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Pertinence de la pensée de Heidegger au XXIè siècle

Being, Opened-ness, and Unlimited Technology.

Ten Theses on Heidegger
Thomas Sheehan

Résumés

« Être, ouverture et technologie illimitée. Dix thèses sur Heidegger »

Pour Heidegger die Sache selbst n’est pas das Sein mais ce qui rend pos­sible das Sein, c’est-à-dire das Sein fini, qui consiste en notre être appro­prié (ereignet) à la tâche de soutenir le Welt/Lichtung/Da, c’est-à-dire la possibilité de comprendre des entités dans leur Sein/Bedeutsamkeit. En générant Welt/Lichtung, notre finitude donne aussi naissance à la science illimitée et à l’ouverture sans fin de la technologie. Heidegger échoue à proposer une bonne raison philosophique pour limiter le développement mondial de la technologie.

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Die Leitfrage

11. Das Sein = das “ist.”

2a. The guiding question (Leitfrage) of Western metaphysics is the question about the being of entities, das Sein des Seienden.1 But the being of entities is the “is” of entities – in Heidegger’s words, “das ist, d.h. das Sein”2 or as William J. Richardson puts it, “the Is of what-is.”3 “Being” shows up only as what, that, and how an entity is (das Was-sein, Wie-sein, Daß-sein des Seienden). It is also called the “is-ness” of what-is, die Seiend­heit des Seienden (GA 9, 260.6-7).

3b. For Heidegger, however, unlike the classical tradition of meta­physics, Sein or ist is not an ontic characteristic of entities in themselves and does not occur on its own apart from human beings.4 To be sure, Sein/ist is always the “being/is” of an en­tity. But in Heidegger’s phenomenological view, such “being” appears only within a human enactment of legein (= herme­neuein, Seinsverständnis), a synthetic-differential act of taking-an-entity-as (ti kata tinos legein = etwas auf etwas entwerfen). The ori­ginal manifestation of Sein or ist occurs as the “as” of an act of taking-something-as. In theoretical objectivity we take an entity as this-or-that; in practical engagement we take the tool as-suitable-for a task. Thereby, whether thematically or unthe­matically, we understand that the entity is this-or-that, and that the tool is for a certain purpose. Only in this way do we know an entity’s “being.”

4c. Heidegger, both early and late, holds that “being” is phenome­nological. It occurs only in a synthetic-differential act of taking-as; only as the what-ness, how-ness, and that-ness of the entities we encounter; and only as the sense or meaningfulness of those entities. To say “This entity is...” is to say that this entity “makes-sense-as.” Das Sein = das Anwesen-als = die Bedeut­samkeit [sc., des Seienden].

Die Grundfrage

52. For Heidegger die Sache selbst is not Sein but that which makes possible the phenomenological occurrence of Sein.

6a. Heidegger designates the basic question about his focal topic (= die Grundfrage that pursues die Sache selbst) as die Frage nach dem Sein selbst or nach dem Sein als solches. This question moves beyond the Leitfrage (which asks what/how/that entities are and what the highest entity is) as well as beyond all takings-as in which such “being” occurs. The Grundfrage asks what it is that makes possible all such takings-as and thus all instances of “being.”5

7b. If “being” shows up only in a Seinsverständnis, Heidegger’s central topic is “die Bedingung der Möglichkeit des Seins­ver­ständisses” (GA 24, 405.12-13).

8c. If “being” is the is-ness we ascribe to entities, Heidegger is after what allows for such ascribed is-ness: “Grund und Zulassung der Seiendheit” (GA 68, 51.5).

9d. If “being” is the presence/accessibility of entities, Heidegger asks how such presence/accessibility comes about: “Die Frage, inwiefern es Anwesenheit als solche geben kann” (SD 77.17-18).

10e. If “being” is the manifestness/availability of entities, Heideg­ger’s focal topic is the prior possibilizing of that manifest­ness/availability: “die vorgängige Ermöglichung der Offenbarkeit von Seiendem” (GA 9, 114.26-27).

113. Die Sache selbst = die Welt, die Lichtung, das Da, etc.

12a. The “as” of taking-an-entity-as underlies all instances of the “is” that we ascribe to the entity. In turn, what underlies the “as” of such taking-as are the human concerns that make an entity in­teresting, relevant, and significant, whether those concerns be practical, theoretical, aesthetic, or whatever.

13b. Heidegger calls the realm of such concerns and interests “the world” or “the clearing” or “the open”6 (Welt = Lichtung = das Da7). None of these titles refers to the “being of entities” or to “being itself.” They refer, rather, to what makes possible all taking-as and hence all instances of “being.”

144. Welt/Lichtung/Da occurs only with and as Da-sein, our a priori opened-ness.

15a. Heidegger, both early and late, holds that the human essence consists in necessarily (= a priori) being-the-Da.8 Da-sein = “be­ing-the-open” in the double sense of “always already having been opened” and “having to be that already-opened-ness.”

16b. Being-the-open = being die Sache selbst.

175. Thus, in one formulation die Sache selbst is the a priori (= al­ways already) opened-ness of the open-that-we-are, which makes possible all takings-as and attributions of “is.”

18a. In Heidegger’s earlier terminology the a priori status of our opened-ness is called the Geworfenheit or thrown-open-ness of the Da-that-we-necessarily-are (GA 2, 74.25). Thrown-open-ness makes possible all taking-as (entwerfen). Our openness is called “thrown” because it arises from and is grounded in our groundless (“hidden,” “withdrawn,” relatively absential) fini­tude. (See no. 7, below.)

19b. In Heidegger’s later terminology the a priori status of our opened-ness is called the Ereignetsein or drawn-open-ness of the Lichtung-that-we-necessarily-are (Lichtung-sein: GA 69, 101.12). Our Da-sein/Lichtung-sein makes possible die Geschick des Seins, i.e., the groundless – because grounded in our finitude – given­ness (= Geschick...) of the ability to under­stand and affirm that anything is (=...des Seins).

206. Heidegger scholarship should abandon the word “Sein” as a marker for die Sache selbst, for at least the following reasons:

21a. Heidegger’s focal topic is not “being” in any form (“das Sein [ist] nicht mehr das eigens zu Denkende,” SD 44.6-7). Rather, his topic is that which makes possible all Seinsverständnis and thus any appearance of Sein/ist.

22b. Even when die Grundfrage is designated as “the question of being-itself,” the crucial distinction between das Ermöglichte (= das Sein selbst) and das Ermöglichende (= das Woher und Wodurch des Seins selbs 9) is all too frequently overlooked.

23c. Heidegger scholarship tends to hypostasize das Sein into a non-phenomenological, quasi-metaphysical Something (“Big Be­ing”) that we can allegedly pursue and relate to, an “X” that performs such mythical task as revealing and concealing itself, dispensing epochs of itself, and so on.

Die Vor-Frage 10

247. What brings about Welt/Lichtung/Da is human finitude – the hidden, withdrawn not-ness that generates the open.

25a. What generates (zeitigt) and sustains the open, and thus makes possible all takings-as and attributions of “is,” is the finitude or lack-of-full-self-presence that defines the human essence as Zeitlichkeit. This not-ness is responsible for the fact that human be­ing is “im-perfect” (not pure presence but pres-abs-ence), a fi­nite openness within which things are known not with the immedi­acy of intellectual intuition but only via the indirection of Seinsverständis (cf. GA 3, 280.30-3). One’s finitude/not-ness clears a “place of dif-ference” wherein synthesis becomes pos­sible. This “place” is Welt/Lichtung/Da as the realm of possible rela­tion (“as”), thanks to which entities can be taken as being this or that and thus can be understood as what and how they cur­rently are. Our groundless finitude grounds the “e-mer­gence” (a-letheia, Wahrheit) of all forms of being.

26b. Insofar as human finitude/not-ness is a non-presence, Hei­degger describes it as “hidden,” i.e., as the usually overlooked lethe or mystery that constitutes the essence of Da-sein (das vergessene Geheimnis des Daseins: GA 9, 195.23).

27c. Insofar as human finitude/lack is a relative absence, Heidegger likewise describes it as a withdrawing from presence (der Entzug or das Sichentziehende: GA 8, 10.30, 11.12, 13, 16, 17).

28d. The hiddenness/withdrawal that is our finitude “appropriates” or “draws” us into opened-ness and thus into the possibility of understanding the current being of whatever we encounter. Our finitude is our appropriation into opened-ness. (Der Entzug ist des Daseins: GA 65, 293.9; Entzug ist Ereignis: GA 8, 10.30 with 11.6-17.)

29e. Thus the Vor-frage nach der Wahrheit selbst – the question about the whence and whereby of emergence itself – finds its answer in human finitude.

Seinsvergessenheit

308. What Heidegger calls Seinsvergessenheit is the forgottenness not of Sein but of what makes possible Sein and Seinsverständnis.

31a. It is impossible for human beings to forget “being” without ceas­ing to be human. Indeed, metaphysics has never forgotten “being” or the ontological difference.11 Even the failure to the­ma­tize one’s unthematic awareness of “is” does not count as what Heidegger means by Seinsvergessenheit (cf. GA 9, 263.28-30).

32b. Seinsvergessenheit is shorthand for “the forgottenness of what al­lows for taking-as and thus ‘being’” (cf. SD 40.6, 18-24). Seins­vergessenheit means overlooking our hidden-withdrawn finitude and the Welt/Lichtung/Da that it holds open.

33c. This not-ness is already intrinsically hidden and withdrawn (= the lethe), but its hiddenness is “redoubled” (doubly and improp­erly hidden) when it is overlooked or forgotten in Seinsverges­senheit (SD 44.14-19, 26-30).

34d. However, one can also understand and embrace that intrinsi­cally hidden finitude – as one’s own essence, as what generates the open clearing, and as the source of all taking-as and occur­rence of “is.” In the early Heidegger the act of understanding and embracing one’s finitude is called “resolve” (Entschlossen­heit: GA 2, 393.26). In the later work it is described as returning to and settling into one’s opened-ness (die Einkehr in das Er­eignis: SD 44.16-17, 26).

Science

359. The intrinsically hidden not-ness/finitude that is responsible for the a priori opened-ness of the open guarantees both the groundless­ness and the in-principle unlimitedness of our ability to take-things-as – for example, in theoretical-scientific know­ing.

36a. The in-principle unlimitedness of such theoretical-cognitive tak­ings-as and occurrences-of-being is the positive gift of our fini­tude and of the Welt/Lichtung/Da that it holds open. The universe is endlessly knowable and should be known as such.

37b. Such unlimited knowing need not stand in inverse proportion to the understanding and embrace of one’s essential finitude, nor need it entail the overlooking or forgetting of die Sache selbst.

Technology

3810. The in-principle unlimitedness of takings-as and occurrences-of-being likewise makes possible unlimited global technology.

39a. One form of unlimited taking-as is unlimited using-for – for ex­ample, the adapting and reshaping of entities into commodities, into means for achieving human ends, etc., ad infinitum.

40b. As with scientific knowing, such in-principle unlimited using-for need not entail Seinsvergessenheit or stand in an inverse re­lation to Entschlossenheit, Eigentlichkeit, die Einkehr in das Ereignis, or die Überwindung/Verwindung der Metaphysik.

41c. Overlooking human finitude and the Welt/Lichtung/Da that it holds open is not the cause, or even a contributing cause, of the globalization of technology.

42d. Heidegger’s published thought provides no good philosophical arguments for limiting (much less opposing) the endless spread of technology. While such arguments might well be made, Hei­degger’s philosophy fails to do so.

43e. There is no necessary connection between the self-assertion of the technologically efficient self (sc., Jünger’s “worker-domi­nating-the-world”) and Seinsvergessenheit. Aquinas could just as easily have overlooked and forgotten the Welt/Lichtung/Da du­ring his mystical vision at Fossanova, as Stalin could have understood and embraced his essential finitude while industri­alizing the Soviet Union.

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Notes

1* N.B.: GA” abbreviates Martin Heidegger, Gesamtausgabe (Frankfurt am Main: Klostermann, 1975 ff.), and “SD” abbreviates Martin Heidegger, Zur Sa­che des Denkens, Tübingen: Max Niemeyer, 1969.  Citations in these notes frequently refer to texts by page and line, separated by a period. (E.g., in the second note below, “GA 40, 97.12” means “Gesamtausgabe, volume 40, page 97, line 12.”) The line-count does not include the “header” at the top of the page or any empty lines on the page, but it does count the lines of sec­tion titles.

. Martin Heidegger, “Die Frage nach dem Sein,” Heidegger Studies 17 (2001), 9.3 and 11.4-5.

2. GA 40, 97.12. Cf. also GA 51, 28.23-27: “Das ‘ist’... [ist] eine Abwandlung und Wortform des ‘Zeitwortes’ ‘sein’. Dieses ‘Zeitwort’ ‘sein’ können wir durch Vorsetzung des Artikels zum Hauptwort erheben: ‘das Sein’”; 29.30-32: “... daß wir an die Stelle des ‘ist’ ein Hauptwort schieben und den Namen ‘das Sein’ aus­sprechen”; 43.17-18: “... das Sein nennen, indem wir das ‘ist’ sagen”; and 45.3-4: “Was wir mit dem ‘ist’ meinen, nennt das Hauptwort und der Name ‘das Sein.’”
3. William J. Richardson, “Martin Heidegger,” in Babette E. Babich, ed., From Phenomenology to Thought, Errancy, and Desire (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1995), 619.17.
4. GA 2, 244.5-6: “Sein aber ‘ist’ nur im Verstehen des Seienden, zu dessen Sein so etwas wie Seinsverständnis gehört”; 281.1-2: “Allerdings nur solange Dasein ist, das heißt die ontische Möglichkeit von Seinsverständnis, ‘gibt es’ Sein”; 299.31-33: “Wahrheit ‘gibt es’ nur, sofern und solange Dasein ist”; 304.9-11: “Sein – nicht Seiendes – ‘gibt es’ nur, sofern Wahrheit ist. Und sie ist nur, sofern und solange Dasein ist. Sein und Wahrheit ‘sind’ gleichursprünglich”; and 419.1-2: “Wenn es aber Sein nur ‘gibt’, sofern Wahrheit ‘ist’....”
5. The Grundfrage inquires beyond or behind “Sein” by asking for “das We­sen des Seins selbst,” i.e., “das, von woher und wodurch es [= das Sein] als das Sein west.” Such a question “rückt es [= das Sein] also im voraus noch in einen noch zu bestim­menden Bereich, aus dem es [= das Sein] die Offenbarkeit seines eigenen Wesens empfängt – seine Wahrheit.” Cf. “... beansprucht sie einen Be­reich, in den hinaus sie das Sein rückt, aus dem her sie das Sein ins Offene and damit in die Wahrheit stellt”: Heidegger, “Die Frage nach dem Sein,” 9.9, 12-13, 17-19, and 11.9-10. In its early form, Heidegger’s focal question went beyond or behind “being” by asking whether “time” is res­ponsible for the manifest­ness/availability of “being”: “... inwiefern Sein (Anwesen­heit) seine Offenbarkeit in der Zeit hat”: Zollikoner Seminare, ed. Medard Boss (Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann, 1987), 157.27-28.
6. On das Da as “the open”: GA 5, 40.1-4: “eine offene Stelle. Eine Lichtung ist”; “Diese offene Mitte”; “die lichtende Mitte.” GA 9, 184.11: “eines Offenen, dessen Offenheit”; 184.25: “im Offenen eines Bezirks”; 185.29: “in ein Offenes”; 187.32: “das Offenbare eines Offenen”; 188.21: “das Offene und dessen Offen­heit”; 201.30-32: “[Die Frage] nach der Offenheit.” GA 15, 415.10-13:. “Es gilt, das Da-sein in dem Sinne zu erfahren, daß der Mensch das ‘Da’, d.h. die Offen­heit des Seins für ihn, selbst ist.” GA 49, 56.31-32: “Die Frage nach... dem Offe­nen.” GA 65, 325.28: “das Zwischen, in dessen Offenheit das Seiende und die Seiendheit unterscheidbar werden”; 328.25, 28: “das Offene”; 331.23: “Offen­heit.” Zollikoner Seminare, 9.3-9: “offen,” “Offenheit”; 156.35-157.3: “Das Da meint in ‘Sein und Zeit’ nicht eine Ortsangabe für ein Seiendes, sondern soll die Offenheit nennen, in der für den Menschen Seiendes anwesend sein kann, auch er selbst für sich selbst”; 157.31-32: “[D]as Menschsein als solches [ist] dadurch ausgezeichnet, auf seine Weise diese Offenheit [= das Da] selbst zu sein”; 188.14-15: “das in Da [ist] dort [in Sein und Zeit] bestimmt als das Offene.”
7. On Welt = Lichtung = Da: GA 9, 325.20-21:“das ‘Da’, das heißt die Lich­tung des Seins”; 326.15-16: “die Lichtung des Seins, und nur sie ist ‘Welt’”; 327.14-15: “das Da als Lichtung des Seins”; 336.27 “das Da, die Lichtung als Wahrheit des Seins selbst.” GA 49, 56.20: “die Offenheit, die Lichtung.” GA 65, 297.25: “Das Da-sein als die Wesung der Lichtung”; 316.26-27:“was das Da-sein auszeichnet, eben das Da, die Lichtung für die Verbergung, zu sein”; 331.23: “Offenheit und Lichtung.” Zollikon Seminare, 188.14-15: “Wie ist das Da dort [in Sein und Zeit] bestimmt als das Offene? Diese Offenheit hat auch den Charak­ter des Raumes. Räumlichkeit gehört zur Lichtung, gehört zum Offenen...” Cf. GA 5, 40.1-10: “eine offene Stelle. Eine Lichtung ist.” “Nur diese Lichtung schenkt und verbürgt uns Menschen einen Durchgang zum Seienden, das wir selbst nicht sind, und den Zugang du dem Seienden, das wir selbst sind.”
8. GA 9, 325.20-21.: “Der Mensch west so, daß er das ‘Da’...ist.” GA 15. 415.10-11: “daß der Mensch das ‘Da’, d.h. die Offenheit des Seins für ihn, selbst ist.” Zollikon Seminare, 157.31-32.: “[D]as Menschsein als solches [ist] dadurch ausgezeichnet, auf seine Weise diese Offenheit [= das Da] selbst zu sein, ” 157.3-4: “Das Da zu sein zeichnet das Menschsein aus.”
9. Heidegger, “Die Frage nach dem Sein,” 9.12-13. See note 5 above, the first sentence.
10. Ibid., 9.21. The Grundfrage (about whence and whereby “being itself” emerges) implies, Heidegger says, the prior question (die Vor-frage) about the whence and whereby of e-mergence itself (“die Frage nach der Wahrheit selbst”). However, this Vor-frage has priority not of and by itself but only by pertaining to the Grundfrage (“nur in der Zugehörigkeit zur Grundfrage – nicht an sich”), ibid., 9.20-24.
11. GA 15, 310.12-13: “daß alle Metaphysik sich zwar in der Differenz be­wegt (stets wird das betont, besonders bei Thomas von Aquino).” Cf. GA 2, 304: “Was es bedeutet: Sein ‘ist’, wo es doch von allem Seienden unterschieden sein soll” [Heidegger’s note to the last phrase: “Ontologische Differenz”]. See GA 65, 325.28–326.1: “Er [= der Entwurf]Iist erst das Zwischen, in dessen Offenheit das Seiende und die Seiendheit unterscheidbar werden, so zwar, daß zunächst nur das Seiende selbst (d. h. eben verborgen es als ein solches und damit hinsichtlich sei­ner Seiendheit) erfahrbar wird.”
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Thomas Sheehan, « Being, Opened-ness, and Unlimited Technology. »Le Portique [En ligne], 18 | 2006, mis en ligne le 15 juin 2009, consulté le 28 mars 2024. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/leportique/801 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/leportique.801

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Auteur

Thomas Sheehan

Thomas Sheehan est professeur de Philosophie et d’études reli­gieuses à Stanford University. Grand traducteur de Heidegger et du théologien Karl Rahner, il a publié : Heidegger, the Man and the Thinker (1981), The First Coming: How the Kingdom of God Became Christianity (1986) et Edmund Husserl: Psychological and Transcendental Phenomenology and the Confrontation with Heidegger avec Richard Palmer (1997).

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