Bibliografia
Sources
Manuscript Sources
Douai, Bibliothèque Marceline des Bordes, MS 893, vol.2, fol.103r.
Douai, Bibliothèque Marceline des Bordes, no. 338, Thomas de Cantimpré, Bonum universale de apibus (1471-1472).
Douai, Archive Municipales de Douai, AA 88 1247.
Douai, Archive Municipales de Douai, AA 94, fol. 36, r-v.
Douai, Archive Municipales de Douai, FF 861.
Douai, Archive Municipales de Douai, FF 862.
Douai, Archive Municipales de Douai, FF 661 5.975 (September, 1270).
Douai, Archive Municipales de Douai, GG 191.
Douai, Archive Municipales de Douai, AA 97, fol. 95.
Lille, Archives Départementales du Nord, 30H 18/282.
Lille, Archives Départementales du Nord, fonds du couvent de l’Abbaye des Près de Douai, carton 1
Lille, Archives Départementales du Nord, 30H 17/250.
Lille, Archives Départementales du Nord B 444 no. 808.
Printed Sources
CANTIMPRÉ, Thomas de – Vitae Christinae Mirabili. Ed. J. Pinius, AASS, 24 July, vol. 32, V, 637-660.
CANTIMPRÉ, Thomas de – Vita Margerite de Ypres. In MEERSSEMAN, G. (ed.) – “Les Frères Prêcheurs et le mouvement dévot en Flandres au XIII siècle.” Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum, 18 (1948), pp. 106-30.
HEISTERBACH, Caesarius of – Dialogus miraculorum. Ed. J. Strange, vol. I. Cologne, 1851-1857.
LILLE, Alain de – Summa de arte praedicatoria. Ed. J.P. Migne, Patrologia Latina, col. 109-195.
VITRY, Jacques de – Vita Mariae Oigniacensis. Ed. D. Paperbroek. AASS, 23 June IV. Paris: Palme, 1867, 636-666.
Studies
BÉTHUNE, Jean – Cartulaire du Béguinage de Sainte-Elisabeth à Gand. Bruges: Aimé de Zuttere, 1883.
BIJSTERVELD, Arnoud-Jan – Do ut des: Gift Giving, Memoria, and Conflict Management in the Medieval Low Countries. Volume 104 of Middeleeuwse studies em bronnen. Uitgeverij Verloren, 2017.
BLOCKMANS, Wim – “Flanders in the Thirteenth Century”. In ABULAFIA, David (ed.) – The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015, pp. 405-418.
BRASSART, M. – Notes historiques sur les hôpitaux et établissements de charité de la ville de Douai. Douai: Adam d’Aubers, 1842.
BRODMAN, James – Charity & Religion in Medieval Europe. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America, 2009.
CHIFFOLEAU, Jacques – La comptabilité de l'au- dela: Les hommes, la mort et la religion dans la region d'Avignon d la fin du Moyen Age (vers 1320- vers 1480). Rome: Collection de l'Ecole Francaise de Rome, xlvii, 1980.
DAVIS, Adam J. – The Medieval Economy of Salvation: Charity, Commerce, and The Rise of the Hospital. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2019.
DE COUSEMAKER, Edmund – Inventaire analytique et chronologique des archives de la chambre des comptes à Lille. Paris: Société Impériale des Sciences, de l’Agriculture et des Arts de Lille, 1865.
DE VRIES, Jennifer E. – “The Proper Beguine’s Interaction with the Outside World: Some Beguine Rules from the Late Medieval Low Countries”. In PANSTERS, Krijn; PLUNKETT-LATIMER, Abraham (eds.) – Shaping Stability: The Normation and Formation of Religious Life in the Middle Ages. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2016, pp. 142-146.
DELMAIRE, Bernard – “Deux récits versifiés de la fondation de l’abbaye des Prés à Douai”. Revue du Nord 61/241 (1979), pp. 331-351.
DEREGNAUCOURT, Jean-Piere – Autour de la mort a Douai. Attitudes, pratiques et croyances, 1250-1500. Lille: Université Charles de Gaulle, 1998. Doctoral Thesis.
DERVILLE, Alain – “Le nombre d’habitants des villes d’Artois et de la Flandre Wallonne (1300-1450)”. Revue du Nord 65/257 (1983), pp. 289-293.
DHÉRENT, Catherine – Histoire social de la bourgeoisie de Douai de 1280 à 1350. Paris: École Nationale de Chartres, 1981. Doctoral Thesis.
DOYNO HARVEY, Mary – The Lay Saint: Charity and Charismatic Authority in Medieval Italy, 1150-1350. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2019.
ESPINAS, Georges – La vie urbaine de Douai au Moyen Âge. Vol. 1 & 3. Paris: Picard, 1913.
FARMER, Sharon – Surviving Poverty in Medieval Paris: Gender, Ideology, and the Daily Lives of the Poor. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002.
FOURACRE, Paul – Eternal light and earthly concerns. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2023.
GALLOWAY – “Neither Miraculous Nor Astonishing. The Devotional Practice of Beguine Communities in French Flanders.” In DOR, Juliette; JOHNSON, Lesley; WOGAN-BROWNE, Jocelyn (eds.) – New Trends in Feminine Spirituality: The Holy Women of Liège and their Impact. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 1999, pp. 107-128.
GREVEN, Joseph – “Der Ursprung des Beginenwesens”, Historiches Jahrbuch 35 (1914), pp. 291-318.
GRIFFITHS, Fiona – “Prayer for the Dead: Women, Death and Salvation”. In BARROAU, Julie; BATES, David – Lives - Identities and Histories in the Central Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021, pp. 25-41.
HANSON-KEGERREIS, Sarah Elizabeth – Elite Urban Families and Economic Activities in Late Medieval Douai, c. 1285 to 1384. California: University of California Santa Barbara, 2019. Doctoral Thesis.
HOWELL, Martha – “Fixing Movables: Gifts by Testament in Late Medieval Douai.” Past and Present 150 (1996), pp. 3-45.
HOWELL, Martha – The Marriage Exchange: Property, Social Place, and Gender in Cities of the Low Countries, 1300-1550. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.
HUTTON, Shennan – Women and Economic Activities in Late Medieval Ghent. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
HUTTON, Shennan – “Organizing specialized production: gender in the medieval Flemish wool cloth industry (c. 1250-1384). Urban History 45/3 (2018), pp. 382-402.
KITTEL, Ellen – “Testaments of two cities: A comparative analysis of the wills of medieval Genoa and Douai”. European Review of History 5/1 (1998), pp. 47-82.
KITTELL, Ellen; QUELLER, Kurt – ““Whether man or woman”: Gender Inclusivity in the Town Ordinances of Medieval Douai”. Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 30/1 (2000), pp. 63-100.
LE GOFF, Jacques – The Birth of Purgatory. Translated by Arthur Goldhammer. Chicago: The University of Chicago University Press, 1984.
LE GOFF, Jacques – Your Money or Your Life: Economy and Religion in the Middle Ages. New York: Zone Books, 1988.
LITTLE, Lester K. – Religious Poverty and the Profit Economy in Medieval Europe. New York: Cornell University Press, 1978.
MESTAYER, Monique – Comptes des Hôpitaux et Bonnes Maisons Douaisiennes (1307-1361), Vol. 1-2. Douai: Société Nationale d’Agriculture, Sciences et Arts, 2011.
MOONEY, Catherine – Clare of Assisi and the Thirteenth-Century Church. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016.
OEXLE, Otto Gerhard – “Memoria und Memorialbild”. In SCHMID, Karl and WOLLASCH, Joachim (eds.) – Memoria: Der gschichtliche Zeugniswer des liturgischen Gedenkens im Mittelalter. München, 1984, pp. 384-440.
RITCHEY, Sara; STROCCHIA, Sharon – “Gendering Medieval Health and Healing”. In RITCHEY, Sara; STROCCHIA, Sharon. (eds.) – Gender, Health, and Healing, 1250-1550. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020, pp. 17-18.
RUBIN, Miri – Charity and Community in Medieval Cambridge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
RUIZ, Teofilo – From Heaven to Earth: The Reordering of Castilian Society, 1150-1350. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2004.
SIMONS, Walter – Cities of Ladies: Beguine Communities in the Medieval Low Countries, 1200-1565. Pennsylvania: University of Pensylvania press, 2001.
SIMONS, Walter – “Beginnings: Naming Beguines in the Southern Low Countries, 1200-50”. In BÖHRINGER, Letha; KOLPACOFF DEANE, Jennifer; ENGEN, Hildo va (eds.) – Labels and Libels: Naming Beguines in Northern Medieval Europe. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2014, pp. 9-52.
SIMONS, Walter – “Begijnen en begarden in het middeleeuwse Dowaai”, De Franse Nederlanden, 17 (1992), pp. 180-197.
STABEL, Peter – “Composition et recomposition des reseaux urbains des Pays-Bas au Moyen Âge”. In LECUPPRE-DESJARDIN, Élodie; CROUZET-PAVAN, Élisabeth – Villes de Flandre et d’Italie (XXIIIe-XVIe). Turnhout: Brepols, 2008, pp. 29-63.
STABEL, Peter – “Working Alone? Single Women in the Urban Economy of Late Medieval Flanders Thirteenth-Early Fifteenth Centuries”. In DEVOS, Isabelle, DE GROOT, Julie and SCHMIDT, Ariadne (eds.) – Single Life and the City 1200–1900. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, pp. 27-49.
STABLER MILLER, Tanya – The Beguines of Medieval Paris: Gender, Patronage, and Spiritual Authority. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.
TAILLAR, Eugène François Joseph – Recueil d’actes des XIIe. et XIIIe. siècles en langue romane wallonne du Nord de la France. Douai: Adam D’Aubers, Imprimeur, 1849.
VINCENT, Catherine – Fiat Lux: Lumière et luminaires dans la vie religieuse en Occident du XIIIe ou début du XVIe siècle. Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf, 2004.
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Notas
OEXLE, Otto Gerhard – “Memoria und Memorialbild”. In SCHMID, Karl; WOLLASCH, Joachim (eds.) – Memoria: Der gschichtliche Zeugniswer des liturgischen Gedenkens im Mittelalter. München, 1984, p. 394.
Jean-Pierre Deregnaucourt’s doctoral thesis considers the period examined here as a time when the parish church faced competition for the donations from the common faithful. In part, this view was influenced by Jacques Chiffoleau’s monumental work around the culture of death in Avignon. See DEREGNAUCOURT, Jean-Piere - Autour de la mort a Douai. Attitudes, pratiques et croyances, 1250-1500. Lille: Université Charles de Gaulle, 1998, p. 176. Doctoral Thesis. See also CHIFFOLEAU, Jacques – La comptabilite de l'au- dela: les hommes, la mort et la religion dans la region d'Avignon d la fin du Moyen Age (vers 1320 – vers 1480), XLVII. Rome: Collection de l'Ecole Francaise de Rome, 1980. For Deregnaucourt, the parish churches in Douai outlived most penitential groups and institutions by 1370 when many of these communities had dissolved because of the plague, famine, and the changing needs of the common faithful.
These testaments are from the Archive Municipales de Douai (=AMD), FF 861 and 862 series, which contain documents from the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The combined number of wills from this collection is 171. 84 belonged to women and 87 belonged to men. It should be noted that included in the total number of wills and those created solely by women are two copies of Jehane de Malarde’s will.
As Martha Howell has noted, wills and final testaments were religious documents because they permitted Douaisien testators to secure their salvation through charitable gifts to the devout. See HOWELL, Martha – “Fixing Movables: Gifts by Testament in Late Medieval Douai”. Past and Present 150 (1996), p. 11.
AMD AA 97, fol. 95. There are some ambiguities about the precise meaning of being a bourgeois/bourgeoise in Douai. In one sense, this status referred to citizenship in the city rather than residency. In another sense, the title also held economic implications about property ownership and rentes secured by real properties. Additionally, the meanings of these titles were not static in medieval Douai. For further discussion of this, see HOWELL, Martha – “Weathering Crisis, Managing Change: The Emergence of a New Socioeconomic Order in Douai at the End of the Middle Ages”. In BOONE, Marc ; PREVENIER, Walter (eds). – La draperie ancienne des Pays-Bas Débouchés et strategies de survie (14e-16e siècles). Leuven and Apeldoorn: Grant, 1993, p. 100; ESPINAS, George – La vie urbaine de Douai au Moyen Âge, vol. 1. Paris: Picard, 1913, pp. 385-393.
Deregnaucourt’s considers this component in the creation of wills and the documentation of commemoration as a reflection of social hierarchies. In his survey of 2,284 wills from the twelfth to the fifteenth centuries, Jean-Pierre Deregnaucourt identified that 1,434 belonged to men and 850 to women. He posed the question of whether there were distinctive masculine and feminine forms of commemoration. He considers the context and circumstances involved in Douaisiens’ testators as the determinants of gendered experiences in commemoration. See DEREGNAUCOURT, Jean-Pierre – Autour de la mort à Douai, p. 48.
Henri Painmoilher, Jehanain de Dourges, and Hue li Germain gave alms to the bishop of Arras. See AMD FF 861 32626 (testament of Henri Painmoilher, 1286), AMD FF 861 32629 (testament of Jehanain de Dourges, 1290), AMD FF 861 32642 (testament of Hue li Germain, 1298). Pieron de Warlain left alms to the church of Warlaing. See AMD FF 861 32639 (testament of Pieron de Warlain, 1296). Maroie le Pance bequeathed money to the parish of Biethune, which was her city of origin. AMD FF 862 32651 (testament of Maroie dite a le pance de Biethune, 1307). The number of wills per parish in this collection is as follows: Saint Piere-36, Notre Dame-6, Saint Amé-3, Saint Aubin-21, Saint Jakeme-15, Saint Nicholas-9, Saint Jehan-1.
DEREGNAUCOURT, Jean-Pierre – Autour de la morte à Douai, p. 206.
AMD FF 861 32630 (testament of Williaume le Waukier, 1291).
SIMONS, Walter – Cities of Ladies: Beguine Communities in the Medieval Low Countries, 1200-1565. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001, p. 113.
This regularity is evident beginning with Adam de Masni’s will. See AMD FF 861 32595 (testament of Addin de Mausin, 1269).
AMD FF 862 32623 (testament of Marotain le Caucheteur, 1282). Marotain’s will states: “As freres precheurs de douay la on ele es list se sepulture pour aidier a fair ele moustier. xv lib”. AMD FF 862 32671 (testament of Maroie Blokiele, 1316). “...pour diu et pour s’ame a sem prestre curet qui ses parochiens sera au jour de sem trespas. xx s. A sen capelain. x s. Au clerc. v s. A cascun des capelains residens en l’eglise saint piere. xii d.”
DEREGNAUCOURT, Jean-Pierre – Autour de la morte à Douai, pp. 299-300.
AMD FF 861 32595 (testament of Adam de Masni, 1269). AMD FF 861 (testament of Saintain Toiliere, 1273).
AMD FF 861 32618 (testament of Ghillaine le Toilliere, 1278).
AMD FF 862 32647 (testament of Maroie de Biequin, 1362).
AMD FF 861 32637 (testament of Thumas Pikete, 1295).
AMD FF 861 32613 (testament of Leurent le Laurers, 1273).
DEREGNAUCOURT, Jean-Pierre – Autour de la mort à Douai, p. 61.
AMD FF 862 32705 (testament of Pieronne de l’Euwe, 1339).
AMD FF 862 32716 (testament of Marguerite li Ernieve, 1345). Marguerite requested two Requiem masses and trentals. AMD FF 862 32740 (testament of Gillot Julin, 1361). Gillot Julin requested 4 Requiem masses and 1 trental.
AMD FF 861 32590 (testament of Engherrans Brunamons, 1260).
AMD FF 861 32640 (testament of Aelis de Selevaing, 1296).
AMD FF 862 32697 (testament of Maroitain le Tassarde, 1338). For example, Marotain details that four women were to clean her body, and each were to receive 12 deniers for their service. She also stated that six women and men were carry her body to her tomb and each were to receive 12 deniers.
AMD FF 861 32590 (testament of Engherrans Brunamon, 1260).
CANTIMPRÉ, Thomas de – Bonum universale de apibus (1471-1472), Bibliothèque Municipale de Douai (=BMD), no. 338, book 2, Chapter 40, fol. xciiii-v. According to Thomas, when the celebrant had dropped the host during mass in Saint Amé, the host levitated and imprinted on it was the face of Christ as a child.
AMD FF 861 32617 (testament of Gillon Crieleu, 1277).
VINCENT, Catherine – Fiat Lux: Lumière et luminaires dans la vie religieuse en Occident du XIIIe ou début du XVIe siècle. Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf, 2004. FOURACRE, Paul – Eternal light and earthly concerns. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2023.
AMD FF 861 32618 (Ghillain le Toiliere, 1278).
AMD FF 862 32697 (testament of Maroitain le Tassarde, 1338).
DEREGNAUCOURT, Jean-Pierre – Autour de la morte à Douai, p. 102-104. Deregnaucourt considers this trend to have been connected to efforts to die within one’s rank by showcasing wealth in the procession and burial.
The recipients of her donations included the poor beguines of Champfleury, her servant Margot, her parish church, the town’s mendicant orders, and several hospitals. AMD FF 861 32609 (testament of Marotain de Fierin, 1272).
LE GOFF, Jacques – The Birth of Purgatory. GOLDHAMMER, Arthur (trans.), Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984, p. 152.
AMD FF 861 32636 (testament of Gilles as Blanc Kevaus, 1295).
Variations of this clause appear as: “pour dieu et pour same”, “pour dieu et en aumosne”, “pour dieu et en aumosne et pour salve du l’ame”. Testators also included the souls of their parents, siblings, spouses, and ancestors within this clause as beneficiaries of their commemorative services. An example of this is Pieron de Warlaing who states in his will “pour dieu et pour same et pour les ames de sen pere et de se mere.” AMD FF 861 32639 (testament of Pieron de Warlaing, 1296).
AMD FF 861 32865 (testament of Jakemon de Doregni, 1252).
AMD FF 861 32637 (testament of Thumas Pikete, 1295), AMD FF 862 32664 (testament of Pieron Dorchies, 1314), AMD FF 862 32736 (testament of Gillote li Enfes, 1359).
Some examples from the two can be found in: CANTIMPRÉ, Thomas de – Bonum Universale de Apibus, Book 2, Ch. 26, 5: Exemplum abbatis Villariensis, de restiuenda pecunia usuris parta. LILLE, Alain de - Summa de arte praedicatoria. Ed. J.P. Migne, Patrologia Latina, col. 109-195.
Le Goff has examined the links between the concept behind the doctrine of Purgatory beginning in the twelfth century and the economic expansion of urban centres. See LE GOFF, Jacques – The Birth of Purgatory; LE GOFF, Jacques – Your Money Or Your Life: Economy and Religion in the Middle Ages. New York: Zone Books, 1998, pp. 21-24. For an extended discussion of theologians’ views on avarice as a product of commerce, see RUBIN, Miri – Charity and Community in Medieval Cambridge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987, pp. 84-85. Tanya Stabler Miller has also recognized similar trends in Robert de Sorbonne’s writings emphasizing the significance of charity within one’s community. See STABLER MILLER, Tanya – The Beguines of Medieval Paris: Gender, Patronage, and Spiritual Authority. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.
This estimate of the town’s population comes from DERVILLE, Alain – “Le nombre d’habitants des villes d’Artois et de la Flandre Wallonne (1300-1450)”. Revue du Nord 65/257 (1983), pp. 289-293. This number is repeated in BLOCKMANS, Wim – “Flanders in the Thirteenth Century”. In ABULAFIA, David (ed.) – The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015, p. 415. Other estimates far lower than 30,000; Catherine Dhérent estimates that the population of Douai in the fourteenth century was between 10,000 and 12,000. See DHÉRENT, Catherine – Histoire social de la bourgeoisie de Douai de 1280 à 1350. Paris: École Nationale de Chartres, 1981, p. 121. Doctoral Thesis. Martha Howell also has proposed that Douai’s population during this period was somewhere between 15,000 and 20,000. See HOWELL, Martha – The Marriage Exchange. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1998, p. 48. Peter Stabel provides the lowest estimate of Douai’s population, which he considers had been closer to 8,000. See STABEL, Peter – “Composition et recomposition des reseaux urbains des Pays-Bas au Moyen Âge”. In LECUPPRE – DESJARDIN, Élodie ; CROUZET-PAVAN, Élisabeth (eds.) – Villes de Flandre et d’Italie (XXIIIe-XVIe). Turnhout: Brepols, 2008, pp. 29-63; NICHOLAS, David – Medieval Flanders. London: Longman, 1992, p. 115.
KITTELL, Ellen – “The construction of women’s social identity in medieval Douai: Evidence from identifying epithets”. Journal of Medieval History 3 (1999), p. 220.
For a complete inventory of medieval wills from Douai and testators, see DEREGNAUCOURT, Jean-Pierre – Autour de la morte à Douai, vol. 2, pp. 3-57.
Teofilo Ruiz makes this conclusion in his observation of Catalan wills and the relationship of testators with property by 1230. RUIZ, Teofilo – From Heaven to Earth: The Reordering of Castilian Society, 1150-1350. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2004.
LITTLE, Lester K. – Religious Poverty and the Profit Economy in Medieval Europe. New York: Cornell University Press, 1978, pp. 3-41.
BIJSTERVELD, Arnoud-Jan – Do ut des: Gift Giving, Memoria, and Conflict Management in the Medieval Low Countries, Volume 104, Middeleeuwse studies em bronnen. Uitgeverij Verloren, 2017, p. 20.
Adam J. Davis’ examination of wills from the region of Champagne highlights the existence of a shared language between commercial and spiritual transactions. For Davis, the language of commerce shaped testators’ articulation of spiritual gifts and, likewise, informed their expectation of spiritual rewards. See DAVIS, Adam J. – The Medieval Economy of Salvation, pp. 5-8. These conclusions expand Jacques Chiffoleau’s and Jacques Le Goff’s focus on medieval anxieties about the afterlife and a spiritual economy, Adam J. Davis and Ruiz have considered the expression of these anxieties as offshoots of the commercialization of urban communities. DAVIS, Adam J. – The Medieval Economy of Salvation: Charity, Commerce, and The Rise of the Hospital. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2019; RUIZ, Teofilo - From Heaven to Earth: The Reordering of Castilian Society.
DEREGNAUCOURT, Jean-Pierre – Autour de la morte à Douai, pp. 126-131.
AMD, FF 861 32601 (testament of Marien de Lens, 1270).
A beguine named Marien de Lens served as rewars in the hospital of Wetz from 1343 to 1344. However, it is unclear if this woman was the testator of the will from 1270 or her sister. On the back of Marien’s will, her name is spelled Maroie. Another possibility is that Marien, the testator of the will, became a beguine later in life after creating her will in 1270.
I would like to note here that this paper uses the term “religious” in the broadest sense of the word as it pertains to devotion and spirituality, rather than religious status. For further discussion of terminology regarding lay female penitents, see MOONEY, Catherine – Clare of Assisi and the Thirteenth-Century Church: Religious Women, Rules, and Resistance. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016, p. 20.
AMD FF 861 and 862.
AMD, FF 861 32601 (testament of Marien de Lens, 1270). “…a Marien se sereur le begine. ii. Paire de linceus…”
Jacques de Vitry provides several exemples of Marie de Oignie’s salubrious prayers for the sick and the dying. See VITRY, Jacques de – Vita Mariae Oigniacensis. Ed. D. Papebroek, AASS, 23 June IV. Paris: Palme, 1867, pp. 651, 636, 650-653.
For example, the Vita of Christina of Saint Trond, written by Thomas de Cantimpré in 1232, retells Christina’s vision in which she chose to suffer on behalf of the souls detained in Purgatory to convey to his readers the efficacy of her prayers and ascetic practices in saving souls from Purgatory. CANTIMPRÉ, Thomas de – Vitae Sanctae Christinae Mirabili. Ed. J. Pinius, AASS, 24 July, vol. 32, pp. 651-652.
SIMONS, Walter – Cities of Ladies: Beguine Communities in the Medieval Low Countries, pp. 76-80.
ADN, fonds du couvent de l’Abbaye des Près de Douai, carton 1; ESPINAS – La vie urbaine de Douai au Moyen Âge, vol. 3. Paris: Picard, 1913, document no. 14, pp. 11-12.
Bernard Delmaire has provided these poems in DELMAIRE, Bernard – “Deux récits versifiés de la fondation de l’abbaye des Prés à Douai”. Revue du Nord 61/241 (1979), pp. 331-351.
Bernard Delmaire has argued that the poems used the word beguine anachronistically as the term was not yet in use in Douai during 1218 when the abbey was founded. He compares the poems written in the fourteenth century to town charters pertaining to a donation of property made by Gossuinus de Sancto-Albino to the women. The charter refers to the women as “mulieres” and not “beghines.” See DELMAIRE, Bernard – “Deux récits”, p. 348; ADN fonds du couvent de l’Abbaye des Près de Douai, carton 1.
For a record of the abbey’s Foundation, see Archives Départementales du Nord (=ADN), fonds du couvent de l’Abbaye des Près de Douai, carton 1.
ADN, 30H 17/250. ADN B 444 no. 808. Her will refers to the beguines of Douai’s parish of Saint Aubin as “religiose mulieres quae beghine vocantur”.
The construction of this hospital occurred around 1239 but it was not until 1245 that Gervais de le Vile declared that the foundation was dedicated to the use of beguines. See TAILLIAR, Joseph Eugène François – Recueil d’actes des XIIe et XIIIe siècles en langue romane wallonne du Nord de la France. Douai: Adam D’Aubers, Imprimeur, 1849, no. 44, pp. 105-106.
AA, 88 fol. 24-25, AMD, GG191 (foundation from Gervais de le Vile, 1247). The foundation document states the hospital was for “povres demes beghines maladies et infirmes…et beghines por warder et por server les femes maladies”.
ESPINAS, Georges – La vie urbaine de Douai au Moyen-Âge, vol. 3, document no. 73, pp. 53-54.
The mixed community of both institutions are evident in testators’ donations made distinctly to the poor beguines. In her will, Aelis d’Auberti donated to the hospital of Champfleury and this community’s poor beguines. AMD FF 861 32638 (testament of Aelis d’Auberti, 1295). Maroie Gramele provided Champfleury with a similar donation in which she left money to Champfleury’s two hospitals and its poor beguines respectively. AMD FF 862 32696 (testament of Maroie Gramele, 1337).
Simons has synthesized this information from having compiled foundation documents of Douai’s convents. SIMONS, Walter – Cities of Ladies: Beguine Communities in the Medieval Low Countries, pp. 274-275.
AMD GG 191 (1265).
AMD FF 32682 (testament of Katheline de Dichi, 1328).
For a more extended view of the number of wills donating to beguine institutions until the fifteenth century, see DEREGNAUCOURT, Jean-Pierre – Autour de la mort à Douai, p. 246.
AMD FF 862 32656 (testament of Jehans Miaus, 1311). “...as povres beghines del hospital des Wes de desous, as povres beghines dou couvent que Biernart Pilate estora, et as couvent que Philippes le toiliers estora cascun de ces vii lius xx. s. a pitance.”
AMD FF 862 32656 (testament of Jehans Miaus, 1311).
AMD GG 191. Notable as well is that simple commemorative prayers were services these beguines provided to other donors to their convent. Similar to Bernard Pilate, Maroie d’Aubi required these beguines to light candles for her while they prayed for her spirit. See ADN, 30H 18/282.
See SIMONS, Walter – “Begijnen en begarden in het middeleeuwse Dowaai”. De Franse Nederlanden, 17 (1992), p. 182.
Fiona Griffiths has considered the keeping of memories and memoria as separate but nevertheless related processes in the formal commemoration of the dead. See GRIFFITHS, Fiona – “Prayer for the Dead: Women, Death and Salvation”. In BARROAU, Julie; BATES, David Lives – Identities and Histories in the Central Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021, p. 27.
SIMONS, Walter – Cities of Ladies: Beguine Communities in the Medieval Low Countries, p. 78.
AMD, GG 191. Galloway also notes that beguines recited the liturgical hours but they did so while in church or at work. See also GALLOWAY, Penelope – “Neither Miraculous Nor Astonishing. The Devotional Practice of Beguine Communities in French Flanders”. In DOR, Juliette; JOHNONSON, Lesley; WOGAN-BROWNE, Jocelyn (eds.) – New Trends in Feminine Spirituality: The Holy Women of Liège and their Impact. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 1999, pp. 108, 111.
AMD, FF 661 5.975 (September, 1270). For Oedain d’Ascons’s investments in Bruges, see AMD, 94, fol. 36, r-v; for Agnes d’Escaudaing’s investments, see AMD, GG 190.
HANSON-KEGERREIS, Sarah Elizabeth – The Boinebroke Women: Elite Urban Families and Economic Activities in Late Medieval Douai, c. 1285 to 1384. California: University of California Santa Barbara, 2019, pp. 132-133. Doctoral Thesis.
ESPINAS, Georges – La vie urbaine de Douai au Moyen-Âge, vol. 3, document no. 439, pp. 332-333.
HUTTON, Shennan – Women and Economic Activities in Late Medieval Ghent. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011, p. 19. STABEL, Peter – “Working Alone? Single Women in the Urban Economy of Late Medieval Flanders Thirteenth-Early Fifteenth Centuries”. In DEVOS, Isabelle, DE GROOT, Juli, and SCHMIDT, Ariadne (eds.) – Single Life and the City 1200–1900. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, p. 27.
KITTELL, Ellen; QUELLER, Kurt – “Whether man or woman”: Gender Inclusivity in the Town Ordinances of Medieval Douai”. Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 30/1 (2000), pp. 98-100.
HUTTON, Shennan – “Organizing specialized production: gender in the medieval Flemish wool cloth industry (c. 1250-1384)”, Urban History 45/3 (2018), p. 388.
AMD FF 862 32728 (testament of Clarisse le Candelliere, 1354).
For the documentation of the construction of Champfleury’s parish church of Saint Elizabeth in 1245, see ADN 30H 17/250. For the establishment of Wetz’s chapel in 1250, see BMD MS 893, fol. 103r.
COUSSEMAKER, Edmond de (ed.) – Inventaire analytique et chronologique des archives de la chambre des comptes à Lille. Paris: Société Impériale des Sciences, de l’Agriculture et des Arts de Lille, 1865, no. 808, p. 331.
ADN, 30H 18/282. “…laissa au dit hospital pour une messe dite au matin…”
ADN 30H 18/282.
ADN 30H 18/284.
AMD FF 861 32614 (testament of Marotain and Marote Courieres, 1273).
AMD FF 862 32682 (testament of Katheline de Dichi, 1328).
AMD FF 862 32671 (testament of Maroie Blokele, 1317).
AMD FF 862 32705 (testament of Pieronne de l’Euwe, 1338).
AMD FF 862 32715 (testament of Maroie Mallarde, 1344).
SIMONS, Walter – Cities of Ladies: Beguines Communities in the Medieval Low Countries, pp. 78-79.
SIMONS, Walter – Cities of Ladies: Beguines Communities in the Medieval Low Countries, p. 79.
GUIDERA, Christine – “The Role of the Beguines in Caring for the Ill, the Dying, and the Dead”. In DUBRUCK, Edelgard E.; GUSICK, Barbara I. (eds.) – Death and Dying in the Middle Ages. New York: Peter Lang, 1999, p. 52.
TAILLAR – Recueil, document no. 44, pp. 105-106. ESPINAS, Georges – La vie urbaine de Douai au Moyen-Âge, vol. 3, document no. 73, pp. 53-54.
See RITCHEY, Sara; STROCCHIA, Sharon – “Gendering Medieval Health and Healing”. In RITCHEY, Sara; STROCCHIA, Sharon. (eds.) – Gender, Health, and Healing, 1250-1550. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020, pp. 17-18. The authors stress the continuum between caregiving in domestic and institutional settings was part of women’s gendered experiences.
AMD FF 862 32652 (testament of Jaque de France, 1308); AMD FF 661; ESPINAS, Georges – La vie urbaine de Douai au Moyen-Âge, vol. 3, document no. 528, pp. 396-397; AMD FF 861 32614 (Marotain de Couriers, 1273).
In two accounts, two groups of three beguines from Champfleury and Wetz, respectively, appear in wills: Marotain de Fierin and se compaignesse Clarisse and Margot (Marotain’s servant) and Clarisse li Candelliere alongside Maroie Gamolle and Jehane des Planques. See AMD FF 861 32610 (Marotain de Fierin, 1272), AMD FF 862 32728 (Clarisse le Candelliere, 1354).
“[…] et sub disciplina unius, que aliis honestate et prudential preminet, tam moribus quam litteris instruuntur, in uigilliis et orationibus, in ieiuniis et uariis afflictionibus, in labore manum et paupertate, in abiectione et humilitate.” See GREVEN, Joseph – “Der Ursprung des Beginenwesens,” Historiches Jahrbuch 35 (1914), p. 47.
FARMER, Sharon – Surviving Poverty in Medieval Paris: Gender, Ideology, and the Daily Lives of the Poor. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002, p. 143.
STABLER MILLER – Beguines of Medieval Paris, p. 72.
SIMONS, Walter – Cities of Ladies: Beguines Communities in the Medieval Low Countries, p. 80.
AMD GG 184.
DE VRIES, Jennifer E. – “The Proper Beguine’s Interaction with the Outside World: Some Beguine Rules from the Late Medieval Low Countries”. In PANSTERS, Krijn; PLUNKETT-LATIMER (eds.) –Abraham Shaping Stability: The Normation and Formation of Religious Life in the Middle Ages, Turnhour: Brepols Publishers, 2016, pp. 142-146.
“Matrem et materteras quandoque fugit, ut mendicaret, sed iussu sepe dicti patris sui redire et manere cum matre coacta est.” See CANTIMPRÉ, Thomas de – Vita Margerite de Ypres. In MEERSSEMAN, G (ed.) – “Les Frères Prêcheurs et le mouvement dévot en Flandres au XIII siècle,” Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum, 18 (1948), p. 117.
BÉTHUNE, Jean – Cartulaire, no. 106, p. 74.
DEREGNAUCOURT, Jean-Pierre – Autour de la morte à Douai, p. 151.
AMD FF 862 32671 (testament of Maroie Blokele, 1317).
See SIMONS, Walter – “Begijnen em begarden”, p. 182.
AMD FF 862 32671 (testament of Maroie Blokele, 1317).
SIMONS, Walter – “Begjinen en begarden”, p. 182.
AMD FF 862 32705 (testament of Pieronne de l’Euwe, 1338). AMD FF 862 32715 (testament of Maroie Mallarde, 1344).
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