Bibliographie
Arlen, Michael J. Living-Room War. 1969; Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1997.
Baumeister, Roy F. and Stephen Hastings. “Distortions of Collective Memory: How Groups Flatter and Deceive Themselves.” In Collective Memory of Political Events: Social Psychological Perspectives, edited by James W. Pennebaker, Dario Paez, and Bernard Rimé, 277-293. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1997.
Benjamin, Walter. “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction.” In Illuminations, translated by Harry Zohn. New York: Schocken Books, 1968, 217-252.
Caruth, Cathy, ed. Trauma: Explorations in Memory. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press, 1995.
Cortright, David. “Review Essay: The Winter Soldiers Movement: GIs and Veterans Against the Vietnam War.” Peace and Change 27, no. 1 (2002): 118-124.
Crandell, William. “Opening Statement of William Crandell – Winter Soldier Investigation.” The Sixties Project. http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/sixties/HTML_docs/Resources/Primary/Winter_Soldier/WS_02_opening.html.
Duncan, Don. “Closing Statement – Winter Soldier Investigation.” The Sixties Project. http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/sixties/HTML_docs/Resources/Primary/Winter_Soldier/WS_53_Closing.html.
Guerin, Frances and Roger Hallas, eds. The Image and the Witness. London: Wallflower Press, 2007.
Hagopian, Patrick. The Vietnam War in American Memory: Veterans, Memorials, and The Politics of Healing. Ann Arbor, MI: Sheridan Books, 2009.
Hornaday, Ann. “‘Soldier’: Recounting Unspeakable Acts of War.” Washington Post, December 9, 2005. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/08/AR2005120800682.html.
Hunt, Andrew E. The Turning: A History of Vietnam Veterans Against the War. New York: New York University Press, 1999.
Huston, Johnny Ray. “Coldest ‘Winter’ Ever: A little-seen superb Vietnam doc explodes again today.” San Francisco Bay-Guardian, Aug. 31 – Sept. 6, 2005. http://www.sfbg.com/39/48/art_film_winter_soldier.html.
Iraq Veterans Against the War and Aaron Glantz. Winter Soldier: Iraq and Afghanistan: Eyewitness Accounts of the Occupations. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2008.
Jay, Jeffrey A. “After Vietnam: In Pursuit of Scapegoats.” Harper’s Magazine, July 1978.
Kemp, Janet and Robert Bossarte. “Suicide Data Report – 2012.” U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Mental Health Services, 2012. http://www.va.gov/opa/docs/Suicide-Data-Report-2012-final.pdf.
Kerry, John. “Vietnam Veterans Against the War Statement by John Kerry to the Senate Committee Foreign Relations – April 23, 1971.” The Sixties Project. http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/sixties/HTML_docs/Resources/Primary/Manifestos/VVAW_Kerry_Senate.html.
Klawans, Stuart. “Eat The Document.” The Nation, August 29, 2005.
Klein, Michael. “Historical Memory, Film, and the Vietnam Era.” In From Hanoi to Hollywood: The Vietnam War in American Film, edited by Linda Dittmar and Gene Michaud, 19-40. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1990.
Knoll, Erin and Judith Nies McFadden, eds. War Crimes and the American Conscience. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970.
Kowal, Jessica. “‘Welcome to Vietnam, Mr. President.’” Salon, November 17, 2003. http://www.salon.com/2003/11/17/iraq_viet.
Krystal, John H., Steven M. Southwick, and Dennis S. Charney. “Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Psychobiological Mechanisms of Traumatic Remembrance.” Memory Distortion: How Minds, Brains, and Societies Reconstruct the Past, edited by In Daniel L. Schacter, 150-172. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995.
Lachman, Elly. “Winter Soldier Press Kit,” PDF on Winter Soldier DVD, 2005.
Laderman, Scott. Tours of Vietnam: War, Travel Guides, and Memory. Raleigh, NC: Duke University Press, 2009.
Lanzmann, Claude. “Le lieu et la parole.” In Au sujet de Shoah: Le Film de Claude Lanzmann, edited by Michel Deguy, 293-305. Paris: Belin, 1990.
Mandelbaum, Michael. “Vietnam: The Television War.” Daedalus 111, no. 4 (1982): 157-169.
Marin, Peter. “Coming to terms with Vietnam: Settling our moral debts.” Harper’s Magazine, December 1980.
McCarthy, Jake. “A Film You Shouldn’t See.” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, October 23, 1972. Winter Soldier Film. http://wintersoldierfilm.com/reviews_102372_stlouis.htm.
Morag, Raya. “Perpetrator Trauma and Current Israeli Documentary Cinema.” Camera Obscura 80, vol. 27, no. 2 (2012): 92-133.
Moser, Richard. The New Winter Soldiers: GI and Veteran Dissent During the Vietnam Era. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1996.
Nelson, Craig. Thomas Paine: Enlightenment, Revolution, and the Birth of Modern Nations. New York: Penguin Books, 2006.
Nichols, Bill. Representing Reality. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1991.
Nicosia, Gerald. Home to War: A History of the Vietnam Veterans’ Movement. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2001.
Paine, Thomas. The American Crisis. 1776; Philadelphia, PA: Styner and Cist, 1776- 1777.
Pennebaker, James W. and Becky L. Banasik. “On the Creation and Maintenance of Collective Memories: History as Social Psychology.” In, eds, Collective Memory of Political Events: Social Psychological Perspectives, edited by James W. Pennebaker, Dario Paez, and Bernard Rimé, 3-19. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1997.
Rabinowitz, Paula. “Wreckage Upon Wreckage: History, Documentary and the Ruins of Memory.” History and Theory 32, no. 2 (1993): 119-137.
Rosenbaum, Jonathan. “Arms and the Men.” Chicago Reader, September 16, 2005. http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/arms-and-the-men/Content?oid=919893.
Schell, Jonathan. “The Talk of the Town: Notes and Comment.” New Yorker, December 20, 1969.
Schudson, Michael. Watergate in American Memory: How We Remember, Forget, and Reconstruct the Past. New York: Basic Books, 1992.
Schwenkel, Christina. The American War in Contemporary Vietnam: Transnational Remembrance and Representation. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2009.
Silverstone, Roger. “Complicity and collusion in the mediation of everyday life.” New Literary History 33 (2002): 761-780.
Stacewicz, Richard. Winter Soldiers: An Oral History of the Vietnam Veterans Against The War. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1997.
Sturken, Marita. Tangled Memories: The Vietnam War, The AIDS Epidemic, and the Politics of Remembering. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997.
Turner, Fred. Echoes of Combat: The Vietnam War in American Memory. New York: Anchor Books, 1996.
Vogel, Amos. “Atrocities and Artless Innocence.” Village Voice, February 3, 1972. Winter Soldier Film. http://wintersoldierfilm.com/reviews_020372_voice.htm.
Waterson, Roxana. “Trajectories of Memory: Documentary Film and the Transmission of Testimony.” History and Anthropology 18, no. 1 (2007): 51-73.
Westheider, James E. Fighting on Two Fronts: African Americans and the Vietnam War. New York: New York University Press, 1997.
Willis, Sharon. “Lost Objects: The Museum of Cinema.” In The Renewal of Cultural Studies, edited by Paul Smith, 93-102. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2011.
Wilson, Ron. “Review: Winter Soldier (1972).” The Moving Image 7, no. 1 (2007): 122-124.
Wolf, William. “Winter Soldier Review.” Cue Magazine, May 13, 1972. Winter Soldier Film. http://wintersoldierfilm.com/reviews_051372_cue.htm.
Zerubavel, Yael. Recovered Roots: Collective Memory and the Making of Israeli National Tradition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.
Filmography
A Conversation with the Filmmakers (Michael Lesser, 2005). Bonus feature on Winter Soldier DVD.
The Deer Hunter (Michael Cimino, 1978).
Winter Soldier (Winterfilm Collective, 1972).
Haut de page
Notes
Winter Soldier, directed by Winterfilm Collective (1972; Harrington Park, NJ: Milliarium Zero, 2006), DVD. All of the quotations without citations in this article, such as the one by Shimabukuro, are direct quotes from this documentary.
Don Duncan, “Closing Statement – Winter Soldier Investigation,” The Sixties Project, http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/sixties/HTML_docs/Resources/Primary/Winter_Soldier/WS_53_Closing.html.
Andrew E. Hunt, The Turning: A History of Vietnam Veterans Against the War (New York: New York University Press, 1999), 68.
Demonstrating the imprecise nature of historiography, writers and historians have documented the number of testifiers at these hearings as “a little over 100 veterans” (Nicosia 87), “more than one hundred veterans and sixteen civilians” (Hunt 71), “more than 125 veterans” (Lachman 3), “150 veterans” (Hagopian 53 and Stacewicz 234), “200 young veterans” (McCarthy), and “more than 200 ex-GIs” (Vogel). Reviewing the hearing transcripts in their entirety, I counted 132 individuals who testified—116 veterans and 16 civilians. Perhaps confounding the inexactitude, the transcript also occasionally attributes remarks to an “Unidentified Panelist” or “Panelist,” not clarifying if additional people testified but were not credited or if the record did not document which of the previously credited panelists made these remarks. A full transcription of the Winter Soldier hearings can be found at The Sixties Project at http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/sixties/HTML_docs/Resources/Primary/Winter_Soldier/WS_entry.html and as a PDF on the Winter Soldier DVD. Senator Mark Hatfield also added the entirety of the remarks into the Congressional Record as Extensions and Remarks 2825-2900, 2903-2936 on April 7, 1971.
John Kerry, “Vietnam Veterans Against the War Statement by John Kerry to the Senate Committee Foreign Relations – April 23, 1971,” The Sixties Project, http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/sixties/HTML_docs/Resources/Primary/Manifestos/VVAW_Kerry_Senate.html.
Elly Lachman, “Winter Soldier Press Kit,” PDF on Winter Soldier DVD, 2005, 5, 3.
Richard R. Moser, The New Winter Soldiers: GI and Veteran Dissent During the Vietnam Era (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1996), 2.
Some of these works are Patrick Hagopian’s The Vietnam War in American Memory: Veterans, Memorials, and The Politics of Healing (Ann Arbor, MI: Sheridan Books, 2009); Scott Laderman’s Tours of Vietnam: War, Travel Guides, and Memory (Raleigh, NC: Duke University Press, 2009); and Christina Schwenkel’s The American War in Contemporary Vietnam: Transnational Remembrance and Representation (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2009).
Examples of this application can be found in Marita Sturken’s Tangled Memories: The Vietnam War, The AIDS Crisis, and the Politics of Remembering (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997); Michael Klein’s article “Historical Memory, Film, and the Vietnam Era” in Linda Dittmar and Gene Michaud, eds., From Hanoi to Hollywood: The Vietnam War in American Film (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1990); and Fred Turner’s Echoes of Combat: Trauma, Memory, and the Vietnam War (New York: Anchor Books, 1996).
Paula Rabinowitz, “Wreckage Upon Wreckage: History, Documentary and the Ruins of Memory,” History and Theory 32, no. 2 (1993): 119.
This new wave of scholarship includes the aforementioned The New Winter Soldiers by Moser and The Turning by Hunt, as well as Richard Stacewicz’s Winter Soldiers: An Oral History of the Vietnam Veterans Against the War (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1997) and Gerald Nicosia’s Home to War: A History of the Vietnam Veterans’ Movement (New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2001).
David Cortright, “Review Essay: The Winter Soldiers Movement: GIs and Veterans Against the Vietnam War,” Peace and Change 27, no. 1 (2002): 119.
For one discussion of the similarities and differences between Iraq and Vietnam, see Jessica Kowal’s “‘Welcome to Vietnam, Mr. President,’” Salon, November 17, 2003, http://www.salon.com/2003/11/17/iraq_viet.
Janet Kemp and Robert Bossarte, “Suicide Data Report – 2012,” U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs Mental Health Services, 18. http://www.va.gov/opa/docs/Suicide-Data-Report-2012-final.pdf.
James W. Pennebaker and Becky L. Banasik, “On the Creation and Maintenance of Collective Memories: History as Social Psychology.” In James W. Pennebaker, Dario Paez, and Bernard Rimé, eds, Collective Memory of Political Events: Social Psychological Perspectives (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1997), 7.
Pennebaker and Banasik, “On the Creation and Maintenance of Collective Memories”, 8.
Pennebaker and Banasik, “On the Creation and Maintenance of Collective Memories”, 11.
John H. Krystal, Steven M. Southwick, and Dennis S. Charney, “Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Psychobiological Mechanisms of Traumatic Remembrance” in Daniel L. Schacter, ed, Memory Distortion: How Minds, Brains, and Societies Reconstruct the Past (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995), 150.
Turner, Echoes of Combat, 18.
Raya Morag, “Perpetrator Trauma and Current Israeli Documentary Cinema,” Camera Obscura 80, vol. 27, no. 2 (2012): 93.
Morag, “Perpetrator Trauma and Current Israeli Documentary Cinema,” 95.
Michael J. Arlen, Living Room-War (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1997), 6.
Michael Mandelbaum, “Vietnam: The Television War,” Daedalus 111, no. 4 (1982): 157, 161.
Roger Silverstone, “Complicity and collusion in the mediation of everyday life,” New Literary History 33 (2002): 774.
Peter Marin, “Coming to Terms with Vietnam: Settling Our Moral Debts,” Harper’s Magazine, December 1980, 42.
Jeffrey A. Jay, “After Vietnam: I. In Pursuit of Scapegoats,” Harper’s Magazine, July 1978, 14.
Robert Jay Lifton quoted in Erwin Knoll and Judith Nies McFadden, eds., War Crimes and the American Conscience (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970), 107-108.
Roy F. Baumeister and Stephen Hastings, “Distortions of Collective Memory: How Groups Flatter and Deceive Themselves” in Collective Memory of Political Events: Social Psychological Perspectives, 282-283.
Stacewicz, Winter Soldiers, 5.
Thomas Paine, The American Crisis (Philadelphia, PA: Styner and Cist, 1776-1777). An image of the text is here: http://www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/history/american-crisis.html.
William Crandell quoted in Nicosia, 79.
Turner, Echoes of Combat, 21.
William Cobbett quoted in Craig Nelson, Thomas Paine: Enlightenment, Revolution, and the Birth of Modern Nations (New York: Penguin Books, 2006), 5.
Nelson, Thomas Paine, 8, 10.
James E. Westheider, Fighting on Two Fronts: African Americans and the Vietnam War (New York: New York University Press, 1997), 13, 20, 12.
Winterfilm Collective, “Remarks by the filmmakers providing a brief historical context for viewing Winter Soldier,” PDF on Winter Soldier DVD, 2006, 1.
William Crandell, “Opening Statement of William Crandell – Winter Soldier Investigation,” The Sixties Project, http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/sixties/HTML_docs/Resources/Primary/Winter_Soldier/WS_02_opening.html.
Sturken, “Tangled Memories,” 82, 62.
Don Donner quoted in “1st, 4th, and 9th Infantry Divisions – Winter Soldier Investigation,” The Sixties Project,
http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/sixties/HTML_docs/Resources/Primary/Winter_Soldier/WS_45_1Infantry.html.
Kerry, “Vietnam Veterans Against the War Statement.”
Like the discrepancies concerning the number of people testifying, it is revealing how the number of credited filmmakers fluctuates in historical accounts and reviews. For example, an intertitle in the DVD bonus feature A Conversation With the Filmmakers represents the number of Winterfilm Collective members as “about 17,” Nicosia attributes the documentary to “fifteen peace activists” (84), and Stacewicz simply credits “an independent filmmaker” (267). I have taken the count of nineteen from the Winter Soldier Press Kit, which lists all nineteen members.
A Conversation with the Filmmakers, directed by Michael Lesser (2005; Harrington Park, NJ: Milliarium Zero, 2006), bonus feature on Winter Soldier DVD.
A Conversation with the Filmmakers.
Michael Schudson, Watergate in American Memory: How We Remember, Forget, and Reconstruct the Past (New York: Basic Books, 1992), 51-52.
Claude Lanzmann, “Le lieu et la parole,” in Au sujet de Shoah: Le Film de Claude Lanzmann, ed. Michel Deguy (Paris: Belin, 1990), 304.
Amos Vogel, “Atrocities and Artless Innocence” from Village Voice, February 3, 1972, Winter Soldier Film, http://wintersoldierfilm.com/reviews_020372_voice.htm.
Frances Guerin and Roger Hallas, introduction to The Image and the Witness, eds. Frances Guerin and Roger Hallas (London: Wallflower Press, 2007), 2.
Sharon Willis, “Lost Objects: The Museum of Cinema,” in The Renewal of Cultural Studies, ed. Paul Smith (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2011), 93-94.
Bill Nichols, Representing Reality (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1991), 10.
Rabinowitz, “Wreckage Upon Wreckage,” 120.
A Conversation with the Filmmakers.
Walter Benjamin, “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction” in Illuminations, trans. Harry Zohn (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1968), 234.
Vogel, “Atrocities and Artless Innocence.”
Roxana Waterson, “Trajectories of Memory: Documentary Film and the Transmission of Testimony,” History and Anthropology 18, no. 1 (2007): 70.
Lachman, “Winter Soldier Presskit,” 3.
Ron Wilson, “Review: Winter Soldier (1972)” from The Moving Image 7, no. 1 (2007): 123.
Wilson, “Review: Winter Soldier (1972),” 123.
A Conversation with the Filmmakers.
Winterfilm Collective, 3.
Winterfilm Collective, 3.
William Wolf, “Winter Soldier Review,” from Cue Magazine, May 13, 1972, Winter Soldier Film, http://wintersoldierfilm.com/reviews_051372_cue.htm.
Vogel, “Atrocities and Artless Innocence.”
Jake McCarthy, “A Film You Shouldn’t See” from St. Louis Post-Dispatch, October 23, 1972, Winter Soldier Film,
http://wintersoldierfilm.com/reviews_102372_stlouis.htm.
McCarthy, “A Film You Shouldn’t See.”
Sturken, “Tangled Memories,” 85.
Jonathan Schell, “The Talk of the Town: Notes and Comment,” New Yorker, December 20, 1969, 27.
Johnny Ray Huston, “Coldest “Winter” Ever: A little-seen superb Vietnam doc explodes again today,” San Francisco Bay-Guardian, August 31 – September 6, 2005, http://www.sfbg.com/39/48/art_film_winter_soldier.html.
Kowal, “Welcome to Vietnam.”
Lachman, “Winter Soldier Presskit,” 3.
Iraq Veterans Against the War and Aaron Glantz, Winter Soldier: Iraq and Afghanistan: Eyewitness Accounts of the Occupations (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2008), 6.
Stuart Klawans, “Eat The Document,” The Nation, August 29, 2005, 42.
Jonathan Rosenbaum, “Arms and the Men,” Chicago Reader, September 16, 2005, http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/arms-and-the-men/Content?oid=919893.
Ann Hornaday, “’Soldier’: Recounting Unspeakable Acts of War,” Washington Post, December 9, 2005, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/08/AR2005120800682.html.
Rosenbaum, “Arms and the Men.”
Huston, “Coldest ‘Winter’ Ever.”
Yael Zerubavel, Recovered Roots: Collective Memory and the Making of Israeli National Tradition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 5.
Cathy Caruth, introduction to Trauma: Explorations in Memory, ed. Cathy Caruth (Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press, 1995), 151.
Haut de page