Bibliographie
Sources primaires imprimées
American State Papers: documents, legislative and executive, of the Congress of the United States in Relation to the Public Lands, March 4 1789 -June 15, 1834. / selected and edited under the authority of the Senate of the United States by Walter Lowrie, Secretary of the Senate, Volume I. Washington: Duff Green, 1834.
Journal of the Grand Council of South Carolina, April 11, 1692- September 26, 1692. Salley, Alexander, S. (éd), Columbia, S.C.: Printed for the Historical commission of South Carolina, by the State company, 1907.
Journal of the Commons House of Assembly of South Carolina for the Two Sessions of 1697, Salley, Alexander, S. (éd), Columbia, S.C.,: Printed for the Historical Commission of South Carolina, by the State company, 1913.
Journal of the Commons House of Assembly of South Carolina for 1703, Salley, Alexander, S. (éd), Columbia, S.C.,: Printed for the Historical Commission of South Carolina, by the State company, 1934.
Journal of the Commons House of Assembly of South Carolina, June 2, 1724 - June 16, 1724, Salley, Alexander, S. (éd), Columbia, S.C.,: General Assembly of South Carolina, 1944.
Journal of the Commons House of Assembly of South Carolina, November 1, 1725 - April 30, 1726, Salley, Alexander, S. (éd), Columbia, S.C.,: Printed for the Historical Commission of South Carolina by the State company, 1945.
Journal of the Commons House of Assembly of South Carolina, November 15, 1726 - March 11, 1726/7, Salley, Alexander, S. (éd), Columbia, S.C.,: Printed for the Historical Commission of South Carolina by the State company, 1946.
Journal of the Commons House of Assembly of South Carolina, September 12, 1739- March, 25, 1741, Easterby, J.H. (éd), Columbia, S.C.,: Historical Commission of South Carolina, 1952.
Records in the British Public Record Office Relating to South Carolina, 1691-1697, Salley, Alexander S., (éd), Columbia, S.C.,: Printed for the Historical Commission of South Carolina, Atlanta, Ga.: Foote & Davis Company, 1931.
Records in the British Public Record Office Relating to South Carolina, 1701-1710, Columbia, S.C: Crowson Stone Printing Company, 1947.
The Statutes at Large of South Carolina.
-------------------------------------------------. Volume First, Containing Acts, Records, and Documents of Constitutional Character, arranged chronologically, Cooper, Thomas (éd), Columbia, S.C: A.S. Johnston, 1836.
-------------------------------------------------. Volume Second, Containing the Acts from 1682 to 1716, Inclusive. Cooper, Thomas & McCord, David James (éd), Columbia, Volume Second, containing the acts from 1682 to 1716, inclusive. Columbia, S.C: A.S. Johnston, 1837.
-------------------------------------------------. Volume Third, Containing the Acts from 1716, Exclusive, to 1752, Inclusive, Arranged Chronologically. Cooper, Thomas (éd), Columbia, S.C: A.S. Johnston, 1838.
-------------------------------------------------. Volume Fourth, Containing the Acts from 1752, Exclusive, to 1786, Inclusive. Cooper, Thomas & McCord, David James (éd), Columbia, S.C: A.S. Johnston, 1838.
-------------------------------------------------. Volume Fifth, Containing the Acts from 1786, Exclusive, to 1814, Inclusive. Cooper, Thomas & McCord, David James (éd), Columbia, S.C: A.S. Johnston, 1839.
-------------------------------------------------. Volume Seventh, Containing the Acts Relating to Charleston, Courts, Slaves and Rivers, McCord, David James (éd), Columbia, S.C: A.S. Johnston, 1840.
-------------------------------------------------. Volume Eight, Containing the Acts Relating to Corporations and Militia, McCord, David James (éd), Columbia, S.C: A.S. Johnston, 1840.
-------------------------------------------------. Volume Ninth, Containing the Acts Relating to Roads, Bridges and Ferries with Appendix Containing the Militia Acts prior to 1794, McCord, David James (éd), Columbia, S.C: A.S. Johnston, 1840.
Sources secondaires
Beckles, Hilary. “From Land to Sea: Runaway Barbados Slaves and Servants, 1630-1700,” in Gad Heuman (éd), Out of the House of Bondage. Runaways, Resistance and Marronage in Africa and the New World, London and Totowa, NJ: Frank Cass, 1986, p. 79-94.
Donnan, Elizabeth. Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade to America: Volume IV: The Border Colonies and The Southern Colonies, (1st ed. 1930-35), Buffalo, New York: William S. Hein & Co. inc., 2002.
----------“The Slave Trade into South Carolina Before the Revolution,” The American Historical Review 33, no. 4 (1928): 804-28.
Duncan, John Donald. “Servitude and Slavery in Colonial South Carolina, 1670-1776, ” Ph.D, Emory University, 1972.
Dunn, Richard S. Sugar and Slaves: The Rise of the Planter Class in the English West Indies, 1624-1713. Chapel Hill, Virginia: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
Edgar, Walter B. South Carolina: A History, Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 1998.
Eltis, David. The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas, Cambridge, UK; New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Galenson, David W. "The Rise and Fall of Indentured Servitude in the Americas: An Economic Analysis." The Journal of Economic History 44, no. 1 (1984): 1-26.
---------------------------"White Servitude and the Growth of Black Slavery in Colonial America." The Journal of Economic History 41, no. 1 (1981): 39-47.
Gallay, Alan. The Indian Slave Trade the Rise of the English Empire in the American South, 1670-1717, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.
----------------- (éd), Indian Slavery in Colonial America, Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press, 2009.
Greene, Evarts B. & Harrington, Virginia D. American Population before the Federal Census of 1790, New York: Columbia University Press, 1932.
Greene, Jack P. “Colonial South Carolina and the Caribbean Connection.” The South Carolina Historical Magazine 88.4 (1987): 192–210.
Hamer, Marguerite B. “The Fate of the Exiled Acadians in South Carolina.” The Journal of Southern History, vol. 4, no. 2, 1938, pp. 199–208.
Higginbotham, Leon, A. In the Matter of Color: The Colonial Period, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980.
Howe, George. History of the Presbyterian Church in South Carolina, Volume I, Columbia, Duffie & Chapman, 1870.
Jervey, Theo. D. “The White Indented Servants of South Carolina.” The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine 12, no. 4 (1911): 163-71.
Krauthamer, Barbara. Black Slaves, Indian Masters, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013.
Lauber, Almon Wheeler. Indian Slavery in Colonial Times within the Present Limits of the United States, New York: Columbia University, 1913.
Littlefield, Daniel, C. Rice and Slaves: ethnicity and the slave trade in colonial South Carolina, (1st ed 1981), Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1991.
Logan, John Henry. A History of the Upper Country of South Carolina: From the Earliest Periods to the Close of the War of Independence. Charleston, Columbia: S.G. Courtenay & Co. ; P.B. Glass, 1859.
McCrady, Edward. The History of South Carolina under the Proprietary Government, 1670-1719, New York, London: The Macmillan company; Macmillan & co., ltd., 1897.
Meriwether, Robert Lee. Expansion of South Carolina. Kingsport, Tenn.: Southern publishers, inc., 1940.
Milling, Chapman. J. (éd). South Carolina Two Contemporary Descriptions by Governor James Glen and Doctor George Milligen-Johnston, Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 1951.
Morgan, Kenneth. “Slave Sales in Colonial Charleston,” The English Historical Review 113, no. 453 (1998): 905-27.
Morgan, Philip D. Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake and Lowcountry. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.
Rivers, William J. A Sketch of the History of South Carolina to the Close of the Proprietary Government by the Revolution of 1719. Charleston: McCarter & Company, 1856.
Revill, Janie. A Compilation of the Original Lists of Protestant Immigrants to South Carolina, 1763-1773, Columbia, S.C.: The State Company, 1939.
Roper, H. Lou. Conceiving Carolina: Proprietors, Planters, and Plots, 1662-1729. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
Rowland, Lawrence S., Moore, Alexander & Rogers, George C. Jr. The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina, Volume I, 1514–1861, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996.
Sirmans, Eugene M. Colonial South Carolina: A Political History, 1663-1763. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1966.
Smith, Warren B. White Servitude in Colonial South Carolina, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1961.
Van Ruymbeke, Bertrand. From New Babylon to Eden: The Huguenots and Their Migration to Colonial South Carolina. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2006.
Wareing, John. Indentured Migration and the Servant Trade from London to America, 1618-1718, New York & London: Oxford University Press, 2017.
Wood, Peter H. Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 through the Stono Rebellion, New York: W. W. Norton, 1974.
Yarbrough, Fay A. Race and the Cherokee Nation: Sovereignty in the Nineteenth Century, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.
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Notes
La partie des Carolines qui nous intéresse dans cet article est le sud de la province coloniale qui prit le nom de Caroline du Sud en 1712, année après laquelle celle-ci se sépare de la Caroline du Nord, anciennement appelée la province d'Albermarle.
Richard S. Dunn. Sugar and Slaves: the Rise of the Planter Class in the English West Indies, 1624-1713, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1972, p. 84-85 ; 112-113 ; SAL, Vol. II, p. 30 ; Jack P. Greene. “Colonial South Carolina and the Caribbean Connection,” South Carolina Historical Magazine 88, no. 4 (1987).
SAL, Vol. II, p. 546-547.
SAL, Vol. I, p. 429 ; SAL, Vol. II, p. 133.
Donald J. Duncan. “Servitude and Slavery in Colonial South Carolina, 1670-1776,” Ph.D., Emory University, 1972, p. 408-410.
Warren B. Smith. White Servitude in Colonial South Carolina, Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1961, p. 11.
Les lois de 1712 et 1716, sont adoptées au moment des guerres qui opposent les Sud Caroliniens aux tribus amérindiennes Tuscarora et Yamassee. JCHASC, 1726-1727, p. 31-32.
Le ratio d'un serviteur blanc pour six esclaves qui prévaut en 1698 est diminué de 1 à 10, en 1716. SAL, Vol. II, p. 153-154; 648; SAL, Vol. III, p. 3.
SAL, Vol. II, p. 386.
Ibid., p. 641-646 ; SAL, Vol. VII, p. 611-647.
Extract from the instructions to Robert Johnson, Esq., Governor of South Carolina, 10 juin, 1730, dans American State Papers Public Lands. Volume 1, Washington: Duff Green, 1834, p. 40; Walter B. Edgar. South Carolina: A History, Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 1998, p. 52-53.
Cette taxe est initialement plus élevée pour les esclaves originaires de la Caraïbe (20 shillings) que pour ceux en provenance d'Afrique (10 shillings) et ne concerne que les esclaves âgés de plus de huit ans. Elle est augmentée à £3 en 1716 et s'applique dorénavant à tout esclave de moins de 10 ans, quelque soit son origine géographique. L'année suivante elle s'applique à tous les esclaves sans distinction d'âge ni d'origine géographique. Après 1740, on indexe le montant des tarifs douaniers à la taille des esclaves. SAL, Vol. II, p. 202; 651; SAL, Vol. IV, p. 187-188 ; SAL, Vol. VII, p. 367; SAL, Vol. VIII, p. 557; 739.
SAL, Vol. VII, p. 367; 370.
SAL, Vol. III, p. 340.
South Carolina Gazette, 20 août 1737; JCHASC, 1739-1741, p. 124.
SAL, Vol. III, p. 558.
Ibid., p. 556-558.
Ibid., p. 558.
Ibid., p. 739 ; 741-742 ; 782 ; Duncan, op. cit., 411.
Robert Lee Meriwether. Expansion of South Carolina, Kingsport, Tenn.: Southern publishers, inc., 1940, 257 ; Janie Revill. A Compilation of the Original Lists of Protestant Immigrants to South Carolina, 1763-1773, Columbia, S.C.: The State company, 1939, p. 10-13.
Meriwether, op.cit.,p. 257.
Leon, A Higginbotham. In the Matter of Color: The Colonial Period, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980, 155.
Duncan, op.cit., p. 51-52 ; 101 -102 ; Chapman J. Milling (éd). South Carolina Two Contemporary Descriptions by Governor James Glen and Doctor George Milligen-Johnston, Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 1951, p. 30.
Wood. Black Majority, op.cit., p. 62-69.
Voir par exemple les serviteurs, probablement irlandais, importés sur le navire Irish Volunteer en 1788, City Gazette, 9 janvier 1788.
Dunn, op.cit., p. 70-73 ; David W. Galenson. “The Rise and Fall of Indentured Servitude in the Americas: An Economic Analysis.” Journal of Economic History 44 (mars, 1984), p. 11.
Eugene M. Sirmans. Colonial South Carolina: A Political History, 1663-1763, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1966, p. 24.
A savoir, 52,19% de la population totale. BPRO, 1701-1710, 203-204 ; David Eltis. The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas, Cambridge, UK; New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 63.
Kenneth Morgan. “Slave Sales in Colonial Charleston”, The English Historical Review 113, no. 453 (1998), p. 907.
Governor James Glen to the Board of Trade, 1754. 26 août 1754. Elizabeth Donnan. Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade to America: Volume IV: The Border Colonies and The Southern Colonies, (1st ed. 1930-35), Buffalo, New York: William S. Hein & Co. inc., 2002, p. 313.
Donnan. Documents Illustrative, op.cit., p. 303.
Milling, op.cit., p. 109. Sur la rentabilité des esclaves par rapport au coût des serviteurs engagés, voir également Galenson. “White Servitude,” op.cit., p. 41.
John Wareing. Indentured Migration and the Servant Trade from London to America, 1618-1718, New York & London: Oxford University Press, 2017, p. 88.
Milling, op.cit., p. 30; Donnan. “Slave Trade,” op.cit, p. 807. Données calculées à partir de Greene, Evarts B. & Harrington, Virginia D. American Population before the Federal Census of 1790, New York: Columbia University Press, 1932, p. 176.
L'esclavage amérindien est également suscité par le commerce en peaux de daim, en armes, et en esclaves avec les colons. Lauber estime qu'entre 1702 et 1708, les Caroliniens du Sud asservissent 1400 prisonniers de guerre autochtones. Alan Gallay. The Indian Slave Trade the Rise of the English Empire in the American South, 1670-1717, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002, p. 51-53 ; Almon Wheeler Lauber. Indian Slavery in Colonial Times within the Present Limits of the United States Studies, New York: Columbia University, 1913, p. 121 ; SAL, Vol. II, p. 636 -637.
Lauber, op.cit., p. 136 ; SAL, Vol. II, p. 324-326.
JGCSC, 1692, p. 45-46 ; John Henry Logan. A History of the Upper Country of South Carolina: From the Earliest Periods to the Close of the War of Independence, Charleston, Columbia: S.G. Courtenay & Co.; P.B. Glass, 1859, p. 189-191; Barbara Krauthamer. Black Slaves, Indian Masters, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013 ; JCHASC, 1703, p. 75-76 ; SAL, Vol. II, p. 325 ; 636 -637.
SAL, Vol. II, p. 671 ; Edgar, op.cit., p. 137; Gallay, Alan (éd). Indian Slavery in Colonial America, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009, p. 118; Fay A. Yarbrough. Race and the Cherokee Nation: Sovereignty in the Nineteenth Century, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008, p. 115.
Ainsi, en 1728, St Thomas Parish comptait 60 esclaves amérindiens, 950 esclaves noirs et 565 Blancs. Lauber, op.cit., p.107-108 ; Duncan, op.cit., p. 40.
Wood, op.cit., p. 102 ; Meriwether, op.cit., p. 39.
SAL, Vol. VII, 479.
South-Carolina Gazette, 24 mai 1735.
Smith, op.cit., p. 22; Milling, op.cit., p. 135.
Voir Galenson. “The Rise and Fall...,” op.cit.
Daniel C. Littlefield. Rice and Slaves: Ethnicity and the Slave Trade in Colonial South Carolina, Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1981, p. 67-68.
Rowland et al, op.cit., p. 70.
Duncan, p. 56 ; Smith, op.cit., p. 39. Sur le cas de prisonniers reconnus coupables de crimes capitaux qui sont importés au grand dam des autorités sud caroliniennes voir, SAL, Vol. II, p. 647.
Smith, op.cit., p. 29-30.
Theo. D. Jervey. “The White Indented Servants of South Carolina”, The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine 12, no. 4 (1911), p. 167.
Smith, op.cit., p. 36-37 ; Marguerite B. Hamer. “The Fate of the Exiled Acadians in South Carolina,” The Journal of Southern History, vol. 4, no. 2, 1938, p. 205 ; SAL, Vol. IV, p. 31-34.
Rowland et al, op.cit., p. 70.
SAL, Vol. IV, p. 31. Hamer, op.cit., p. 205.
George Howe. History of the Presbyterian Church in South Carolina, Volume I, Columbia, Duffie & Chapman, 1870, p. 83.
SAL, Vol. I, p. 1 ; 64.
SAL, Vol. II, p. 23.
SAL, Vol. II, p. 53.
SAL, Vol. VII, p. 622-623.
SAL, Vol. III, p. 623.
JCHASC, 1703, p. 115 ; South-Carolina Gazette, 22 mars 1735. South-Carolina Gazette, 9 avril 1737.
South-Carolina Gazette, 10 septembre 1737. Voir également le cas de l'esclave Harry qui passe pour libre, Charleston Morning Post, 12 décembre 1786.
South Carolina Gazette, 22 octobre, 1744.
South Carolina Gazette, 20 août 1737.
"Indian Country" dans l'original, South Carolina Gazette, 9 juillet 1737.
JCHASC, 1703, p. 120 ; JCHASC, 1724, p. 27
Par exemple, le maître d'une esclave prénommée Sylla craint qu'elle ne cherche à regagner Les Bermudes d'où elle est originaire en embarquant à bord d'un navire en se faisant passer pour libre. City Gazette, 22 avril 1790.
Voir l'exemple de William Bridge, South Carolina Gazette 22 juillet 1737.
South Carolina Gazette, 30 octobre 1736 ; South Carolina Gazette and General Advertiser, 1 janvier 1784 ; South Carolina Gazette, 14 mars 1786.
SAL, Vol. II, p. 129.
SAL, Vol. III, p. 15-16.
Ibid., p. 626.
South Carolina Gazette, 27 novembre 1736 ; South Carolina Gazette, 20 août 1737; South Carolina Gazette, 5 mars, 1737 ; South Carolina Gazette, 12 mars 1737 ; South Carolina Gazette, 5 novembre 1737; South Carolina Gazette, 5 mars, 1737.
Voir par exemple la récompense de Nicolas Trott pour son esclave Cyrus qui s'est échappé à plusieurs reprises ou celle de Thomas Wright pour son esclave Paul, qui ne parle pas anglais après n'avoir séjourné qu'un an sur la plantation. South Carolina Gazette, 5 mars, 1737 ; South Carolina Gazette, 5 novembre 1737.
South Carolina Gazette, 23 juillet 1737.
City Gazette, 12 août 1790.
SAL, Vol. III, p. 16-18.
SAL, Vol. II, p. 30 ; SAL, Vol. II, p. 647 ; SAL, Vol. III, p. 15.
Lawrence, S. Rowland, Alexander Moore et George C. Rogers Jr. The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina, Volume I, 1514–1861, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996, p. 70 ; Smith, op.cit., p. 7.
SAL, Vol. II, p. 31 ; SAL, Vol. III, p. 20.
SAL, Vol. III, p. 628.
SAL, Vol. VII, 432-433 ; 436-437. Dès le XVIIe siècle la Caroline du Sud compte quelques Noirs libres à l’instar Black Natt, qui en 1697, cultive déjà depuis un peu plus d'un an 170 arpents de terre sur lesquels il s'acquitte d'un loyer. BPRO. Records, 1691-1697, p. 225.
SAL, Vol. VII, p. 352.
SAL, Vol. II, p. 671.
JCHASC, 1724, p. 51.
SAL, Vol. III, p. 698 ; JCHASC, 1739-1741, p. 124 ; p. 322.
SAL, Vol. VII, p. 384.
Ibid., p. 396.
La section 16 du Code noir, dans sa formulation même, place sur le même niveau syntaxique les libres de couleur et les esclaves. On y apprend que désormais tout « esclave, Noir, mulâtre, Indien ou métis libre » reconnu coupable d’incendie volontaire, d’empoisonnement ou d’enlèvement d’esclaves encourt la peine capitale sans le bénéfice du clergé. SAL, Vol VII, p. 402.
Peter H. Wood. Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 through the Stono Rebellion, New York: W. W. Norton, 1974, p. 103.
William J. Rivers. A Sketch of the History of South Carolina to the Close of the Proprietary Government by the Revolution of 1719, Charleston: McCarter & Company, 1856, pp. 232-233.
Duncan, op.cit., p. 56-62.
SAL, Vol. II, p. 647.
SAL, Vol. III, p. 25.
SAL, Vol. IX, p. 633.
SAL, Vol. III, p. 255.
SAL, Vol. III, p. 255.
JCHASC, 1726-1727, p. 17.
JCHASC, 1703, p. 120 ; JCHASC, 1724, p. 27.
JCHASC, 1739-1741, p. 25-26.
Rivers, op.cit., pp. 232-233; SAL, Vol. VII, p. 32-33.
SAL, Vol. III, 108 ; SAL, Vol. VII, 347-351.
SAL, Vol. III, p. 109 - 110.
SAL, Vol. IX, p. 660.
SAL, Vol. III, p. 109 - 110.
Ibid., p. 109.
SAL, Vol. IX, 649 ; 658-660.
SAL, Vol. IV, p. 307
JCHASC, 1725-1726, p. 43-44.
SAL, Vol. III, p. 629.
Ibid., p. 682.
Greene & Harrington, op.cit., p. 175-176.
JGCSC, (1692), p. 51.
SAL, Vol. VII, p. 352.
SAL, Vol. VII, p. 352-353.
Cette loi est à nouveau adoptée en 1740. SAL Vol. VII, p. 386 ; 399 ; SAL, Vol. VII, 421.
JCHASC, 1736-1739, p. 107
SAL, Vol. VII, p. 414
SAL, Vol. I, p. 429-430 ; Johnson, George, Lloyd, Jr. The Frontier in the Colonial South: South Carolina Backcountry, 1736-1800. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1997, p. 9;
Edward McCrady. The History of South Carolina under the Proprietary Government, 1670-1719, New York, London: The Macmillan Company; Macmillan & co., ltd., 1897, p. 374 ; 431.
SAL, Vol. III, p. 3 ; 51; 136 ; 657.
Ibid., p. 13; 623.
Ibid., p. 624.
Ibid., p. 625.
SAL, Vol. III, p. 20.
Ibid., p. 20.
SAL, Vol. VII, p. 396; 412.
South-Carolina Gazette, 20 janvier 1784.
South-Carolina Gazette, 5 décembre 1783.
SAL, Vol. V, p. 38; 248.
Ibid., p. 204.
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