Feel and have a feel: perceptions and emotions represented

désignant un style. Nous défendons la thèse que la signification du substantif étudiée ici correspond à une objectivisation de la perception qui marque l’aboutissement d’une évolution historique du sémantisme du verbe et du nom. L’émergence de la construction X HAVE a(n) ADJECTIVE feel to it en marque la dernière étape.


Introduction
This contribution analyzes the verb feel in its use as a copula and the substantive feel in the structure X HAVE a(n) ADJECTIVE feel and X HAVE a(n) ADJECTIVE feel to it in American English.The two constructions refer to perception -in particular to tactile perceptionand impressions, and seem at first sight to be semantically equivalent when their grammatical subject designates the object perceived.Utterances such as The room feels cozy and The room has a cozy feel are very close semantically, in the same way as the sentences The flower smells sweet and The flower has a sweet smell, for instance.However, the very existence of the two phrases calls into question a perfect semantic equivalence and, as we shall see, the adjectives entering these constructions are not always the same, which suggests that the two structures do not convey the same representation of perception.
This contribution is based on data drawn from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) and consists of a qualitative analysis of the adjectives occurring in the sequences feel ADJECTIVE and HAVE a(n) ADJECTIVE feel.The hypothesis defended here is that the verb is connected with subjective experience anchored in a particular situation whereas the substantive is at one remove from subjective experience, and refers to codified sensations and emotions.
The first section of this contribution deals with the state of the question; secondly, the paper takes stock of the evolution of the verb and the noun feel and shows that the meanings under scrutiny are relatively recent.Thirdly, examples of the two constructions extracted from the COCA are analyzed; finally, the last section compares HAVE a(n) ADJECTIVE feel and HAVE a(n) ADJECTIVE feel to it.

The verb feel
The verb feel seems to have been used first with grammatical subjects designating the experiencers; the Online Etymology Dictionary defines Old English felan as "to touch or have a sensory experience of; perceive, sense (something)" and adds that in late Old English, it meant "have a mental perception".
According to the same dictionary: [s]ense of "be conscious of a tactile sensation, sense pain, pleasure, illness, etc.; have an emotional experience or reaction," developed by c. 1200, also "have an opinion or conviction;" that of "to react with sympathy or compassion" is from mid-14c.Meaning "to try by touch" is from early 14c.
The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) reports that the use of feel as a copula, defined as "To be consciously perceived (esp.through the sense of touch) as having the specified quality; to produce the sensation or give the impression of being; to seem", appeared several centuries later, and the first recorded use dates back to 1581 ("The hande... feeling to bee rough"); the first occurrence of the copular verb referring to a general impression, and not to the sense of touch, appeared as late as the 19 th century, and the dictionary quotes one of E. B. Browning's Last Poems, published in 1862, as its first occurrence ("Then one weeps, then one kneels!God, how the house feels!").The late appearance of that meaning is noteworthy and is therefore the object of various analyses, such as C. Lacassain's [2012] analysis: Il apparaît que, pour chacun des cinq verbes copules [look, sound, smell, taste et feel], il existe dans la modalité perceptive concernée un nom qui leur correspond.Notre hypothèse est que l'usage langagier aurait fini par sélectionner, comme verbe copule, le verbe qui, dans chaque modalité, a un nom apparenté.Elle est corroborée par le fait que les noms correspondant aux cinq verbes copules sont apparus en diachronie soit avant l'emploi copule du verbe (look, sound, taste, feel), soit en même temps (smell).On pourrait même envisager qu'il y ait eu deux phénomènes de conversion : les verbes de perception directe sont apparus en premier dans le langage, puis un processus de conversion nominale a donné naissance à des noms correspondants.[…] Puis, à partir des noms existants, un second processus de conversion, verbale cette fois, a eu lieu, générant les verbes de perception copules.

The substantive feel
However, it is worth noticing that although the substantive feel emerged in the 13 th century, it first meant "sensation, understanding" (Online Etymology Dictionary), whereas its earliest use in the sense of "The feeling or sensation produced by an object or material when touched (considered as if a property of the object or material)" (OED) dates back to the 18 th century ("We must judge then by the Feel of the Surface of the Bone", 1739).Meanings referring to "The way in which something responds to handling or use; the tactile response or impression produced by something (esp.a vehicle or other device) when handled, operated, or acted upon" (OED) and to "The impression or effect produced on a person by a place, situation, etc.; the quality of feeling similar to, or resembling, a specified thing" (OED) did not appear until the late 19 th century.According to the OED, the first use of those meanings dates from 1889 ("Mr.Fellowes... used to advise young aspirants to keep a ball perpetually about them; to be always tossing it about and throwing it, so as to get thoroughly used to the feel of it") and 1892 ("Some of the men [in the workshop are] not on speaking terms with... others, and the whole feel of the place [is] miserable and unhappy") respectively.

8
In other words, the substantive feel came to convey the meaning of objective property several centuries after the verb, so that it probably results from the verbal meaning in question.One may therefore surmise that another conversion is at play here and that this meaning derives from that of copular feel.

State of the question 9
Many authors deal with the conversion (or zero-derivation) of verbs of perception yielding a noun (A. Wierzbicka [1982], B. Cetnarowska [1993], N. Gisborne [1993] or I. Plag [2003]), in particular in the construction have a(n) (ADJECTIVE) feel.However, most of them focus above all on the periphrastic equivalent of the verbs look / smell / feel / taste in their active sense (Have a look at that! = Look at that!).Other authors (cf.J.-C.Souesme [2015], for instance) study the role of each of the components of those structures (have and a(n)), but do not compare the nouns and the verbs they derive from.However, some of those studies do contain observations that are directly relevant to the present study.

Common points between the verb and the substantive
As C. Lacassain [2012] notes, feel as a copula verb can be glossed by the phrase have a(n) ADJECTIVE feel: [C]hacun des verbes à emploi copule peut être glosé comme dans les énoncés en (5) [...] (5) (a) The house looks nice = the house has a nice look (b) The music sounds good = the music has a good sound (c) The reeds smell sweet = the reeds have a sweet smell (d) The coffee tastes good = the coffee has a good taste (e) The table feels leathery = the table has a leathery feel Nevertheless, this semantic equivalence is valid as a first approximation but deserves a more detailed analysis.

Meaning of copular feel
C. Lacassain [2012] andC. Paulin [2003] study the meaning of the verb feel as a copula and C. Paulin [2003: 139-140] points out that in utterances such as The house feels cold or It feels like leather, the perception is dissociated from the experiencer: L'énonciateur prend à sa charge le contenu propositionnel et s'il est déclencheur de la perception, celle-ci n'est pas l'objet du discours.[…] La perception y est dissociée du sujet-percevant pour être transmise au destinataire sous forme synthétique [...].
These quotes underline that with the copular construction, the perception of a particular experiencer is not salient, as if the sensory experience provided by the perceived were its objective property.The hypothesis defended in this contribution is that in that respect, have a feel completes the verb's semantic programme.To demonstrate this, the elements making up the periphrasis are considered below.

The have a feel construction
B. Cetnarowska [1993], following in H. Marchand's footsteps (cf. H. Marchand [1960]), observes that feel belongs to the deverbal nouns designating "'characteristic qualities of a thing as established by the verbal activity referred to': (velvety) feel, smell, touch (of a fabric) ".This approach consists in deriving the noun feel from the verb in its active sense, and it overlooks the link between the verb used as a copula and the deverbal noun.The hypothesis of a derivation from the copular verb is more convincing semantically.
The following subsections examine the role of each of the constituents of the periphrasis: have, the determiner a(n) and the belonging of feel to the nominal category.
Applying this analysis to the structure under scrutiny suggests that the have a(n) ADJECTIVE feel structure is based on a cognitively prior utterance featuring the copulaverb feel; in other words, X has a(n) ADJECTIVE feel follows from X feels ADJECTIVE; the latter establishes the link between the perceived and the sensation it triggers, and have reelaborates that link.

Verb and noun
The conversion of a verb to a noun has semantic consequences due to the types of meaning associated with nouns.R. Langacker [1991: 81] notes that verbs express "processual predications" and states that: A processual predication involves a continuous series of states r1, r2, r3, …, rn each of which profiles a relation; it distributes these states through a continuous span t1, t2, t3..., tn of conceived time; and it employs sequential scanning for accessing this complex structure.[…] A process involves a series of relational configurations that necessarily extend through conceived time and are scanned sequentially thus defining its temporal profile.
He adds that "[n]ominalizing a verb necessarily endows it with the conceptual characteristic of nouns", and nouns refer to "abstract regions" (Langacker [1991: 98]).Verbs refer to series of states seen through time, and nouns to regions; the verb feel refers to the state of the perceived seized in particular circumstances, whereas the substantive separates that property from the circumstances of the perception.
Moreover, the determiner a(n) is associated with count-nouns and delimits the sensation: the adjective in the copular structure shows the sensation as part of the referent of the grammatical subject, whereas the sequence a(n) + NOUN delimits an autonomous property.
All the components constituting the structure go in the same direction; have goes beyond the limits of a perception, it stabilizes that perception in the sense that the quality ascribed to the grammatical subject is not presented as depending on a particular perception at a given time, it is presented as one of its constituent properties.The nominal status of feel also shows the perception as an entity per se, to be distinguished from a contingent event and the determiner a(n) underlines the discrete quality of the property perceived.
One can represent the historical evolution of feel and the passage from the verbal to the nominal category as a gradient:

I feel that the table is made of leather 2. The table feels like leather 3. The table has a leathery feel
The copular verb is an intermediary step between the verb in its agentive use and the noun.Section 3 offers an analysis of the data collected in the Corpus of Contemporary American English.

Feel and HAVE A(N) ADJECTIVE feel in the Corpus of Contemporary American English
To test the validity of the hypotheses, examples drawn from the Corpus of Contemporary American English are examined below.
Feel and have a feel: perceptions and emotions represented Lexis, 13 | 2019

Adjectives occurring in the two constructions
The queries made in the COCA are the following: it feels ADJECTIVE and has a(n) ADJECTIVE feel. 1 It has been selected as a grammatical subject of the verb feel as the utterances where it is the subject correspond to cases where feel has the meaning examined (with other grammatical subjects, it would be necessary to check manually that all the utterances analyzed correspond to the meaning under scrutiny, which would not be feasible given the very high frequency of the verb).On the other hand, there are relatively few occurrences of the sequence has a feel, which warrants queries with no specific grammatical subject, so as to obtain a sufficient number of adjectives.
It is noteworthy that two types of constructions are to be found: X has a(n) ADJECTIVE feel and X has a(n) ADJECTIVE feel to it -the difference between the two structures are analyzed in section 4.
The adjectives occurring at least twice in the structure has a(n) ADJECTIVE feel and has a(n) ADJECTIVE feel to it are the following:

Semantic sets
The adjectives listed above seem to cluster around a few semantic profiles, and the two constructions do not appear to be compatible with the same kind of adjectival meanings.

It feels…
For The third group corresponds to adjectives evaluating the truth of the referent of the grammatical subject: Group 3: truth, real, true.
(04) One day she wakes feeling full, and so she skips breakfast, then lunch, then dinner, and she wakes the next day so hungry she still doesn't eat, the pain so exquisite that it feels true.Only the third type corresponds to the gloss generally given of feel in its copular use.The same construction covers three degrees on a subjective-objective scale: type 1 utterances are about the experiencer's state of mind; type 2 utterances deal with a general opinion about an object; type 3 utterances are the most objective in the sense that they are those dealing with the tactile properties of the object perceived.

Has a(n) ADJECTIVE feel
This section deals with the adjective occurring in the structure has a(n) ADJECTIVE feel apart from the adjectives appearing only in the has a(n) ADJECTIVE feel to it construction.
Here again, it is possible to distinguish several semantic types among those adjectives: Group 1: evaluative adjectives: great, good, wonderful.
( There are relatively few occurrences of the substantive in that construction, however, it is possible to distinguish several semantic groups, relating to evaluation (great, good, wonderful), atmosphere (cozy, claustrophobic, special, relaxed), style (new, natural, personal, foreign, western, retro), ergonomy (well-balanced, paramilitary, solid) and tactile properties ( worn-in, special).
The panorama is quite different from what can be observed with the verb: the latter cooccurs with adjective referring to the experiencer's inner state (awesome, good, better, wonderful, etc.), which is not the case with the substantive.The verb, unlike the noun, is also compatible with an evaluation resulting from a confrontation between what was expected and what is actualized (strange, weird, normal, etc.).Consequently, the potential grammatical subject in the structure have a feel can only designate a rather restricted class, such as a place or an object, but not a situation or an action, which can nonetheless be the subject of the verb.
In the following examples, it is difficult to substitute one construction for the other: ( The unacceptability of these substitutions shows that have a feel cannot be used in cases where type 1 feel is attested, i.e. when the utterance is about the experiencer's state of mind.(cf.examples (1) et (1')).The verb expresses what the experiencer feels in a particular situation, whereas the substantive is the record of a categorization established previously and which applies to the object perceived.This may be why the substantive is compatible with adjectives referring to style.It occurs frequently as an advertising claim, as it is not about what the speaker feels in a particular place, but about how the reader is bound to feel, in virtue of the properties of the perceived. 4  The impossibility to substitute the periphrasis for the copular verb confirms that the use of the substantive is excluded when the speaker deals with his or her own experience or when the utterance is about a temporary characteristic of the perceived, hence the incompatibility of the substantive with full and empty (cf.examples ( 21) and (21')).
This analysis is validated by the two following manipulations: (22) Steering is extremely quick, but rather heavy.The firm, highperformance suspension provides confident handling but causes a jumpy ride on broken or wavy pavement.(Car buffs will expect this.)The brake pedal has a solid feel, and the oversized brakes provide sure stopping.(Chicago Sun-Times, Dan Jedlicka, "Relatively inexpensive Caliber SRT4 offers bang for the buck", 2008) (22') The brake pedal feels solid.
Here, the two versions are acceptable but differ in meaning: the original utterance evaluates the resistance of the pedal, whereas example (22') refers to the driver's impression when he or she puts his or her foot on the pedal.
(11) Once you've mastered the Rubik's Cube, you almost can do it with your eyes closed, but we are intrigued by The Void Puzzle ($15.95), the standard cube with a hole in the middle where the center colors should be.You can see right through it; there doesn't appear to be any mechanism in there.So how does it turn?We don't know, but it has a great feel and the movements are smooth.(11') but it feels great.
Example (11) refers to the toy's ergonomy; (11') is about the player's state of mind while manipulating the Void Puzzle, typical of a type 1 use of the verb feel.

To summarize
The verb denotes personal experience anchored in a particular situation; the substantive hides the personal substrate underlying that experience to present the feeling as emanating from the perceived, so that the two structures convey different meanings.It is noteworthy that the verb feel, even when the grammatical subject is inanimate and is logically what the utterance is about, can express how the experiencer feels.
The substantive does not take this personal substrate into account and has to do with more objective data: an atmosphere, but also a style, and stable properties, such as the ergonomy of an object, so that it constitutes the ultimate stage of a process of objectification, as it separates the perceived property from the perception itself, which is in keeping with its belonging to the nominal category, as defined by R. Langacker [1991], for instance.The overlapping between the meaning of the two lexemes is therefore limited.

X has a(n) ADJECTIVE feel to it
This section examines the construction X has a(n) ADJECTIVE feel to it.
The following table compares the number of occurrences of X has a(n) ADJECTIVE NOUN 5 and X has a(n) ADJECTIVE NOUN to it constructions with the five perception nouns (smell, taste, look, sound and feel).According to that analysis, the genesis of the structure X HAVE a(n) ADJECTIVE feel to it is therefore There is a(n) ADJECTIVE feel to X, which is then re-elaborated by have.This explains why the utterances featuring that construction focus on the atmosphere attached to the referent of the grammatical subject: the feel in question is endowed with a certain autonomy, in virtue of its nominal status of feel and of the construction itself ("there is"), so that the construction cannot refer to the most objective properties (tactile qualities, ergonomy) otherwise conveyed by nominal feel.In other words, the impression conveyed by the perceived is presented as maximally severed from its source, and it is reattributed to it through the use of have.With this structure, the autonomy of the property ascribed to the perceived is maximal: copular feel and the structure have a feel detach the property from the perceived of the experiencer; the have a feel to it construction also detaches it from the perceived itself. 7 8

Conclusion
This contribution shows that three constructions that appear to be semantical equivalent do not admit the same collocations, which suggests that they have different semantic orientations.
The same principle seems to be at play in the evolution of the meaning of the verb and of the noun: the copular use of the verb admitting the referent of the perceived as its grammatical object appeared after its use as referring to personal experience; the use of the noun referring to the objective properties of the perceived is also more recent than its meaning of personal experience.In both cases, the most recent meaning consists in the objectification of a personal impression, but the noun goes further in that direction because of its very nominal nature, and the X HAVE a(n) ADJECTIVE feel to it constitutes the climactic stage of the autonomy of the property ascribed to the perceived.
The evolution of the two lexemes may rest on the notion that individual experience is based on an extralinguistic reality shared by many speakers, which gives that experience a validity that goes beyond purely subjective sensations or emotions.71 This would explain why historically the copular verb and the noun in their "objective" meaning were first related to physical properties (cf.sections 1.1 and 1.2) and only later with affects: the sensations brought about by the perceived have been thought to be common to experiencers before the feelings triggered by a place or a situation.This hypothesis would also account for the late appearance of the structure have a(n) ADJECTIVE feel to it -depicting an atmosphere or a general impressionwhose first occurrence in the Corpus of Historial American English (COHA) dates back to 1959.[1997] and [1998], but its implications are in keeping with the phenomena observed with feel:

BIBLIOGRAPHY
only contingent -and not intrinsic -qualities are attributed to the grammatical subject.
8. This would also explain why the construction is also relatively frequent with sound, as the sound is not conceived as an intrinsic quality of a particular entity, unlike its look, taste or smell.

ABSTRACTS
This paper analyzes the verb feel in its use as a copula and the substantive feel in the phrases X HAVE a(n) ADJECTIVE feel and X HAVE a(n) ADJECTIVE feel to it when the grammatical subject designates a non-animated entity.Those constructions, which are connected with perceptions and emotions, have very similar meanings, however, the study of the contexts in which they appear invalidates the hypothesis of their strict equivalence, and in many utterances, the verb and the periphrases X HAVE a(n) ADJECTIVE feel or X HAVE a(n) ADJECTIVE feel to it have strikingly different meanings or are not interchangeable.This paper focuses on the collocations formed by the verb and the substantive, and aims to demonstrate that the verb is linked with subjective experience anchored in a specific situation.
The substantive, on the other hand, is at one remove from subjective experience, and refers to codified sensations and emotions (as suggested, for example, by its high compatibility with adjectives referring to style).This contribution defends the hypothesis that the meaning of the substantive studied here reflects the objectification of perception which results from the historical evolution of the verb and the noun.The emergence of the phrase HAVE a(n) ADJECTIVE feel to it is the last step of that objectification.

Feel
and have a feel: perceptions and emotions represented Lexis, 13 | 2019

Feel
and have a feel: perceptions and emotions represented Lexis, 13 | 2019

Feel
and have a feel: perceptions and emotions represented Lexis, 13 | 2019(29') To judge by its feel, the fabric is soft.(30') To judge by the feel of it, the whole affair is strange.

Feel
and have a feel: perceptions and emotions represented Lexis, 13 | 2019

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: From the verb to the noun

Figure
Figure 2. Meaning of copular feel

Feel
, today, in general, the economy's dead in the water.(CNN_Moneyline,"WarBetween the States Over Natural Gas", 1992)The second group is made up of adjectives relating to the normality of the perceived: Group 2: normal / abnormal: strange,funny, odd, unnatural, weird; natural, normal.
each semantic group, a list of adjectives and a few examples are provided.Several adjectives occurring with the verb feel convey an appreciative meaning: Group 1 -appreciative adjectives: awesome, better, fine, good, great, incredible, nice, wonderful; wrong, bad.years is the slowest in 50 years, lowest since the great depression, so it doesn't -there's not much question about why it feels bad because it is bad Feel and have a feel: perceptions and emotions represented Lexis, 13 | 2019 and (Iowa Review, Bucak, Ayse Papatya, Fall  2012, Vol.42Issue 2) (05) KEITH It is easier to be killed by a terrorist after the age of 40 than it is to get married.ANNIE That is not true.That statistic is not true.Just aim and pull the trigger.She's already loaded."Itaketheguninmyhands.It feels cold, solid, heavy.Good.It makes me bold.(TheAntiochReview,Rubin,Richard,"Decoys", Vol.54, Iss. 4, 1996 Fall) 09) You change your vacuum bag... when it feels full.Vacuuming once a week will keep dust from accumulating deep in carpets, but the bag will fill up fast.10)Thereareotherreasons the entertainer loves coming home to Denver."Ilove the change of seasons," she says."Ididn'thavethat in Los Angeles, and New York didn't offer much sky... Here, I go to the cleaners, and I know them.I go to the grocery store, and I went to school with some of them.Everything is five minutes away, and it feels safe and good and wonderful and warm."(DenverPost,ElanaAshantiJefferson,2008)Thoseexamples show that, contrary to what is suggested by the definitions and the paraphrase mentioned earlier, the copular verb feel has at least three distinct meanings: -Type 1. (1) It feels awesome <=> I feel awesome to know that my album is said to be called catchy, clever, gutsy.-Type 2. (2) It feels bad <=> People feel (≈think) that the economy is bad.-Type 3. (6) The dough feels smooth <=> When I touch the dough, I feel something soft → The dough is soft to the touch.
BECKY It's not true, but it feels true.(Sleepless inSeattle, 1993)The forth group includes adjectives referring to tactile properties and to temperature (sometimes in a metaphorical sense): Group 4: tactile properties and temperature: smooth, dry, soft; cold, warm, cool.(06)Dough will be soft and slightly sticky to touch.If necessary, add more flour, 1 tablespoon at a time, and beat longer.Or with lightly oiled hands, knead dough in bowl until it feels smooth, pulls from your hands, and is just slightly sticky to touch, about 4 minutes.(Sunset,LindaLauAnusasananan,"An old world Easter", Vol.202, Issue 4, 1999) (07) The front dining room is noisier and has a brasserie feel, with white marble tables, dining counter and storefront windows.It feels warm and cozy as diners see the flames and smell the seductive aromas of grilling steak, baking pizza and crisping chicken.(SanFranciscoChronicle,MichaelBauer, "Remodeled Bistro Aix still shines", 2010) (08) "I have no idea how to use this thing," I say."Youmeanyou'veneverfired a gun before?Oh, I forgot you're a city boy.You're just used to seein' the business end pointin' at you." "I've shot at a rifle range before -" "Well, this ain't no different.(Afullbagreducesefficiency and can even spew dust back into the air.(Prevention,AmandaMacMillan, "Find Your Breathing Room", Vol.59, Iss.11,  Nov. 2007) Feel and have a feel: perceptions and emotions represented Lexis, 13 | 2019 Group 6: safe / dangerous.( 11) Once you've mastered the Rubik's Cube, you almost can do it with your eyes closed, but we are intrigued by The Void Puzzle ($15.95), the standard cube with a hole in the middle where the center colors should be.Brands are producing trouser styles and denim shorts in this more masculine daytime pattern for warmer weather."Our washed, striped denim flared leg is a fresh take on the classic blue jean this summer," explains Rick Spielberg, vice president of Hudson Jeans."It is ultrasoft and lightweight, and it has a worn-in feel."(Harpers Bazaar, "Denim Special: For Every Age", Group 2: tactile properties: worn-in, special.Group 4: style: retro, modern, new, relaxed, western, intuitive, personal, familiar.(15)Forthemostpartthe waiters have a sense of when to appear and disappear, pour wine and move things along.It's a quality that's increasingly hard to find in the bustling dining scene.Even though Gramercy is a newcomer, it has a retro feel, the antithesis of today's restaurant as entertainment venue.(SanFranciscoChronicle,Michael Bauer, "Gramercy Grill a Work in Progress", 1999) (16) In Glenview's Glen Town Center, Ted's Montana Grill has a western feel with lots of mahogany, pressed tin ceiling and brown paper on the tables.(ChicagoSun-Time,PatBruno, "Bison stampede: Ted's Montana Grill kicks up comfort food with flavor beyond beef", 2006) Group 5: atmosphere: warm,special, claustrophobic, cozy, open, new, roomy, static.(17)Butif LEDs are to capture a large share of the illumination market, they will have to produce light with the right tone.As anyone who has ever taken an indoor picture with outdoor film knows, incandescent light has a strong yellow cast, and designers say it has a warm feel.White phosphor LEDs, on the other hand, emit a distinctly bluish glow.(TechnologyReview, Savage, Neil, "LEDs Light the Future", Vol.103 Issue 5, Sep / Oct (20) It was the world's most famous nightclub, a cauldron of sex, drugs and disco.Three decades later, Studio 54 has a very different feel.(NBCToday Show,

Table 1
The garden has a wall around it le syntagme prépositionnel final constitue une trace du rapport d'inclusion.Cette inclusion étant préconstruite, on ne doit pas considérer que le verbe est entouré de trois, mais de deux constituants de même niveau : le sujet et la séquence a wall around it, qui est attribué en bloc à ce dernier au moyen de have.Parfois un syntagme prépositionnel explicite l'association initiale quand elle est contingente.Ainsi She had a baby with her provient de A baby was with her ou de There was a baby with her.Ce premier énoncé est rapporté par have au repère de l'inclusion, qui est mentionné deux fois dans le nouvel énoncé (cf.She et her).
Anna, 1982, "Why can you have a drink when you can't *have an eat?", Language,Vol.58,No.4, Dec.,.Only one verbal form has been selected in order to avoid several mentions of the same adjective, and the present form has been chosen because it is the most frequent in the HAVE a(n) The figures in brackets correspond to the number of occurrences found in the COCA.3.In all the examples, drawn from the COCA, the emphasis is mine.The first line, for each of the nouns, includes the total number of relevant occurrences of X has a(n) ADJECTIVE NOUN # and X has a(n) ADJECTIVE NOUN to it (or another personal pronoun in the case of look).The construction being infrequent, there are few occurrences of each adjective in that structure (between one and four occurrences), which is why all the forms of have have been chosen; selecting only the present form does not yield enough results.