Bibliografia
Bibliographical references
Sources
Manuscript sources
British Library, Add 47967. Lauderdale Ms ff. 8-8v.
British Library,Cotton Tib.B.i Ms, ff. 10v-13v.
Printed sources
BATELY, Janet; ENGLERT, Anton (eds.) – Ohthere’s Voyages. A late 9th century account of voyages along the coast of Norway and Denmark and its cultural context. Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum, 2007.
CROSSLEY-HOLLAND, Kevin (ed./trans.) – The Anglo-Saxon World. An Anthology. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, “The World’s Classics”, 1984 (The Boydell Press, 1982).
Studies
ALARCÃO, Miguel - “O elogio de Charles Dickens ao Rei Alfred de Wessex (871-899)”. Gaudium Sciendi 7 (Jan. 2015), pp. 119-133 Avalaible at https://doi.org/10.34632/gaudiumsciendi.2015.n7. Accessed 21.01.2023.
ALLPORT, Ben - “Home thoughts of abroad: Ohthere’s Voyage in its Anglo-Saxon context”. Early Medieval Europe, 28:2 (2020), pp. 256-288. Available at Home thoughts of abroad: Ohthere’s Voyage in its Anglo‐Saxon context - Allport - 2020 - Early Medieval Europe - Wiley Online Library. Accessed 21.01.2023.
APPLETON, Helen - “Ohthere and Wulfstan”. In ECHARD, S. ; ROUSE, R. (eds.) - Encyclopedia of British Medieval Literature. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2017, pp. 1450-1451.Avalaible at https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118396957.wbemlb288 . Ohthere and Wulfstan - ORA - Oxford University Research Archive. Accessed 21.01.2023.
BALE, Anthony; SOBECKI, Sebastian (eds.) – Medieval English Travel. A Critical Anthology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021 (2019).
BATELY, Janet - “Ohthere and Wulfstan in the Old English Orosius”. In BATELY, Janet; ENGLERT, Anton (eds.) - Ohthere’s Voyages. A late 9th century account of voyages along the coast of Norway and Denmark and its cultural context. Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum, 2007, pp. 18-58.
CARRETO, Carlos F. Clamote – “Eppur se muove… Ritmos e cadências de um imaginário em movimento”. In CARRETO, Carlos F. Clamote (ed.) – ‘Lors te metra en la voie...’: Mobilidade e Literatura na Idade Média/Mobilité et Littérature au Moyen Age. Lisboa: Universidade Aberta, 2011, pp. 11-14.
CRISTÓVÃO, Fernando – “Introdução. Para uma teoria da Literatura de Viagens”. In CRISTÓVÃO, Fernando (coord.) – Condicionantes Culturais da Literatura de Viagens. Estudos e Bibliografias. Lisboa: Edições Cosmos/Centro de Literaturas de Expressão Portuguesa da Universidade de Lisboa, col. “Cosmos Literatura”, nº 40, 1999, pp. 13-52.
CUESTA, Julia Fernández; SILVA, Inmaculada Senra - “Ohthere and Wulfstan: One or Two Voyagers at the Court of King Alfred?”. Studia Neophilologica 72 / 1 (2000), pp. 18-23. DOI: 10.1080/003932700750041568; Available at https://doi.org/10.1080/003932700750041568 . Accessed 21.01.2023.
DE ANGELO, Jeremy - “Ohthere, Wulfstan, and Cultural Transmission in the Ninth-Century Baltic”. Peritia 27 (January 2016), pp. 31-41. DOI:10.1484/J.PERIT.5.112194. Access 21.01.2023.
DUBY, Georges – Ano 1000 Ano 2000. No Rasto dos Nossos Medos. Trans. Telma Costa. Lisboa: Editorial Teorema, Lda., 1997 (Les éditions Textuel, 1995).
DUCKETT, Eleanor - Alfred the Great and his England. London: Collins, 1957.
HULME, Peter; YOUNGS, Tim (eds.) – The Cambridge Companion to Travel Writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008 (2002).
KEYNES, Simon; LAPIDGE, Michael (trans.) – Alfred the Great. Asser’s ‘Life of King Alfred’ and other contemporary sources. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd., “Penguin Classics”, 1983.
PARKER, Joanne – 'England's Darling': The Victorian Cult of Alfred the Great. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007.
LADERO QUESADA, Miguel Angel – El mundo de los viajeros medievales. Madrid: Grupo Anaya, S.A., “Biblioteca Básica de Historia - Monografias”, 1992.
SOBECKI, Sebastian I. – The Sea and Medieval English Literature. Woodbridge, Suffolk: D. S. Brewer, “Studies in Medieval Romance”, 5, 2008.
THOMPSON, Carl – Travel Writing. London and New York: Routledge, “The New Critical Idiom”, 2011.
YOUNGS, Tim – “The Importance of Travel Writing”. In The European English Messenger, vol. 13.2 (Autumn 2004), pp. 55-62.
YOUNGS, Tim – The Cambridge Introduction to Travel Writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014 (2013).
ZUMTHOR, Paul – La Mesure du Monde. Représentations de l’Espace au Moyen Âge. Paris: Éditions du Seuil, col. “Poétique”, 1993.
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Notas
“[…] it is no easy matter to provide a neat and unproblematic definition, or delimitation, of what counts as travel writing. The term is a very loose generic label, and has always embraced a bewilderingly diverse range of material […] Simultaneously, and partly as a result of this intrinsic heterogeneity, travel writing has always maintained a complex and confusing relationship with any number of closely related (indeed, often overlapping genres [...] One consequence of this heterogeneity and hybridity is that it is often hard to define where ‘travel writing’ ends and other genres begin, such as autobiography, ethnography, nature writing and fiction.” (THOMPSON, Carl - Travel Writing. London and New York: Routledge, 2011, pp. 11-12) and “Around the central form of the travel book […] there circulates a still greater range of texts that can […] potentially be understood either as branches and sub-genres of travel writing, or else as separate genres closely cognate with travel writing, […] sometimes merging into it: guidebooks, itineraries, novels with a pronounced travel theme, memoirs, writings of place, descriptions of the natural world, maps, road movies and much else besides.” (p. 26) To sum it all up, as Thompson recalls, quoting Jonathan Raban, “travel writing is a notoriously raffish open house where different genres are likely to end up in the same bed.” (p. 11)
See CRISTÓVÃO, Fernando – “Introdução. Para uma teoria da Literatura de Viagens”. In CRISTÓVÃO, Fernando (coord.) - Condicionantes Culturais da Literatura de Viagens. Estudos e Bibliografias. Lisboa: Edições Cosmos/Centro de Literaturas de Expressão Portuguesa da Universidade de Lisboa, col. “Cosmos Literatura”, nº 40, 1999, pp. 13-52.
THOMPSON - Travel Writing, pp. 34-37.
YOUNGS, Tim - The Cambridge Introduction to Travel Writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014, pp. 19-23.
As recalled by KEYNES, Simon; LAPIDGE, Michael (trans.) - Alfred the Great. Asser’s ‘Life of King Alfred’ and other contemporary sources. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd., 1983, p. 33.
See on this SUMPTION, Jonathan - The Age of Pilgrimage. The Medieval Journey to God. Mahwah, New Jersey: HiddenSpring, 2003 and WEST, Diana - Pilgrimage in Medieval England. London and New York: Hambledon and London, 2000.
BATELY, Janet - “Ohthere and Wulfstan in the Old English Orosius”. In BATELY, Janet; ENGLERT, Anton (eds.) - Ohthere’s Voyages. A late 9th century account of voyages along the coast of Norway and Denmark and its cultural context. Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum, 2007, p. 26.
BATELY, Janet - “Ohthere and Wulfstan in the Old English Orosius”. In BATELY, Janet; ENGLERT, Anton (eds.) - Ohthere’s Voyages, p. 33.
ZUMTHOR, Paul – La Mesure du monde. Représentations de l’Espace au Moyen Âge. Paris: Éditions du Seuil, col. “Poétique”, 1993, p. 170.
According to Asser, Alfred’s Welsh biographer, “He […] applied himself attentively […] to foreign visitors of all races, showing immense and incomparable kindness and generosity to all men, as well as to the investigation of things unknown. Wherefore many Franks, Frisians, Gauls, Vikings, Welshmen, Irishmen and Bretons subjected themselves willingly to his lordship, nobles and commoners alike; […]” (KEYNES, Simon; LAPIDGE, Michael (trans.) – Alfred the Great, p. 91).
“Besides providing a bridge between the Anglo-Saxon and Old Norse worlds, Ohthere’s Voyage offers a tangible vision of the geographical understanding of the Anglo-Saxon literary elite of the ninth and tenth centuries and their intimate familiarity with Latin traditions.” (ALLPORT, Ben - “Home thoughts of abroad: Ohthere’s Voyage in its Anglo-Saxon context”. In Early Medieval Europe, ed. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 28 (2), 2020, pp. 287-288)
SOBECKI, Sebastian I. - The Sea and Medieval English Literature. Woodbridge, Suffolk: D. S. Brewer, 2008, p. 43.
BALE, Anthony; SOBECKI, Sebastian (eds.) - Medieval English Travel. A Critical Anthology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021, p. 10.
Ohthere’s account is included in the Lauderdale Ms, folios 8r-8v (The British Library, Add 47967), as well as in the Cotton Tib.B.i Ms, folios 10v-11v (partly), immediately followed by Wulfstan’s report (Cotton Tib.B.i Ms, folios 11v-13v), also kept in The British Library. A digital version of the original Old English texts has been published in BATELY, Janet; ENGLERT, Anton (eds.) - Ohthere’s Voyages, pp. 10-17; see also Janet Bately’s introduction (pp. 18-39) and notes (pp. 51-58).
This edition is divided into the following chapters: “The Source”, “Geography”, “At Home”, “At Sea”, “Destinations” and “Trade and Exchange”.
BATELY, Janet; ENGLERT, Anton (eds.) - Ohthere’s Voyages, pp. 40-47.
BATELY, Janet; ENGLERT, Anton (eds.) – Ohthere’s Voyages, p. 7.
Translated as the Lapps and the Permians in CROSSLEY-HOLLAND, Kevin (ed./trans.) - The Anglo-Saxon World. An Anthology. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1984, p. 65.
“The Cwenas [Finns] sometimes make raids on the Northmen [Norwegians] over the moorland, sometimes the Northmen [Norwegians] on them.” (BATELY, Janet; ENGLERT, Anton (eds.) – Ohthere’s Voyages, pp. 46-47). Translated as the Finns and the Norwegians in CROSSLEY-HOLLAND, Kevin (ed./trans.) - The Anglo-Saxon World, p. 66.
Mostly Sciringesheal (roughly corresponding to Kaupang, near Larvik and the Oslo Fiord). Hedeby (Schleswig), formerly Danish, is now part of Germany.
“[…] for two days before he came to the Heaths [Hedeby] , Jutland and Sillende and many islands were on his starboard side - in those lands the English lived, before they came to this country […]” (BATELY, Janet; ENGLERT, Anton (eds.) – Ohthere’s Voyages, p. 47).
BATELY, Janet; ENGLERT, Anton (eds.) – Ohthere’s Voyages, p. 45.
BATELY, Janet; ENGLERT, Anton (eds.) – Ohthere’s Voyages, p. 44.
BALE, Anthony; SOBECKI, Sebastian (eds.) - Medieval English Travel, p. 2.
ZUMTHOR, Paul – La Mesure du monde, see especially chapters 8 (“La route”, pp. 167-183) and 15 (“Dire le voyage”, pp. 297-317).
DUBY, Georges - Ano 1000 Ano 2000. No Rasto dos Nossos Medos. Lisboa: Editorial Teorema, Lda., 1997, especially “O medo do outro”, pp. 49-75.
As Paul Zumthor points out, “Du haut Moyen Age jusqu’à l’émergence […] de la ‘modernité’, un mouvement général poussa l’esprit européen à concretiser sa perception et sa conception de l’espace: à passer d’une donnée symbolique à une réalité mesurable.” (ZUMTHOR, Paul - La Mesure du monde, p. 414)
The Cabots’ pioneering voyage to Newfoundland took place in 1497, shortly after Columbus’s voyage to America and the Treaty of Tordesillas.
The Muscovy (or Russia) Company was founded in 1555, in the wake of Richard Chancellor’s voyage of 1553-1554.
On the huge popularity of King Alfred in the Victorian age see PARKER, Joanne - 'England's Darling': The Victorian Cult of Alfred the Great. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007, especially pp. 147-151. From a narrower and specific angle, see also ALARCÃO, Miguel - “O elogio de Charles Dickens ao Rei Alfred de Wessex (871-899)”. In Gaudium Sciendi. Revista da Sociedade Científica da Universidade Católica Portuguesa. Lisboa: SCUCP, nº 7 (Jan. 2015), pp. 119-133.
BATELY, Janet; ENGLERT, Anton (eds.) – Ohthere’s Voyages, pp. 48-50.
KEYNES, Simon; LAPIDGE, Michael (trans.) – Alfred the Great, p. 258, n.155.
APPLETON, Helen - “Ohthere and Wulfstan”. In ECHARD, S.; ROUSE, R. (eds.) - Encyclopedia of British Medieval Literature. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2017, p. 1450.
“The above-mentioned Estland [Estonia] is very large, and there is very many a town [or stronghold], and in each town there is a king. […] There is very much [or great] conflict between them.” (BATELY, Janet; ENGLERT, Anton (eds.) – Ohthere’s Voyages, p. 48)
Elblag/Elbing, Poland.
Blekinge, Möre (in Norway), and the Swedish islands of Öland and Gotland.
The Danish islands of Langeland, Lolland and Falster, as well as Skane (in Sweden).
BATELY, Janet; ENGLERT, Anton (eds.) – Ohthere’s Voyages, pp. 49-50.
DUCKETT, Eleanor - Alfred the Great and his England. London: Collins, 1957, p. 148.
“La potencia imaginativa de la cosmografia medieval ha sobrevivido a su ruina como visión válida del mundo y, hasta cierto punto, continúa actuando en nosotros.” (QUESADA, Miguel Angel Ladero - El mundo de los viajeros medievales. Madrid: Grupo Anaya, S.A., 1992, p. 89)
HULME, Peter; YOUNGS, Tim (eds.) - The Cambridge Companion to Travel Writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 1.
YOUNGS, Tim - “The Importance of Travel Writing”. In The European English Messenger, vol. 13.2, Autumn 2004, p. 61.
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