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BACKHOUSE Roger E. and MEDEMA Steven G., (2009) “Retrospectives on the Definition of Economics, Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 23, N°1, American Economic Association, <http://www.jstor.org/stable/27648302>.
BAKER Kenneth, (1986), Hansard, vol. 100, col. 382.
BADE Robin Bade and PARKIN Michael, (2002), Foundations of Microeconomics, Boston: Addison Wesley.
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CLARK Greg, (2012), “Making the higher education system more efficient and diverse”, Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, HMSO, 12 December 2012, <https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/making-the-higher-education-system-more-efficient-and-diverse>.
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CORON Catherine, (2003), La Formation : priorité et nécessité économique pour le gouvernement travailliste de Tony Blair, PhD Thesis, Université Paris III – Sorbonne Nouvelle.
(DBIS), Department for Business Innovation and Skills, (2014), “Participation Rates in Higher Education : Academic Years 2006/2007 – 2012/2013 (Provisional)”, Statistical First Release, ONS, 28 August 2014.
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(DBS), Department for Business and Skills, (2010), Are there Changes in Characteristics of UK Higher Education around the Time of the 2006 Reforms, BIS Research Paper Number 14, September 2010.
(DES), Department for Education and Skills, (2003), The Future of Higher Education, HMSO, <http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/pdfs/2003-white-paper-higher-ed.pdf>.
DETCHENIQUE Caroline, (2014), “A new Centre for Doctoral Training (CDT) in Nuclear Energy”, Imperial College website, <http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/newsandeventspggrp/imperialcollege/engineering/materials/newssummary/news_20-1-2014-16-4-38>.
FRASER Derek, (2009), The Evolution of the British Welfare State : A History of Social Policy since the Industrial Revolution, Baisingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan.
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Notes
OECD, Education at a Glance Highlights, OECD publishing, 2012, 7, <http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eag_highlights-2012-en>, accessed in March 2014.
Gary S. Becker, “Human Capital”, The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics, Library of Economics and Liberty, 2008, <http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/HumanCapital.html>, accessed in February 2014.
Theodore W. Schultz, “Investment in Human Capital”, American Economic Review, 51, March 1961, 3.
Roger E. Backhouse and Steven G. Medema, “Retrospectives on the Definition of Economics, Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 23, N°1, Winter 2009, 221, <http://www.jstor.org/stable/27648302>, accessed in July 2013.
Alfred Marshall, Principles of Political Economy, London: Macmillan, 1890 [1920], 8th edition, 1.1, 1-2.
N. Gregory Mankiw, Principles of Economics, Fort Worth: Harcourt Publishers, 2nd edition, 2001, 4.
Robin Bade and Michael Parkin, Foundations of Microeconomics, Boston: Addison Wesley, 2002, 5.
James D. Gwartney, Richard L. Stroup, Russell S. Sobel, and David A. MacPherson, Microeconomics : Private and Public Choice, 11th edition. Mason, OH: Thomson, 2006, 5.
Before that period, reforms were mostly focused on primary and secondary education.
Kirstine Hansen and Anna Vignoles, “The United Kingdom Education System in Comparative Context”, in Stephen Machin and Anna Vignoles (eds.), What's the Good of Education ? : The Economics of Education in the UK, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005, 15.
Romesh Vaitilingan, Human Resources, The Labour Market and Economic Performance, Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science, 2006, 20.
Ibidem, 13.
Ibidem, 15.
Ibidem, 15.The proportions were respectively of 27% and 4% in the eighties according to the same sources.
Top-up fees are defined by the Cambridge Business Dictionary as “in the UK, money that students pay to a university in addition to the money provided by the government”, <http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/business-english/top-up-fees>. Actually, they are also “differential” fees and every university is entitled by law to set its own level of tuition fees.
The total number of first-year students was approximately one million in 2004-2005. It increased until 2009-2010, to about 1,200,000, but dropped slightly, to under a million in 2012-2013. Source : Higher Education Statistics Agency, <https://www.hesa.ac.uk/stats>.
Derek Gillard, “Education in England : a brief history”, HMSO, 2001, <http://www.educationengland.org.uk/history>, accessed in May 2013.
Romesh Vaitilingan, Human Resources, The Labour Market and Economic Performance, Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science, 2006, 20.
Greg Clark, “Making the higher education system more efficient and diverse”, Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, HMSO, 2012, <https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/making-the-higher-education-system-more-efficient-and-diverse>.
See chronology in Annex 1.
OECD, Education at a glance 2012 : Highlights, 53.
Peter Wilby, “Margaret Thatcher's education legacy is still with us”, The Guardian, Monday 15 April 2013, <http://www.theguardian.com/education/2013/apr/15/margaret-thatcher-education-legacy-gove>, accessed in August 2013.
Here is the list of the different Secretaries of Education from Margaret Thatcher to Michael Gove : in March 1974, Reginald Prentice was appointed Education Secretary under Harold Wilson’s Labour government. He was followed in June 1975 by Fred Mulley. In September 1976, Shirley Williams was in charge of Education under Jim Callaghan’s Labour government. In May 1979 under Margaret Thatcher’s Conservative government Mark Carlisle was Secretary of Education, he was followed in September 1981 by Sir Keith Joseph, in May 1986 by Kenneth Baker and finally in July 1989 by John MacGregor. Under John Major’s Conservative government, Kenneth Clarke was appointed in November 1990 Kenneth Clarke, then John Patten in April 1992 and Gillian Shephard in July 1994. In May 1997, David Blunkett became Education Secretary under Tony Blair’s Labour government. He was followed by Estelle Morris in June 2001 Charles Clarke in October 2002, Ruth Kelly in December 2004 and Alan Johnson in May 2006. In 2007, Gordon Brown appointed Ed Balls in his Labour government.
Ibidem.
This is a reference to Bacon and Eltis’ “physical crowding-out thesis” which was widely criticized and has since been rejected. “It tried to demonstrate a causal relationship between the growth of the public sector and the decline of the economy.” See Kevin Hickson, The IMF Crisis of 1976 and British Politics, London: Tauris Academic Studies, London, 2005, 186.
Derek Fraser, The Evolution of the British Welfare State : A History of Social Policy since the Industrial Revolution, Baisingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, 305.
Conservative Party, 1979 Manifesto, <http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/110858>, accessed in January 2015.
“Against that background, my predecessor announced five weeks ago that the Government are ready to increase financial provision for the universities, provided they demonstrate real progress in implementing and building on the changes that are needed. Those changes include better management, improved standards of teaching, selectivity in research funding and rationalisation of small departments.” […] “My predecessor but one, my right hon. and learned Friend the Member for Warrington, South (Mr. Carlisle), encouraged moves to change the balance between science and the humanities in higher education. In 1979, the proportion studying science was 45 per cent, with 55 per cent on humanities courses. Today, it is almost 48 per cent science. By 1989, it may be more than 50 per cent science. This trend reflects the needs of our society today. For our society to be rich and prosperous, we must produce more technologists and engineers. From their talents, inventiveness, skills and energies will come the continuing wealth of our country”, Kenneth Baker, Hansard, 1986, vol. 100, col. 382.
Derek Gillard, “Education in England: a brief history”, HMSO, chapter 8, 2011, <http://www.educationengland.org.uk/history>, accessed in February 2013.
This is an allusion to The U.S. sociologist George Ritzer’s thesis of ‘The Mcdonaldization of Society’ in which he puts forward the theory of an ever more instrumentally rationalized labour process mirrored in an equally instrumentalized sphere of consumer ‘choices’ essentially already made, so that standardization and ‘efficiency’ become the unifying functional paradigm for society as a whole. In applying such a theory to higher education, there is intended a deliberate provocation aimed at contributing to critical debates on the substance and purpose of the university, and that over-used but misrepresented concept, ‘knowledge’. Ritzer theorizes from what has been described as a neo-Weberian standpoint to analyse the social processes he identifies in four essential aspects as ‘McDonaldization’ : efficiency, calculability, predictability, and increased control through the replacement of human labor with technology. See : George Ritzer, The McDonaldization of Society 5, Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press, 2007.
Christian Garland, “The McDonaldization of Higher Education ? : Notes on the UK Experience”, Fast Capitalism, University of Texas, 2008, 4.1, <http://www.uta.edu/huma/agger/fastcapitalism/4_1/garland.html>, accessed in July 2010.
The proposal had been much controversial as the 2001 election campaign manifesto stated that Labour "will not introduce top-up fees and has legislated against them." (See Stuart Alley and Mat Smith, "Timeline : Tuition fees", The Guardian, January 27, 2004, <http://www.theguardian.com/education/2004/jan/27/tuitionfees.students>, accessed in January 2015). This system was considered by many MP’s and academics as unfair because the fear and economic weight of debt would potentially deter students from lower-income backgrounds from entering university for financial reasons.
Department for Business and Skills, Are there Changes in Characteristics of UK Higher Education around the Time of the 2006 Reforms, BIS Research Paper Number 14, September 2010, 2 and 13.
Department for Education and Skills, The Future of Higher Education, (2003), HMSO, 6, <http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/pdfs/2003-white-paper-higher-ed.pdf>, accessed in June 2014.
Universities UK, Patterns and Trends in UK Higher Education 2012 – Higher Education Analyzing a Decade of Change, in Focus, Higher Education Statistics Agency, December 2012, 2, <http://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/highereducation/Documents/2012/PatternsAndTrendsinUKHigherEducation2012.pdf>, accessed in May 2013.
Ibidem.
See Catherine Coron, La Formation : priorité et nécessité économique pour le gouvernement travailliste de Tony Blair, PhD Thesis, Université Paris III – Sorbonne Nouvelle, 2003, 120.
Christina Meredith, “Unskilled Britain”, The Guardian, Thursday 4 March 2010, <http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/mar/04/uk-skills-shortage-foreign-worker>, accessed in May 2011.
Caroline Detchenique, “A new Centre for Doctoral Training (CDT) in Nuclear Energy”, Imperial College website, <http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/newsandeventspggrp/imperialcollege/engineering/materials/newssummary/news_20-1-2014-16-4-38>, accessed in May 2014.
Nuclear Energy Skills Alliance Annual Review 2012/13, <https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/226071/nuclear_energy_skills_alliance_annual_review_2012_13.pdf>, accessed in March 2014, 15.
OECD, The Knowledge-Based Economy, Paris, 1996, 7, <http://www.oecd.org/science/sci-tech/1913021.pdf>.
Christopher J Nock and Catherine Coron, “Post-Crisis Anglo-Saxon Capitalism”, in Martine Azuelos (ed.), Capitalisme anglo-saxon et monde(s) anglophones : des paradigmes en questions, LISA/LISA e-journal, vol. XIII-n°2, 2015, 11-12, <http://lisa.revues.org/8179>, accessed in May 2015.
Bruno Amable, The Diversity of Modern Capitalism, Oxford University Press, 2003, 13-14.
Martine Azuelos, « Introduction », in Martine Azuelos (ed.), Capitalisme anglo-saxon et monde(s) anglophones : des paradigmes en questions, LISA/LISA e-journal, vol. XIII-n°2, 2015, <http://lisa.revues.org/8179>, accessed in May 2015.
“Inspired by the contributions of Karl Polyani, we choose to view social rights in terms of their capacity for ‘de-commodification’. The outstanding criterion for social rights must be the degree to which they permit people to make their living standards independent of pure market forces. It is in this sense that social rights diminish citizens’ status as commodities.” Gosta Esping-Andersen, Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, Princeton University Press, Princeton: New Jersey, 1990, 3.
Ibidem, 22.
OECD, Education at a Glance: OECD Indicators, 2014, 208 and 224.
BBC, “UK economy ends the year with a spurt”, Wednesday 26 January 2005, <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4208499.stm>, accessed in January 2012.
Mona Chalabi and George Arnett, “Education Spending: How does the UK compare?”, The Guardian, Tuesday 25 June 2013, <http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jun/25/education-spending-uk-compare>, accessed in January 2014.
Nicholas A. Barr, Higher Education Funding, LSE Research Online, 2004, 4, <http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/archive/00000288>, accessed in November 2011.
Kathleen Lynch, “Neo-liberalism and Marketisation: the implications for higher education”, European Educational Research Journal, Vol. 5, No 1, 2006, 3.
The UK coalition government was formed with members from both the Conservative and the Liberal Democrat Parties on 11 May 2010.
Roger Brown, “Markets Rule, OK ? The Coalition Government’s Higher Education Reforms in context”, Liverpool Hope University, Oxford Lecture 14 November 2011.
HPEIR estimates the actual entry rate in the current year of people who had not previously entered higher education at each age from 17 to 30.
Department for Business Innovation and Skills, “Participation Rates in Higher Education: Academic Years 2006/2007 – 2012/2013 (Provisional)”, Statistical First Release, ONS, 28 August 2014, 4.
‘Social inclusion’ is often used to describe the opposite effect to ‘social exclusion’. It usually results from positive action taken to change the circumstances and habits that lead, or have led, to social exclusion. It is about enabling people or communities to fully participate in society. Source : Charity Commission, The Promotion of Social Inclusion, UK government, 2001, 2, <https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/359358/socinc.pdf>, accessed in May 2014.
OECD, UNITED KINGDOM – Country Note – Education at a Glance 2012 : OECD Indicators, 2012, 6.
Ibidem, 3 and 5.
Michael J Sandel, What Money can’t buy : the Moral Limits of Markets, The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, delivered at Brasenose College, Oxford, 11 and 12 May 1998.
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