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Project report: A Sea of Connections: Contextualizing Fisheries in the South Pacific Region socPacific)

Rapport de projet : A Sea of Connections: Contextualizing Fisheries in the South Pacific Region (socPacific)
Elodie Fache et Annette Breckwoldt
p. 109-115

Résumés

Conceptualizing South Pacific fisheries as embedded in ‘a sea of connections’ allows to highlight the multiple meanings, dimensions and expressions of ocean connectivity from/in Oceania. Between May 2018 and October 2022, the socPacific (soc for Sea Of Connections) project explored the large web of socio-cultural, policy and geopolitical connections within which fishing and fisheries management practices occur in the South Pacific region. Fiji, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu were the core geographical focus of this interdisciplinary, multi-level and multi-stakeholder research. Here, we offer an overview of the contexts and networks in which the project developed and unfolded, as well as of its main results, most of which have now been published in international peer-reviewed journals. This overview is intended to disseminate the results of this recent research as widely as possible among researchers and other actors with an interest in Oceania.

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Introduction

  • 1 https://www.cbd.int/article/cop15-final-text-kunming-montreal-gbf-221222

Oceania offers a unique example of local and regional governance, where communities and their political representatives are increasingly committed to an integrated management of marine areas and resources. This region’s oceanic fisheries (especially tuna for international markets) and coastal fisheries (a diverse and largely unmonitored sector) remain a critical component of local livelihoods, national and regional economies, and global fish supplies. Oceanian fisheries are thus one of the most important concerns on the national and regional policy agendas. These fisheries-oriented policy agendas are also increasingly articulated to global biodiversity conservation efforts, including within the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 14 (sdg14) – ‘Life below water’ – which aims to conserve and sustainably use the oceans (70% of the Earth’s surface). This goal is itself connected to the global target to expand protected areas to 30% of the planet by 20301, focusing on areas that are particularly important for biodiversity (and fisheries), such as coral reefs, on which many Oceanians depend to survive.

  • 2 Agence Nationale de la Recherche (anr) and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (dfg).

The socPacific (soc for Sea Of Connections) project, funded by the French and German national research agencies2 between May 2018 and October 2022, aimed at exploring the large web of socio-cultural, policy and geopolitical connections within which fishing and fisheries management practices occur in the South Pacific region (Photo 1). Overall, socPacific proposed to superimpose on Epeli Hau’ofa’s view of Oceania as ‘a sea of islands’ (Hau’ofa, 1994) a conceptualisation of Oceanians fisheries as embedded in ‘a sea of connections’ – a notion highlighting the multiple meanings, dimensions and expressions of ocean connectivity from/in Oceania.

The present paper is a revised version of socPacific’s official final report. Its publication is intended to disseminate the results of this recent research project as widely as possible among researchers and other actors with an interest in Oceania. Here, we offer an overview of the contexts and networks in which the project developed and unfolded, as well as of its main results (Figure 1), most of which have now been published in international peer-reviewed journals. In addition to summarizing the project’s key achievements, the concluding section highlights pertinent questions for future research, against a backdrop of increasing and manifold pressures on coral reefs.

Photo 1. – Net-fishing in a Fijian river mouth: Embodying connectivity in Oceania

Image 100000000000080000000555C0A6BF15A72A0EF6.jpg

© Tom Vierus (https://www.pacificmediahouse.com), January 2016, Ba Estuary

Figure 1. – Overview of socPacific’s results across three thematic areas and three study sites

Image 10000000000005130000030D836659925F96E821.jpg

© socPacific, with graphic design by Stéphanie Hernandez (http://www.s-com-science.com/)

The Sea-Of-Connections-Pacific project

Exploring the ‘sea of connections’ in Oceanian fisheries

  • 3 https://sdgs.un.org/goals
  • 4 https://fame1.spc.int/en/publications/roadmap-a-report-cards
  • 5 https://coastfish.spc.int/component/content/article/461-a-new-song-for-coastal-fisheries.html

Oceanians see themselves as the “custodians of the ocean”, protecting it “for the general welfare of all living things” and “for the general good” (Hau’ofa, 2000: 33, 40). In their view, pursuing Sustainable Development Goals – sdg 14 as related to all other sdgs3 (Singh et al., 2018) – has a deep and significant history. The latter has given momentum to a number of policy documents that build on an ‘Oceanian Sovereignty’, rooted in and through a relationship/kinship to the Pacific Ocean, and “centred in responsibility established with respect to the ocean and its plurality of inclusive entities” (Bambridge et al., 2021: 349). These regional policy documents include A Regional Roadmap for Sustainable Fisheries4 (endorsed in 2015 by the Pacific Islands Forum Leaders, and featuring goals for both oceanic and coastal fisheries for the next ten years), and A New Song for Coastal Fisheries – Pathways to Change: The Noumea Strategy5 (developed in 2015 by representatives of 22 countries, and approved during regional fisheries meetings). Indeed, oceanic/offshore and coastal/inshore fisheries are central to the economy of Oceanian states and the livelihoods of their (mostly coastal) inhabitants (Gillett, 2016), increasingly so since the covid-19 pandemic (Walters et al., 2021).

socPacific thus aimed at broadening research pathways towards a better understanding and recognition of these multi-faceted aspects and connections of fisheries in the South Pacific region; a region that has become a central stage for imagining the future of the world’s oceans and their governance. The starting point for this project was the observation that research on South Pacific fisheries:

  1. usually considered their oceanic/offshore and coastal/inshore components separately;

    • 6 Framed mainly by the United Nations’ Food and Agricultural Organisation (fao)’s international plan (...)

    had a strong focus on tuna species, because of their outstanding economic relevance, and, as a consequence, on concerns about overexploitation and Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (iuu)6 fishing activities;

  2. mainly paid attention, with regard to coastal fisheries, to economic factors, ecological dynamics, or their interrelationships (e.g., through the concept of ‘ecosystem approach to fisheries’) rather than to indigeneity and sovereignty issues; and

  3. documented that despite the increasing number of both locally managed marine areas and large-scale marine protected areas in this region, aiming to restore and safeguard marine resources and biodiversity, pressures on these were ever-increasing (e.g., Govan, 2009; Leenhardt et al., 2013) – especially the often negative ecological impacts of fishing (Froese et al., 2016).

socPacific therefore endeavoured to overcome this disconnection between the oceanic/offshore and coastal/inshore components of South Pacific fisheries, by looking beyond economic and ecological perspectives, beyond local/global oppositions, and by echoing the points of view of various stakeholders (including fishers, local communities, national governments, regional institutions, and global conservation and ‘conservation-as-development’ movements). The main objective of this project hence was to explore the complex web of socio-cultural, policy and geopolitical connections within which fisheries and their management are embedded in this very coveted but highly threatened part of the world’s oceans (United Nations, 2016, 2021).

A strong partnership across three thematic areas and three study sites

socPacific was based on a partnership between three academic institutions across Europe and Oceania: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (ird); Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (zmt); and The University of the South Pacific (usp). It was also supported by a larger consortium of external partners, from both ‘social’ and ‘natural’ sciences.7 This allowed interdisciplinary, multi-level and multi-stakeholder investigations, articulated around three main interrelated thematic areas:

  1. the social values of places and resources in connection with inshore and offshore fisheries;

  2. the connections and tensions between fishing and conservation interests and practices;

  3. the ways fisheries and existing management tools are integrated into the Marine Spatial Planning schemes under development.

  • 8 socPacific was heavily impacted by the covid-19 pandemic, with most fieldwork periods planned in 20 (...)

These investigations focused on three countries, including their respective 200 nautical miles of waters under national jurisdiction (or ‘Exclusive Economic Zones’): Fiji, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu (Map 1).8 These study areas differ in terms of the importance of offshore fisheries within their Exclusive Economic Zones (Karcher et al., 2020). Yet, their coastal fisheries share some features that are widespread in the South Pacific, such as a lack of adequate monitoring data, despite a trend of overexploitation, and an over-reliance on ‘no-take’ areas as the main management tool (Gillett, 2014).

Map 1. – Map of socPacific’s three study sites (the ‘overlapping claim’ refers to the disputed area between Vanuatu, New Caledonia, and France around the uninhabited Matthew and Hunter Islands)

Image 100000000000030C000001FB32DDDAB00E225AEF.jpg

© socPacific

socPacific’s main results

Social values of places and resources

As part of the project’s first thematic area – Social values of places and resources – an important contribution has been Harding et al.’s (2022) study of the multi-faceted values of coastal fisheries on Kadavu Island, Fiji. The interdisciplinary research team explored the sociocultural values of marine resources alongside their monetary and subsistence values. This integrated value assessment provided important insights about designing integrative coastal fisheries management measures, including iTaukei (Indigenous Fijian) communities’ ways of valuing marine species. It also highlighted and acknowledged iTaukei women’s contributions to small-scale fisheries.

  • 9 That is, “culturally salient species that shape in a major way the cultural identity of a people” ( (...)

Beyond these categories of stakeholders, SOCPacific also examined the values that children from Fiji and New Caledonia attributed to the sea and marine life, based on school-children’s drawings and their own comments on the latter (Fache et al., 2022a, 2022b). This work revealed children’s attachment to specific places that provide them with physical and social roots as well as a sense of belonging (Fache et al., 2022b). Children also brought to the fore the need to protect species that are of both ecological and cultural importance to them, such as sea turtles and sharks, for future generations (Fache et al., 2022b). This echoes Harding et al. (2022)’s call for systematically taking into account ‘cultural keystone species’9 in future value assessments and (co-)management strategies for coastal fisheries, in Fiji and beyond. It also echoes Breckwoldt et al. (2022a)’s use of the notion of marine ‘ecological and cultural keystone places’ in order to highlight the multi-faceted significance of reef passages (breaks and channels in the barrier and fringing reefs; Photo 2).

  • 10 An analysis of such representations among school-children from Vanuatu is still in progress.

In Oceania, such ‘ecological and cultural keystone’ places and species are embedded in a land-sea continuum, referred to by vernacular terms derived from the (reconstructed) Proto-Malayo-Polynesian term *banua (Chave-Dartoen, 2016), such as fenua, fanua, fonua, enua, whenua, or vanua (Veitayaki et al., 2018). SOCPacific’s team documented Indigenous adults’ representations of such land-sea (or sea-land) territories – and related knowledges, values and norms – in Fiji (Fache and Pauwels, 2020), New Caledonia (Dégremont and Sabinot, 2020), and Vanuatu (Pascht, 2022). Fache et al. (2022b) highlighted that this land-sea continuum is also self-evident for children in Fiji and New Caledonia10, who view the sea and land as inextricably linked. This inseparability is also increasingly taken into account in fisheries management through ridge-to-reef approaches (Fache and Pauwels, 2022).

Photo 2. – Example of a reef passage: satellite view of Naiqoro passage, Kadavu, Fiji

Image 10000000000005E0000002F27862F2545CEC0D53.jpg

© Google Earth

Connections and tensions between fishing and conservation

  • 11 Here ‘liberalism’ is not understood in relation to the economic theory but rather in its political (...)

The second theme – Connections and tensions between fishing and conservation – was based on the apprehension of fisheries as a ‘boundary object’, i.e. an object which lives in, and builds connections between, multiple social worlds and knowledge domains, forming a shared boundary between these (Star and Griesemer, 1989; Star, 2010; Mollinga, 2010; Mawyer, 2021). socPacific explored to what extent these multiple worlds and knowledges organize and implement the ‘integration’ agenda that has become increasingly widespread in the field of both ocean and coastal management (Riera, 2022). This concept of ‘integration’ aims to (re)connect different scales (e.g., global, regional, national, local policies), spaces (e.g., land and sea, inshore and offshore), temporalities (e.g., today’s uses and future generations’ needs), and/or stakeholders (e.g., state and non-state actors; Fache et al., 2022c). However, different views of and approaches to ‘integration’ co-exist in Oceania, in particular: an ‘integration’ embedded in the neoliberal ideology and highlighting flexibility, versus an ‘integration’ articulated to regionalist forms of cultural-political liberalism11 and highlighting pluralism (Riera, 2022).

The project thus examined what dis/re/connections between distinct worlds, knowledge domains, and stakeholders have been shaping fishing and fisheries management practices in Oceania. In Fiji, for example, at the national level, the field of ‘coastal fisheries management’ has been progressively shaped by different coalitions of stakeholders, through different regimes of practices (‘management-as-development’, ‘management-as-conservation’, and ‘hybrid’; Riera, 2022). These partly overlapping regimes were first articulated around development-conservation tensions, then around efforts to weave together the worlds and knowledge domains of development and conservation (Riera, 2022).

Marine Spatial Planning schemes under development

  • 12 Dispossession of access to, use of, or control of ocean space or resources.
  • 13 The term ‘commoning’ stresses the processual dimension of the practices and policies of claim, crea (...)

Exploring the third thematic area – Marine Spatial Planning schemes under development – first required: (1) understanding the existing (and persisting) policy landscape around regional fisheries management (Karcher et al., 2020); and (2) analysing the rush for space and resources that has been taking place in the Pacific Ocean in recent decades (Fache et al., 2021). On the one hand, this work confirmed that tuna fisheries have and need an established hard policy arena (with binding measures attempting to regulate multiple and powerful interests in this valuable resource), while suggesting that establishing binding measures in coastal areas might neither be easily achieved nor deemed as beneficial by national authorities. On the other hand, the research showed that the increasing interest in and rush for space and resources (involving Pacific Island countries and territories as well as external powers) reveals three interlinked motivations: exploitation of marine resources (especially fish, oil and deep-sea minerals); protection of marine biodiversity (especially with closures); and control or expression of sovereignty claims over marine spaces. More than a mere process of ‘ocean grabbing’, this rush rather epitomises a dialectic frontier process that combines grabbing12 and commoning13 dynamics. These trends have been reconfiguring the Pacific Ocean in diverse and still largely unpredictable ways, including through the creation and implementation of large-scale marine protected areas (Dégremont, 2022).

Lastly, socPacific questioned the contours of ‘Marine Spatial Planning in the making’ in Oceania, with particular attention to non-human beings’ role in shaping such schemes and/or resistance to these. In two case studies, focusing respectively on shark risk management in New Caledonia and shark-oriented ecotourism in Fiji, Kon Kam King and Riera (2022) argued that sharks are increasingly incorporated into Marine Spatial Planning, which illustrates the development of a ‘more-than-human Marine Spatial Planning’. The ‘right place’ of sharks and humans at sea is thereby negotiated, defined, and enforced divergently in these two cases, facing both human and non-human resistance.

Conclusion: key achievements and future research pathways

socPacific revitalized the study of South Pacific fisheries through the conceptualization of Oceania as ‘a sea of connections’. This notion highlights the multiple meanings, dimensions and expressions of ocean connectivity from/in Oceania. It also emphasizes that Oceanian knowledges, cosmologies, socialities, spiritualities, values, norms/forms of governance, and sovereignties are central to ensuring the health of the Pacific Ocean, considered all at once as the planet’s largest ocean, a common heritage, the scene of an unequalled rush for space and resources, a four-dimension (including depth and time) ‘oceanscape’, and a more-than-human entity. socPacific also outlined that a more comprehensive and finer understanding of fisheries requires linking:

  1. the relational turn underway in the social sciences and humanities, as well as among sustainability scientists;

  2. the integrative turn as a new era of biodiversity conservation, supposed to merge with both sustainable development and fisheries management objectives; and

  3. the inter- and transdisciplinary turn, aiming to ensure that many more voices – academic and non-academic – are heard.

  • 14 See Table 2 in Breckwoldt et al., 2022b.

Looking ahead, we have identified a research gap requiring urgent attention: to date, little research (but see Johannes and Hviding, 2000; Aswani and Hamilton, 2004) has provided knowledge on the multi-faceted social-ecological significance of reef passages (breaks and channels in the barrier and fringing reefs), which should be a focus of biodiversity conservation activities. gis-based visual interpretations of satellite imagery helped Breckwoldt et al. (2022b) to identify 113 reef passages across a sample of nine Pacific islands, and describe three types of reef passages. This typology is a useful milestone towards developing a common understanding of these places’ values and roles, and should next be refined using a set of additional parameters and criteria.14 Our future research pathways regarding reef passages also include a transdisciplinary study of these ‘ecological and cultural keystone places’.

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Notes

1 https://www.cbd.int/article/cop15-final-text-kunming-montreal-gbf-221222

2 Agence Nationale de la Recherche (anr) and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (dfg).

3 https://sdgs.un.org/goals

4 https://fame1.spc.int/en/publications/roadmap-a-report-cards

5 https://coastfish.spc.int/component/content/article/461-a-new-song-for-coastal-fisheries.html

6 Framed mainly by the United Nations’ Food and Agricultural Organisation (fao)’s international plan of action to prevent, deter and eliminate iuu fishing, endorsed by the fao Council in June 2001. The above-mentioned Regional Roadmap for Sustainable Fisheries also aims to effectively detect, deter and eliminate iuu fishing.

7 See https://socpacific.net/team/. This project also benefited from the very active involvement of two PhD students in French-German co-tutelle arrangements, and of 11 students as interns or contracted collaborators, including six Pacific Islanders. socPacific indeed developed its capacity-building component much further than originally foreseen, a genuine contribution to “turning the tide of parachute science” (Stefanoudis et al., 2021). This component involved methodological trainings, co-production and joint analysis of data, as well as co-authorship of conference and journal papers.

8 socPacific was heavily impacted by the covid-19 pandemic, with most fieldwork periods planned in 2020 and 2021 cancelled, which resulted in the necessary renunciation to of some comparative perspectives.

9 That is, “culturally salient species that shape in a major way the cultural identity of a people” (Garibaldi and Turner, 2004, p. 4; see also Kitolelei et al. 2021).

10 An analysis of such representations among school-children from Vanuatu is still in progress.

11 Here ‘liberalism’ is not understood in relation to the economic theory but rather in its political dimension, which encompasses individual emancipation, pluralism and multiculturalism.

12 Dispossession of access to, use of, or control of ocean space or resources.

13 The term ‘commoning’ stresses the processual dimension of the practices and policies of claim, creation, and/or maintenance of oceanic ‘commons’.

14 See Table 2 in Breckwoldt et al., 2022b.

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