Bibliography
Amazeen, Michelle A. “Making a Difference? A critical Assessment of Fact-checking in 2012.” New America Foundation, 2013. https://static.newamerica.org/attachments/10215-making-a-difference/Amazeen_-A_Critical_Assessment_of_Factchecking.4a3289cb3fcd4a8faf0d94f40ebcdc35.pdf.
Amazeen, Michelle A. “Revisiting the Epistemology of Fact-Checking.” Critical Review 27, no. 1 (2015): 1–22.
Bardini, Thierry. “Changement et réseaux socio-techniques: de l’inscription à l’affordance.” Réseaux 76 (1996): 127-155.
Bardon, Adrian. The Truth About Denial: Bias and Self-Deception in Science, Politics, and Religion. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019.
Berriche, Manon. “‘Regarde j’ai vu ça sur Facebook !’ : quand nos bavardages nourrissent les fake news,” The Conversation France, 23 septembre 2020. https://theconversation.com/regarde-jai-vu-ca-sur-facebook-quand-nos-bavardages-nourrissent-les-fake-news-123426.
Bigot, Laurent. “Le fact-checking ou la réinvention d’une pratique de vérification.” Communication & Langage 192 (2017a): 131-156.
Bigot, Laurent. s.v. “Fact-checking.” Publictionnaire. Dictionnaire encyclopédique et critique des publics. 2017b. http://publictionnaire.huma-num.fr/notice/fact-checking.
Blumler, Jay G., and Elihu Katz, eds. The Uses of Mass Communications: Current Perspectives on Gratifications Research. Beverly Hills: Sage Annual Reviews of Communication Research, 1974.
Bourdieu, Pierre. Méditations pascaliennes. Paris: Éd. du Seuil, 1997.
Certeau, Michel de. L’invention du quotidien. Paris: Union générale d’éditions, 1980.
Cervulle, Maxime. s.v. “Hall (Stuart).” Publictionnaire. Dictionnaire encyclopédique et critique des publics. 2022. http ://publictionnaire.huma-num.fr/notice/hall-stuart/.
Chagneau, Vincent. “Fact-checking : une guerre par l’information qui ne dit pas son nom ?” Revue internationale d’intelligence économique 13 (2021): 143-153.
Chaudhry, Irfan, and Anatoliy Gruzd. “Expressing and Challenging Racist Discourse on Facebook: How Social Media Weaken the Spiral of Silence Theory.” Policy & Internet 12, no. 1 (2020): 88-108.
Chen, Annie Y., Brendan Nyhan, Jason Reifler, Ronald E. Robertson, and Christo Wilson. “Subscriptions and external links help drive resentful users to alternative and extremist YouTube videos.” Science Advances 9, no. 35 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.add8080.
Arnaud Claes, Wiard Victor, Mercenier Heidi, Philippette Thibault, Dufrasne Marie, Browet Arnaud, and Raphaël Jungers, “Algorithmes de recommandation et culture technique : penser le dialogue entre éducation et design,” Tic&Société 15 (2021): 127-157. https://doi.org/10.4000/ticetsociete.5915.
Cointet, Jean-Phillippe, Cardon Dominique, Mogoutov Andreï, Ooghe Benjamin, Plique Guillaume, and Pedro Ramaciotti Morales. “Uncovering the structure of the French media ecosystem.” IC2S2, Zurich, Jul 2021: 1, https://spire.sciencespo.fr/hdl:/2441/6puvcsco0e95q8daij2do98obi/resources/2107.12073.pdf.
Dias, Nicholas, and Amy Sippitt. “Researching Fact Checking: Present Limitations and Future Opportunities.” The Political Quarterly 91, no. 3 (2020): 605-613. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.12892.
Dubois, Elizabeth and Grant Blank. “The Echo Chamber Is Overstated: The Moderating Effect of Political Interest and Diverse Media.” Information, Communication & Society 21, no. 5 (2018): 729-745.
Dutton, William H., Bianca Reisdorf, Elisabeth Dubois, and Grant Blank. “Social Shaping of the Politics of Internet Search and Networking: Moving beyond Filter Bubbles, Echo Chambers and Fake News.” Quello Center Working Paper No. 2944191. March 31, 2017. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2944191.
Flaxman, Seth, Sharad Goel, and Justin M. Rao. “Filter Bubbles, Echo Chambers and Online News Consumption.” Public Opinion Quarterly 80 (2016): 298-320. https://5harad.com/papers/bubbles.pdf.
Fletcher, Richard, Craig T. Robertson, Rasmus Kleis Nielsen. “How Many People Live in Politically Partisan Online News Echo Chambers in Different Countries?” Journal of Quantitative Description: Digital Media, 1 (2021). https://doi.org/10.51685/jqd.2021.020.
Frau-Meigs, Divina. “Les Youtubeurs : les nouveaux influenceurs !,” Nectart 5 (2017): 126-136.
Frau-Meigs, Divina. Faut-il avoir peur des fake news ? Paris: La Documentation Française, 2019.
Gauvrit, Nicolas. “Répondre au discours climatosceptique : quand les faits ne suffisent plus.” In Des têtes bien faites: Défense de l’esprit critique, edited by Nicolas Gauvrit, 107-120. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3917/puf.gauvr.2019.01.0107.
Graves, Lucas. “Anatomy of a Fact Check: Objective Practice and the Contested Epistemology of Fact Checking.” Communication, Culture & Critique 10 (2017): 518-537.
Goffman, Erving. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Doubleday, 1959.
Hall, Stuart, “Encoding/Decoding.” In Television. Critical Concepts in Media and Cultural Studies, vol IV, edited by Toby Miller, 43-53. London: Routledge, 2003.
Imenda, Sitwala, “Is There a Conceptual Difference between Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks ?” Journal of Social Sciences 38, no. 2 (2014) : 185-195. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2014.11893249
Jauss, Hans-Robert. Pour une esthétique de la reception. Translated from German by Claude Maillard, Paris: Gallimard, 1972.
Joux, Alexandre and Inès Gil. “Entre transparence des sources et entre-soi : une critique du fact-checking du débat de l’entre-deux tours de la présidentielle française de 2017.” Études de communication 53 (2019): 67-84.
Joux, Alexandre and Brigitte Sebbah. “Les représentations implicites du pouvoir des médias d’information : L’exemple du lancement du Décodex,” Sur Le Journalisme, About Journalism, Sobre Jornalismo 9, no. 1 (2020): 166–179. https://doi.org/10.25200/SLJ.v9.n1.2020.425.
Katz, Elihu and Paul Lazarsfeld. Personal Influence. The Part Played by People in the Flow of Mass Communications. New York: Free Press, 1955.
Krause Nicole M., Isabelle Freiling, Becca Beets, and Dominique Brossard. “Fact-Checking as Risk Communication: The Multi-Layered Risk of Misinformation in Times of COVID-19.” Journal of Risk Research, 23, no. 7-8 (2020): 1052-1059. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2020.1756385.
Kyriakidou, Maria, Stephen Cushion, Ceri Hughes and Marina Morani. “Questioning Fact-Checking in the Fight Against Disinformation: An Audience Perspective.” Journalism Practice (2022). https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2022.2097118
Lang, Kurt and Gladys Lang. Politics and Television. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1968.
Lim, Chloe. “Checking How Fact-Checkers Check.” Research & Politics 5, no. 3 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168018786848
Lukasik, Stéphanie. s.v. “Homophilie.” Publictionnaire. Dictionnaire encyclopédique et critique des publics. 2020. http://publictionnaire.huma-num.fr/notice/homophilie.
McCombs, Maxwell and Donald L. Shaw. “The Agenda setting Function of the Media.” Public Opinion Quarterly 36 (1972): 176-187.
Monnier, Angeliki. s.v. “Certeau (Michel de).” Publictionnaire. Dictionnaire encyclopédique et critique des publics. 2017. http ://publictionnaire.huma-num.fr/notice/certeau-michel-de.
Monnier, Angeliki, Catherine Sotirakou, Costas Mourlas, Jerzy Gołuchowski, and Anna Losa-Jonczyk. “Collaborative Fact-Checking Through Participatory Journalism, Crowdsourcing and Gamification.” International Association for Media and Communication Research conference, Beijing, July 2022.
Mort, Sébastien. s.v. “Katz (Elihu).” Publictionnaire. Dictionnaire encyclopédique et critique des publics. 2016. http://publictionnaire.huma-num.fr/notice/katz-elihu.
Noëlle-Neumann, Elizabeth. “La spirale du silence. Une théorie de l’opinion publique.” Hermès 4 (1989): 181-189.
Pariser, Eli. Filter Bubbles: What the Internet Is Hiding from You, London: Penguin, 2011.
Petters, Lorreine. “Injonction à la transparence dans le fact-checking : de l’idéal de l’objectivité à une tentative de proximité.” SociologieS (2020). https://doi.org/10.4000/sociologies.14951.
Quattrociocchi, Walter, Antonio Scala, and Cass R. Sunstein. “Echo Chambers on Facebook.” SSRN (2016). https://ssrn.com/abstract=2795110.
Ségur, Céline. “L’étude des publics de télévision en SIC. Quelle évolution conceptuelle ?” Revue française des sciences de l’information et de la communication 7 (2015). https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/1470.
Ségur, Céline. s.v. “Lazarsfeld (Paul).” Publictionnaire. Dictionnaire encyclopédique et critique des publics. 2016. http ://publictionnaire.huma-num.fr/notice/lazarsfeld-paul.
Shaw, Adrienne, “Encoding and Decoding Affordances: Stuart Hall and Interactive Media Technologies.” Media, Culture & Society 39 (2017): 592-602.
Sunstein, Cass R. On Rumors: How Falsehoods Spread, Why We Believe Them, and What Can Be Done. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009.
Uscinski, Joseph E. “The Epistemology of Fact Checking (Is Still Naìve): Rejoinder to Amazeen.” Critical Review 27, no. 2 (2015): 243-252. https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2015.1055892.
Uscinski, Joseph E., and Ryden W. Butler. “The Epistemology of Fact Checking.” Critical Review 25 no. 2 (2013): 162-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2013.843872.
Vargo, Chris J., Lei Guo, and Michelle A. Amazeen. “The Agenda-Setting Power of Fake News: A big Data Analysis of the Online Media Landscape from 2014 to 2016.” New Media & Society 20 (2018): 2028-2049.
Vauchez, Ysé, “Les mythes professionnels des fact-checkeurs : Un journalisme de données au service de la vérité.” Politiques de communication 12 (2019) : 21-44. https://doi.org/10.3917/pdc.012.0021.
Wardle, Claire and Hossein Derakshan. “Information Disorder: Toward an Interdisciplinary Framework for Research and Policy Making.” Council of Europe Report DGI (2017) 09. https://rm.coe.int/information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-researc/168076277c.
Wagner, Kristen Anderson. “Reception Theory.” Schirmer Encyclopedia of Film, Encyclopedia.com 2 Jun 2022. https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/reception-theory.
Yarrow, David. “From Fact-checking to Value-checking: Normative Reasoning in the New Public Sphere.” The Political Quarterly 92, no. 4 (2021): 621-628, https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.12999.
Top of page
Notes
Claire Wardle, and Hossein Derakhshan, “Information Disorder : Toward an Interdisciplinary Framework for Research and Policy Making.” Council of Europe Report DGI (2017) 09, https://rm.coe.int/information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-researc/168076277c
Thierry Bardini, “Changement et réseaux socio-techniques : de l’inscription à l’affordance,” Réseaux 76 (1996) : 141-142.
The project brought together seven universities from six European countries: Finland, France, Greece, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal and a press agency in Portugal. It designed a full curriculum on fact-checking to train media and communication professionals as well as teachers in charge of media education in identifying, preventing, and fighting against the digital dissemination of false and/or malicious information.
Laurent Bigot, “Le fact-checking ou la réinvention d’une pratique de vérification,” Communication & Langage 192 (2017a) : 131-156 ; Laurent Bigot, s.v. “Fact-checking.” Publictionnaire. Dictionnaire encyclopédique et critique des publics, 2017b. http://publictionnaire.huma-num.fr/notice/fact-checking. Alexandre Joux, and Inès Gil, “Entre transparence des sources et entre-soi : une critique du fact-checking du débat de l’entre-deux tours de la présidentielle française de 2017,” Études de communication 53 (2019) : 67-84 ; Ysé Vauchez, “Les mythes professionnels des fact-checkeurs : Un journalisme de données au service de la vérité,” Politiques de communication 12 (2019) : 21-44, https://doi.org/10.3917/pdc.012.0021 ; Lorreine Petters, “Injonction à la transparence dans le fact-checking : de l’idéal de l’objectivité à une tentative de proximité,” SociologieS (2020), https://doi.org/10.4000/sociologies.14951 ; Vincent Chagneau, “Fact-checking : une guerre par l’information qui ne dit pas son nom ?” Revue internationale d’intelligence économique 13 (2021) : 143-153.
Vauchez, “Les mythes professionnels des fact-checkeurs : Un journalisme de données au service de la vérité,” 21-44 ; Alexandre Joux, and Brigitte Sebbah, “Les représentations implicites du pouvoir des médias d’information : L’exemple du lancement du Décodex,” Sur Le Journalisme, About Journalism, Sobre Jornalismo 9, no. 1 (2020) : 166–179. https://doi.org/10.25200/SLJ.v9.n1.2020.425
Joseph E. Uscinski, and Ryden W. Butler, “The Epistemology of Fact Checking,” Critical Review 25 no. 2 (2013) : 162, https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2013.843872
Michelle A. Amazeen, “Revisiting the Epistemology of Fact-Checking,” Critical Review 27, no. 1 (2015) : 1–22.
Joseph E. Uscinski, “The Epistemology of Fact Checking (Is Still Naìve) : Rejoinder to Amazeen,” Critical Review 27, no. 2 (2015) : 243-252, https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2015.1055892
Chloe Lim, “Checking How Fact-Checkers Check,” Research & Politics 5, no. 3 (2018), https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168018786848
David Yarrow, “From Fact-checking to Value-checking : Normative Reasoning in the New Public Sphere,” The Political Quarterly 92, no. 4 (2021) : 621-628, https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.12999
Nicole M. Krause, Isabelle Freiling, Becca Beets, and Dominique Brossard, “Fact-Checking as Risk Communication : The Multi-Layered Risk of Misinformation in Times of COVID-19.” Journal of Risk Research 23, no. 7-8 (2020) : 1052-1059. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2020.1756385
Italics in original.
Krause, Freiling, Beets, and Brossard, “Fact-Checking as Risk Communication : The Multi-Layered Risk of Misinformation in Times of COVID-19,” 1056.
Maria Kyriakidou, Stephen Cushion, Ceri Hughes and Marina Morani, “Questioning Fact-Checking in the Fight Against Disinformation : An Audience Perspective,” Journalism Practice (2022), https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2022.2097118
Ibidem, 15. Italics in original.
Cass R. Sunstein, On Rumors : How Falsehoods Spread, Why We Believe Them, and What Can Be Done (New York : Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009).
In what follows, we use the terms “theory,” “model,” and “approach” interchangeably to refer to overall frameworks and contexts used for understanding relationships between observable facts. Though nuances between these notions do exist (Sitwala Imenda, “Is There a Conceptual Difference between Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks ?” Journal of Social Sciences 38, no. 2 (2014) : 185-195. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2014.11893249)—e.g., “approach” mostly signifying the actual type of research conducted—these epistemological subtleties are beyond the scope of this paper.
In this article, we address fact-checking in relation to disinformation/misinformation audiences, considering that the latter play a part in the dissemination, visibility, and credibility of dis/misinformation. No matter how plausible they can be, fact-checking and truth-telling can encounter the opposition of differentiated interpretations, or even resistance, due to cognitive biases, the social conditions of their reception, and the effects of grouping and relations.
Nicholas Dias and Amy Sippitt, “Researching Fact Checking : Present Limitations and Future Opportunities,” The Political Quarterly 91, no. 3 (2020) : 605-613. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.12892
Kristen Anderson Wagner, “Reception Theory,” Schirmer Encyclopedia of Film, Encyclopedia.com 2 Jun 2022, https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/reception-theory
Hans-Robert Jauss, Pour une esthétique de la réception, trans. Claude Maillard (Paris : Gallimard, 1972).
Maxwell McCombs, and Donald L. Shaw, “The Agenda setting Function of the Media,” Public Opinion Quarterly 36 (1972) : 176-187.
Kurt Lang, and Gladys Lang, Politics and Television (Chicago : Quadrangle Books, 1968).
Elizabeth Noëlle-Neumann, “La spirale du silence. Une théorie de l’opinion publique,” Hermès 4 (1989) : 181-189.
Pierre Bourdieu, Méditations pascaliennes (Paris : Éd. du Seuil, 1997) : 216. Translated by the authors, as all translations from French in this article.
Stéphanie Lukasik, s.v. “Homophilie.” Publictionnaire. Dictionnaire encyclopédique et critique des publics, 2020, http://publictionnaire.huma-num.fr/notice/homophilie
Elihu Katz, and Paul Lazarsfeld. Personal Influence. The Part Played by People in the Flow of Mass Communications (New York : Free Press, 1955).
Sébastien Mort, s.v. “Katz (Elihu).” Publictionnaire. Dictionnaire encyclopédique et critique des publics, 2016, http://publictionnaire.huma-num.fr/notice/katz-elihu
Céline Ségur, s.v. “Lazarsfeld (Paul).” Publictionnaire. Dictionnaire encyclopédique et critique des publics, 2016, http://publictionnaire.huma-num.fr/notice/lazarsfeld-paul
Maxime Cervulle, s.v. “Hall (Stuart).” Publictionnaire. Dictionnaire encyclopédique et critique des publics, 2022. http://publictionnaire.huma-num.fr/notice/hall-stuart/
Stuart Hall, “Encoding/Decoding,” in Television. Critical Concepts in Media and Cultural Studies, vol IV, ed. Toby Miller (London : Routledge, 2003), 43-53
Jay G. Blumler, and Elihu Katz, eds. The Uses of Mass Communications : Current Perspectives on Gratifications Research (Beverly Hills : Sage Annual Reviews of Communication Research, 1974).
Angeliki Monnier, s.v. “Certeau (Michel de).” Publictionnaire. Dictionnaire encyclopédique et critique des publics, 2017, http://publictionnaire.huma-num.fr/notice/certeau-michel-de
Michel de Certeau, L’invention du quotidien (Paris : Union générale d’éditions, 1980).
Céline Ségur, “L’étude des publics de télévision en SIC. Quelle évolution conceptuelle ?” Revue française des sciences de l’information et de la communication 7 (2015). https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/1470
Walter Quattrociocchi, Antonio Scala, and Cass R. Sunstein, “Echo Chambers on Facebook,” SSRN (2016), https://ssrn.com/abstract =2795110.
Eli Pariser, Filter Bubbles : What the Internet Is Hiding from You (London : Penguin, 2011) ; Seth Flaxman, Sharad Goel, and Justin M. Rao, “Filter Bubbles, Echo Chambers and Online News Consumption,” Public Opinion Quarterly 80 (2016) : 298-320, https://5harad.com/papers/bubbles.pdf
Chris J. Vargo, Lei Guo, and Michelle A. Amazeen, “The Agenda-Setting Power of Fake News : A big Data Analysis of the Online Media Landscape from 2014 to 2016,” New Media & Society 20 (2018) : 2028-2049.
Elizabeth Dubois, and Grant Blank, “The Echo Chamber Is Overstated : The Moderating Effect of Political Interest and Diverse Media,” Information, Communication & Society 21, no. 5 (2018) : 729-745 ; Richard Fletcher, Craig T. Robertson, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen, “How Many People Live in Politically Partisan Online News Echo Chambers in Different Countries ?” Journal of Quantitative Description : Digital Media, 1 (2021), https://doi.org/10.51685/jqd.2021.020 ; Annie Y. Chen, Brendan Nyhan, Jason Reifler, Ronald E. Robertson, and Christo Wilson, “Subscriptions and external links help drive resentful users to alternative and extremist YouTube videos,” Science Advances 9, no. 35 (2023), https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.add8080.
Irfan Chaudhry and Anatoliy Gruzd, “Expressing and Challenging Racist Discourse on Facebook : How Social Media Weaken the Spiral of Silence Theory,” Policy & Internet 12, no. 1 (2020) : 88-108.
Arnaud Claes, Victor Wiard, Heidi Mercenier, Thibault Philippette, Marie Dufrasne, Arnaud Browet, and Raphaël Jungers, Algorithmes de recommandation et culture technique : penser le dialogue entre éducation et design,” Tic&Société 15 (2021) : 127-157, https://doi.org/10.4000/ticetsociete.5915.
Adrian Bardon, The Truth About Denial : Bias and Self-Deception in Science, Politics, and Religion (New York : Oxford University Press, 2019).
Michelle A. Amazeen, “Making a Difference ? A critical Assessment of Fact-checking in 2012,” New America Foundation (2013), https://static.newamerica.org/attachments/10215-making-a-difference/Amazeen_-A_Critical_Assessment_of_Factchecking.4a3289cb3fcd4a8faf0d94f40ebcdc35.pdf
Nicolas Gauvrit, “Répondre au discours climatosceptique : quand les faits ne suffisent plus,” in Des têtes bien faites : Défense de l’esprit critique, ed. Nicolas Gauvrit (Paris : Presses Universitaires de France, 2019), 107-120, https://doi.org/10.3917/puf.gauvr.2019.01.0107
Manon Berriche, “‘Regarde j’ai vu ça sur Facebook !’ : quand nos bavardages nourrissent les fake news,” The Conversation France, 23 septembre 2020, https://theconversation.com/regarde-jai-vu-ca-sur-facebook-quand-nos-bavardages-nourrissent-les-fake-news-123426
All translations from French into English were done by the authors.
Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (New York : Doubleday, 1959).
Claes, Wiard, Mercenier, Philippette, Dufrasne, Browet, and Jungers, Algorithmes de recommandation et culture technique : penser le dialogue entre éducation et design,” : 127-157.
Adrienne Shaw, “Encoding and Decoding Affordances : Stuart Hall and Interactive Media Technologies,” Media, Culture & Society 39 (2017) : 592-602.
Elihu Katz, and Paul Lazarsfeld. Personal Influence. The Part Played by People in the Flow of Mass Communications.
Wardle and Derakshan, “Information Disorder : Toward an Interdisciplinary Framework for Research and Policy Making,” (Council of Europe Report DGI, 2017) : 12.
Divina Frau-Meigs, “Les Youtubeurs : les nouveaux influenceurs !” Nectart 5 (2017) : 126-136.
Jean-Phillippe Cointet, Dominique Cardon, Andreï Mogoutov, Benjamin Ooghe, Guillaume Plique, and Pedro Ramaciotti Morales, “Uncovering the structure of the French media ecosystem,” IC2S2 (Zurich, Jul 2021) : 1, https://spire.sciencespo.fr/hdl :/2441/6puvcsco0e95q8daij2do98obi/resources/2107.12073.pdf.
Divina Frau-Meigs, Faut-il avoir peur des fake news ? (Paris : La Documentation Française, 2019).
William H. Dutton, Bianca Reisdorf, Elisabeth Dubois, and Grant Blank, “Social Shaping of the Politics of Internet Search and Networking : Moving beyond Filter Bubbles, Echo Chambers and Fake News,” Quello Center Working Paper No. 2944191 (March 31, 2017), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm ?abstract_id =2944191.
Angeliki Monnier, Catherine Sotirakou, Costas Mourlas, Jerzy Gołuchowski, and Anna Losa-Jonczyk, “Collaborative Fact-Checking Through Participatory Journalism, Crowdsourcing and Gamification,” International Association for Media and Communication Research conference, Beijing, July 2022.
Lucas Graves, “Anatomy of a Fact Check : Objective Practice and the Contested Epistemology of Fact Checking,” Communication, Culture & Critique 10 (2017) : 518-537.
Top of page