physical Anthropology), Beijing, Zhishi chanquan chubanshe 知識產權出版社, 2013.
Fan, Hongye 樊洪业 & Zhang, Jiuchun 张久春 (eds.), Kexue jiuguo zhi meng: Ren Hongjun wencun 科学救国之梦:任鸿隽文存 (The Dream of Saving China through Science. Writings of Ren Hongjun), Shanghai, Shanghai keji jiaoyu chubanshe 上海科技敎育出版社, 2002.
Foreman, Matthew Wong, “Racial modernity in Republican China, 1927-1937”, Asian Ethnicity, 2020, pp. 1-21.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/14631369.2020.1792765 (last accessed 23 August 2020)
Fu, Jia-Chen, “Measuring Up: Anthropometrics and the Chinese Body in Republican Period China”, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, vol. 90, no. 4, 2016, pp. 643-671.
Guldin, Gregory Eliyu, “Chinese Anthropologies”, Chinese Sociology & Anthropology, vol. 20, no. 4, 1988, pp. 3-32.
Guo, Jinhai, The Establishment and Reconstruction of the Academician System in China, Shanghai, Shanghai Jiaotong University Press, 2020.
Huston, Peter L., “Chinese and Western Interaction Surrounding the Preparations for the Peking Man Digs of the 1920s”, Master of Arts thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca (NY), 2008.
Keller, Christoph, Der Schädelvermesser. Otto Schlaginhaufen – Anthropologe und Rassenhygieniker. Eine biographische Reportage, Zürich, Limmat Verlag, 1995.
Kotz, Samuel et al. (editors-in-chief), Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, vol. 10, Hoboken (NJ), Wiley, 2006.
Lai, Guolong, “Digging up China: Imperialism, Nationalism, and Regionalism in the Yinxu Excavation, 1928–1937”, in Bonnie Effros & Guolong Lai (eds.), Unmasking Ideology in Imperial and Colonial Archaeology. Vocabulary, Symbols, and Legacy, Los Angeles, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, 2018, pp. 83-119.
Love, Rosaleen, “‘Alice in Eugenics-Land’: Feminism and Eugenics in the Scientific Careers of Alice Lee and Ethel Elderton”, Annals of Science, vol. 36, no. 2, 1979, pp. 145-158.
Mullaney, Thomas, Coming to Terms with the Nation: Ethnic Classification in Modern China, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, University of California Press (Asia: Local Studies Global Themes), 2010.
Müller, Gotelind, “Glocalizing “Race’ in China: Concepts and Contingencies at the Turn of the Twentieth Century”, in Manfred Berg & Simon Wendt (eds.), Racism in the Modern World. Historical Perspectives on Cultural Transfer and Adaptation, New York and Oxford, Berghahn, 2011, pp. 236-254.
Münning, Mariana, “Lù Zhìwéi 陸志韋 (1894–1970)”, in Rint Sybesma et al. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics, consulted online on 21 August 2021.
URL: https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2210-7363_ecll_COM_000042
Porter, Theodore M., Karl Pearson: The Scientific Life in a Statistical Age, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2004.
Rocha, Leon Antonio, “Quentin Pan 潘光旦 in The China Critic”, China Heritage Quarterly no. 30/31, June/September 2012.
URL: http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/features.php?searchterm=030_rocha.inc&issue=030 (last accessed 23 August 2021)
Schmalzer, Sigrid, The People’s Peking Man. Popular Science and Human Identity in Twentieth-Century China, Chicago and London, University of Chicago Press, 2008.
Stemerdink, Gerrit J. (ed.), Members of the International Statistical Institute, a Cumulative List for the Period 1885-2002. A Publication to Celebrate 150 Years of International Statistical Congresses, Voorburg, International Statistical Institute, 2003.
Wu, Rukang & Wu, Xinzhi, “China”, in Frank Spencer (ed.), History of Physical Anthropology, vol. 1: A-L, New York, Garland (Garland reference library of social science; vol. 677), 1997, pp. 273-282.
Yang, Jui-sung, “From Discourse of Weakness to Discourse of Empowerment: The Topos of the ‘Sick Man of East Asia’ in Modern China”, in Iwo Amelung (ed.), Discourses of Weakness in Modern China, Frankfurt and New York, Campus Verlag, 2020, pp. 25-78.
Yen, Hsiao-pei, “Constructing the Chinese: Paleoanthropology and Anthropology in the Chinese Frontier, 1920-1950”, PhD thesis, Harvard University, 2012.
Yen, Hsiao-pei, “Evolutionary Asiacentrism, Peking Man, and the Origins of Sinocentric Ethno-Nationalism”, Journal of the History of Biology, vol. 47, no. 4, 2014, pp. 585-625.
Yuan, Wei 袁卫 & Li, Hui 李惠, “Zhixue baoguo: Minguo shiqi de tongji liuxuesheng 治学报国: 民国时期的统计留学生” (Doing scholarly research and dedicating oneself to the service of one’s country: Overseas Chinese students studying statistics from 1912 to 1949), Tongji yanjiu 统计研究 (Statistical Research), vol. 38, no. 7, 2021, pp. 153-160.
Yuan, Wei 袁卫 & Li, Yang 李扬, “Wo guo shouwei you zhongda guoji yingxiang de tonjixuejia: Wu Dingliang 我国首位有重大国际影响的统计学家: 吴定良” (T. L. Woo: The First Chinese Statistician with Significant International Influence), Lanzhou caijing daxue xuebao 兰州财经大学学报 (Journal of Lanzhou University of Finance and Economics), vol. 35, no. 5, 2019, pp. 1-6.
Zhu, Jing, “Visualising Ethnicity in the Southwest Borderlands: Gender and Representation in Late Imperial and Republican China”, PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018.