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Témoignage

Remembering the End of the Vietnam-American War: April-July, 1975

Souvenirs de la fin de la guerre du Viêt Nam : avril-juillet 1975
Paul Quinn-Judge et Sophie Quinn-Judge
p. 193-208

Résumés

La fin de la guerre américano-vietnamienne est survenue brutalement le 30 avril 1975. Parmi les rares observateurs occidentaux restés après le cessez-le-feu figuraient quelques volontaires quakers, travaillant pour l’American Friends Service Committee. Paul et Sophie Quinn-Judge, deux représentants de l’ONG à Saïgon, ont pu observer la reddition chaotique des troupes sud-vietnamiennes, déchirant leurs uniformes et rendant leurs fusils. Ils sont restés à Saïgon jusqu’au début du mois de juillet pour observer la transition vers un nouveau régime.

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Texte intégral

Fig.1. Northern troops entering in Saigon, April 30, 1975

Image

Credit: Paul Quinn-Judge

The Post-Paris Agreement Period

1April 1975 is a long time ago—we were 26 at the time, and had spent the previous year-and-a-half as the Saigon Representatives of the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC), a pacifist, Quaker-based organization. Our job was to liaise with government departments in Saigon to support the AFSC’s physical rehabilitation center in Quảng Ngãi city, in a region of Central Vietnam that had been heavily fought over since the early days of war. During the French-Vietnam War, Quảng Ngãi province had remained in the hands of the Communist government and was the site of strong support for the Việt Minh. It lay along the South China Sea, just south of the US military bases in Danang and Tam Kỳ. The Quaker Center for Physical Rehabilitation (Trung Tâm Chỉnh Hình) was started by the American Quakers in 1966, as the casualties caused by the war mounted. Since the policy of the AFSC had traditionally been to work on both sides of a conflict, they also attempted to send medical aid to North Vietnam. Although the US government tried to prevent this, by 1967 a “Quaker Action Group” was founded by a few war resisters, who chartered a yacht in Hong Kong to sail to Haiphong with medical supplies. The AFSC by 1970 had developed a strong program for “Peace Education,” as they could not condone simply helping to heal the wounds of war, without also trying to educate the American public about the root causes.

  • 1 Army of the Republic of Vietnam.

2During our visits to the Center, as we were oriented to our job, we encountered Vietnamese peasants of all ages who suffered from debilitating injuries. The Center was for civilians only, as they had no access to the military rehab centers in other parts of South Vietnam. They came to receive artificial limbs, for below the knee and above the knee amputations. Most of these injuries were caused by mines, which had been planted around the US and South Vietnamese army (ARVN)1 bases. There were patients receiving physical therapy for spinal cord injuries and learning to walk with braces. Some were confined to wheelchairs. There were occasional patients with serious burns. By 1973 the entire staff of the Center was Vietnamese, trained by US and British prosthetists and physical therapists. American orthopedic surgeons made periodic visits to perform complex surgery. Otherwise, surgery was done by a Vietnamese man trained by the Việt Minh and the visiting US doctors.

  • 2 The Barsky Unit was created by the American plastic surgeon Arthur J. Barsky in 1969. Barsky was a (...)

3In Saigon we took care of bureaucratic matters, such as visas for our western staff and foreign visitors, placement of patients from Quảng Ngãi in special facilities such as the Barsky Unit for plastic surgery, a private clinic founded by a US doctor.2 But as we worked for a pacifist organization, we also were encouraged to follow the Saigon political scene, with a view to better understanding the options for a peaceful end to the war. This was our contribution to the Peace Education program. We inherited an amazing group of friends and contacts from previous Saigon representatives, managing to keep relationships going with our French, as we studied Vietnamese for several hours every morning with three very patient language tutors. As both of us loved language learning and were fascinated by the political complexities of the Saigon scene, we managed to enjoy our work, even as the war dragged on with no end in sight. The kindness and charm of the Vietnamese people of course had a lot to do with this.

The War Dragged On…

  • 3 Spiro Agnew was the vice president of Richard Nixon from 1969 to 1973. Accused of tax evasion and p (...)
  • 4 The Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam was created in June 1969, (...)

4And it really did seem as though the war might never end. We heard stories of young Vietnamese men who shot off several toes so that they would not be drafted. The irony was that the Paris Agreement on Ending the War had been signed in January 1973, when we were still living in Paris. When we arrived in Saigon in October 1973, about the time that Spiro Agnew resigned as vice president,3 there was still a faint hope that the political process outlined in the Paris Agreement might take shape and move the two sides towards serious negotiations. But the Nguyễn Văn Thiệu government was dead set against talking to the Communist side, the Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG),4and strengthened its refusals as the PRG started to fight back against the ARVN’s incursions into its zone in mid 1973. So the portions of the peace agreement that called on the US to remove its combat troops within two months and for Hanoi to release US prisoners were carried out successfully. But the question of a political solution for Vietnam never went anywhere. (That would have involved serious negotiations to establish a tripartite National Committee of National Concord and Reconciliation, which would have overseen elections for a new government.) A PRG military delegation stationed at Tân Sơn Nhứt airport languished there until April 1975, never called on to do much beyond holding press conferences for the foreign press. During the post-peace agreement war the Vietnamese troops suffered large numbers of casualties, even as most Americans considered the war to be over. Around 26,000 ARVN troops were killed in 1973, with approximately another 30,000 in 1974 (Young 1991: 290).

April 1975

  • 5 Julie Forsythe, an American Quaker has worked as a civilian relief worker in Vietnam for the Americ (...)

5The end came suddenly, in the last week of April. For the final two weeks of the month, fear and panic began to spread. Even the most optimistic westerners began to realize that there was no longer time for a negotiated settlement, as laid out in the peace agreement. Heads of NGOs joined the flow of people quietly heading to the airport to leave. Our Quaker team, now gathered in Saigon, decided to stay to observe the transition. Two of us, Paul Quinn-Judge and Julie Forsythe,5 had been caught in Danang when that city was falling to the Communists, and their harrowing escape on a barge crowded with panicked refugees convinced us that staying put would be safer than another evacuation. Our student friends persuaded us that we would be safe if we stayed—they would vouch for us. In the final days they told us that if fighting were to break out in our part of town, they would lead us to safety.

Fig. 2. Barge evacuating refugees from Danang, Late March 1975

Image

Credit: Paul Quinn-Judge

6We lived in a quiet alleyway, near the corner of Yên Dổ (now Lý Thường Kiệt) and Hai Bà Trưng Streets. Next door was an elderly pair of ladies, originally from the North, mistress and servant. In the final days, the mistress departed with her children for New Zealand, while her deaf, betel-chewing housekeeper was left behind. The idea of staying through a battle for Saigon was not something we relished, but in our alley one could find an illusion of safety. As the final helicopter airlift continued on April 29, we stayed inside, listening to the helicopters whirring overhead, flying out to ships in the South China Sea.

Paul Remembers…

  • 6 The Vạn Hạnh Buddhist University was located in the northern part of Saigon on the road between Gò (...)

7Mạnh Tường apologised for the early morning visit on April 29. It wasn’t really early, just our friend’s impeccable manners. And anyway, few people in Saigon could have been able to sleep against the backdrop of Marine evacuation helicopters and shelling around the periphery of the Tân Sơn Nhứt airport-cum airbase. The word went out that the final battle capable units would regroup around Vạn Hạnh Buddhist University6 and create a new defensive line that would reinforce the south of the country. As the line would have been close to our house, we were growing increasingly anxious about the coming battle for Saigon. Mạnh Tường, acting like a mother hen, said he would come to visit the next morning and see how we were.

8On 30 April Mạnh Tường did indeed drop by, to inform us that General Dương Văn Minh, president for only two days, had surrendered. The airlift had stopped and there was an eery quiet on the usually busy streets as we poked our heads into the alley. Tường suggested we drive with him to Vạn Hạnh, where the students had set up a surrender point in the courtyard. As we walked out of the door we noticed an eye-catching sight—a new armored personnel carrier, festooned with fresh ammunition, stood abandoned at the end of the narrow alley. Even more surprisingly our soft-spoken friend Mạnh Tường was carrying an M-16 assault rifle. He cursed his weapon as he clambered into our tin-can of a Subaru van. He had no idea how to use it, he said.

9Two of the neighbors tried to stop us from leaving. “There are Communists outside, go back,” one shouted.

10We tried to reassure them, but they were not convinced. Eventually one shouted “all right then go, go and die!”

We turned onto the main road that ran towards the airport. Young soldiers squatted at the roadside, pulling off the uniform of elite ARVN special forces and changing into T-shirts. They ignored our civilian guide with an assault rifle. He would probably, until the surrender, have been shot for carrying such a thing. Mạnh Tường had tied a small PRG banner onto the car aerial. Now when we passed any vehicles with soldiers and weapons, Mạnh Tường leaned out of the Subaru and quietly encouraged các bạn (friends) to take their weapons to Vạn Hạnh University. The university courtyard became an official surrender point, and student volunteers were collecting weapons to turn over to the new government.

Fig. 3. Students from Vạn Hạnh University patrolling the streets, 1st May 1975

Image

Credit: Paul Quinn-Judge

11Mạnh Tường was bookish and quiet, a polio victim from childhood. He usually walked with crutches and braces, or used a wheelchair. This did not stop him from joining the NLF underground. In the early 70s he had been arrested for translating an anti-war book from English. He was tortured by a group of American and Vietnamese Counter Terror specialists. Mạnh Tường rarely said anything about the experience; at one point, though, he told me that after a session of torture, a senior special police officer stopped him at the door. He asked him to read his police report. He was not sure that his men’s English was up to par. “He was quite polite,” Mạnh Tường said of the torturer, in a dreamy voice. He was not sure that he would be able to have children after that.

  • 7 Tôn Thất Dương Kỵ (1914-1987) comes from the imperial family. A teacher at the Khải Định school, he (...)

12After release from prison Mạnh Tường would occasionally drop by our house to read whatever magazines and books we had. For a while, conversations were more linguistic than political; we were in a quiet phase of the war. Our little row house was appreciated by friends and contacts as a place to have a discreet talk. Occasionally he was accompanied by Quỳnh Chi, a young student whom he hoped to marry. Sometimes he rode on the back of her bicycle. She lived a few blocks down the street from us, with her mother, who was firmly opposed to this marriage. She was Mme Tôn Thất Dương Kỵ,7 rather intimidating to us. Her husband, a well-known professor from Huế, had been expelled to Hanoi in 1965. A few times we were invited to have a meal with her and on one occasion our friends hatched the near-disastrous plan for me to plead the case for the two lovers. My performance was so disastrous that it was dismissed before I could finish my first mangled plea.

13One day as we chatted in our Saigon house, Mạnh Tường said casually, that he thought that the NLF military forces would be entering a period of rest and retraining. I’m not sure he had mentioned such things in the past, but as always we siphoned up any information we heard. However, a few months or so later ARVN troops suffered enormous casualties fighting in a remote town in the Central Highlands, famous for its coffee and elephants: Buôn Ma Thuột. Waves of anxiety rose all over the country as other provinces fell to a major communist offensive. In mid-March, at a time when we were visiting our team in Quảng Ngãi, we were all offered evacuation to Saigon on a US military aircraft and we accepted the offer. Later in the month, three of us decided to return to Quảng Ngãi to pay the salaries of the rehab center’s staff. But we were too late: by the time we reached Danang, it was already being evacuated. Our team doctor, Tom, decided to stay with our Buddhist contacts there to help care for the wounded in the coming battle. But mostly the ARVN fled, and we two remaining Quakers had to walk through streets full of drunken, angry soldiers deserted by their commanders, to make our way to the US Consulate. From there we were taken to a barge on the river, and from there to the freighter Pioneer Contender, which deposited us at Cam Ranh Bay.

Sophie Remembers…

14Admittedly, our experience would have been different, had it not been for our student friends. We knew that they were part of an organized youth movement, but we had no idea that they were already members of the Communist Party, called the People’s Revolutionary Party, in the South. The one who at this point decided to look out for us had taken the name Mạnh Tường (Strong Wall), although his real name, Tôn Thất Bình Minh, marked him as a member of the extended royal family from Hue. As Paul describes, he came to us before noon on April 30, to tell us that a ceasefire had been declared by President Minh. He urged us to drive with him to Vạn Hạnh Buddhist University, where students and monks were collecting rifles, ammunition, and even uniforms from the surrendering ARVN soldiers… within an hour or so of our arrival there the piles of rifles and uniforms were becoming small mountains.

Fig. 4. Students from Vạn Hạnh University organizing, 1st May 1975

Image

Credit: Paul Quinn-Judge

15We were not the only westerners who decided to stay on to observe the change of government—a handful of journalists from western news services and publications such as the AP, Guardian, and Far Eastern Economic Review, were on the scene. These included Nayan Chanda, who later became the Editor of the FEER. There was also a small group of Mennonites, another pacifist religious group with roots in Pennsylvania, whose service organization was very active in Vietnam.

Fig. 5. Nayan Chanda interviewing a returned political prisoner, the artist Bủu Chì

Image

To his left, our friend Mạnh Tường, May 1975

Credit: Paul Quinn-Judge

16In the days that followed, we did our best to get out and observe how the new regime was taking control of the city. During the first month, the student organization was the most visible face of the government—directing traffic, carrying out mass inoculations, cleaning up trash, answering questions from the anxious population. In one district of Gia Định province, a close-in suburb, two young sisters from the Thanh Đoàn, the Communist youth group, ended up taking the surrender of the troops, as no military authorities were yet in place. By the end of the day, they were hoarse from counselling the surrendering soldiers.

Fig. 6. Young guerilla being greeted by Saigon students, April 30, 1975

Image

Credit: Sophie Quinn-Judge

17The foot soldiers, the bộ đội of the victorious army, were everywhere, but they mostly seemed to be enjoying the chance to hang out with other young people, bold enough to sit and chat with them in the park by Independence Palace, where some had set up camp. They tried out the ubiquitous motorbikes that gave the Saigon traffic its roar and diesel smell. The city was indeed an urban jungle and looking back, it seems incredible that there were not more attacks or firefights, as much of the military-police infrastructure had been left behind. I was a victim of an attempted mugging on a downtown street, when a skinny young man on the back of a motorbike tried to yank my handbag from my shoulder. But I hung on, and probably weighing as much as the two Vietnamese riders combined, I pulled him off his bike and left them scrambling to get away. (These were not northern soldiers, needless to say. I ended up with a gash in my hip, after I crashed to the ground, along with my attacker.)

Fig. 7. Bộ đội marching past the US Embassy, May 1975

Image

Credit: Paul Quinn-Judge

  • 8 Văn nghệ Quân đội [Army Literature and Arts Magazine] was a literary and artistic magazine created (...)

18We befriended a group of northern soldiers who worked for a cultural journal, Văn Nghệ Quân Đội,8 if memory serves. They dropped by our house a few times and told us that we were not very different from the Russians they had met! Otherwise, I don’t remember much of what we talked about. But we took some nice pictures with them.

Fig. 8. Northern soldiers in Saigon, May 1975

Image

Credit: Paul Quinn-Judge

19We eventually got temporary IDs from the new foreign ministry, but we were restricted to the greater Saigon area. There was no question of returning to Quảng Ngãi, to give the staff the salary that was stolen during the Danang evacuation! We stayed around until early July, when we began to feel that our contact from the Foreign Ministry was dropping heavy hints that we should depart. As stay behinds from the previous order we were not going to receive official registration with the new government. By June, Red Cross flights had been organized to take foreigners left behind in Saigon out of the country. We eventually decided to leave in early July, sometime after the 4th of July.

  • 9 Lê Duẩn (1907-1986) was a founding member of the Indochinese Communist Party and was sent to the So (...)

20Our farthest trip out of Saigon took us to a traditional, one-storey Vietnamese house in Biên Hòa, just north of the city. This was the family home of one of the Quaker team’s language teachers, a young woman named Yên. Her husband had been killed not long before the war’s end and she had moved to the liberated zone, leaving her young son in the care of her family. There was an old patriarch living in the house, probably Yên’s grandfather. (He lectured our program director, an American who spoke excellent Vietnamese, for his failure to use the proper polite forms of speech in his conversation.) She had two young nieces who visited our house in Saigon a few times. Once I heard one of them introduce herself as, “a relative of Lê Duẫn”.9 I later learned that the connection was to Lê Duẫn’s second wife, the daughter of a journalist from Biên Hoà. But at the time it was an issue we didn’t delve into too deeply! I remember Yên being chided by a family member, a young man in uniform, who felt she wasn’t paying enough attention to her son. He told her, “pick him up, carry him for a little bit! (bòng nó một chút!)”

Fig. 9. Woman selling Ho Chi Minh posters, May 1975

Image

Credit: Sophie Quinn-Judge

The Last Days in Saigon by Paul and Sophie

21Overall, life was remarkably normal in that period from May to early July. The electricity never was cut off, restaurants functioned and the markets were full of fresh fruit and vegetables. Sometime in May or June the students organized a campaign to collect “decadent” and politically dangerous (anti-communist) publications—at the start this included anything published under the old regime. The enormity of this job meant that the whole project petered out after a couple of weeks, as no one really knew what the limits of permissible reading would be. Eventually a list of the categories of foreign books that could be kept was established. It included foreign language dictionaries, scientific texts, and classics of world literature. There was at least one symbolic book burning that we heard about, which caused a pretty strong counter reaction, and in the end the campaign seemed to die.

22A “Military Management Committee” was established to stabilize the city and restore normalcy. This was of course a big challenge, given the sudden demobilization of the ARVN. The re-education process was just getting organized as we left the country. Ordinary soldiers attended three days of these lectures and then were encouraged to return to the countryside, if they came from a village, to start producing food. We later heard that “New Economic Zones” would soon be established in the denuded land outside the urban areas, where settlers would receive a small plot of land and some inputs to help them start farming, survival crops like manioc and beans. For military officers and upper- level civil servants, re-education (học tập or “study and practice”) involved what was billed as a two or three month stay outside the city. The officers were advised to bring enough rice for a month, if I remember correctly. (This would stretch out for years for many men, a number of whom were moved to camps in the north of Vietnam, until the US organized its “Orderly Departure” program, which gradually permitted men who worked and fought with the Americans to leave for the US, although at the start it was aimed largely at mixed race children.) Getting out of re-education in the first years involved finding someone to vouch for you, who was considered reliable by the Communist government.

Afterthoughts

23This unique historical moment in the spring of 1975, when a 30-year war for independence concluded, was overwhelming. The meaning and consequences of the war’s end were almost too much to digest. The joy of families that could finally be reunited and the end of fear for peasants in the rice paddies and villages was enough. But within two years it was clear that this was not the end of geopolitical uncertainty for Vietnam. In retrospect one can see that the international political scene remained unsettled, as new relationships among the superpowers took shape (Westad & Quinn-Judge 2006).

24As China and the US accelerated their rapprochement and the Khmer Rouge began to assert themselves in Cambodia, Vietnam’s unification and independence seemed less and less secure. The Soviet Union became the country’s main sponsor in those years, a fact that did not guarantee stability, as Sino-Soviet tensions remained entrenched. The USSR was far away, however, while the Cambodians and Chinese waged border attacks to protest what they claimed was Vietnamese expansionism. It was only in 1989 that China and Vietnam started to make peace; the US and Vietnam did not normalize relations until 1995! Sadly 1975 did not bring the hoped- for prosperity and peace that should have marked the end of the war.

25Our lives were forever changed by our year-and-a-half in Vietnam. After departing at the start of a new era, we felt a certain responsibility to make sure that the Vietnamese people were not cut adrift by the western powers. By 1977 we were back in Southeast Asia, running a program of seminars and international exchanges for the AFSC, first out of Singapore and then Bangkok. About once a year we were able to visit Vietnam with AFSC aid missions, that were able to travel from Hanoi to Saigon, now Ho Chi Minh City. But we were never able to involve participants from Vietnam or the rest of Indochina in these programs as we had hoped, since the political climate grew into a tense standoff between the ASEAN nations and the countries with Communist governments. This tension was the result of the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in early 1979, which resulted in the cut off of western aid to Vietnam. The Khmer Rouge were overthrown, but Cambodia remained an impoverished state. Its urban and rural society had been turned upside down by Pol Pot. So now the focus of AFSC and a few other western NGOs (Oxfam and World Vision) became sending food aid into Cambodia. Vietnam was not forgotten, but for a number of years it was no longer the focus of NGO attention.

26Eventually we moved on from AFSC. Paul became a free-lance journalist based in Bangkok around 1982, from where he often covered Vietnam and Cambodia for The Far Eastern Economic Review. He learned that our friends Mạnh Tường and Quỳnh Chi had married, had a daughter, but then divorced. Both ended up living in Canada with their new partners by the mid-1980s. Mạnh Tường had been one of the founding members of the Tuổi Trẻ (Youth) newspaper collective in Saigon before his departure, which he explained in part as arising from his need for better health care.

27Sophie also did some freelancing, but eventually wrote a Ph.D. thesis based on Hồ Chí Minh, based largely on documents from the French and Russian (formerly Soviet) archives. At the time these began to open up, we were stationed in Moscow, where Paul was working for first, The Christian Science Monitor, then The Boston Globe. In those days of reform and glasnost, our youthful enthusiasm for recording these changes was still a powerful motivation.

Fig. 10. Team of the American Friends Service Committee, Spring 1975

Image

Paul and Sophie Quinn-Judge on the right.

Credit : AFSC (American Friends Service Committee)

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Bibliographie

MARSHALL, Kathryn, 1987, In the Combat Zone: An Oral History of American Women in Vietnam, Boston: Little, Brown and Company.

WESTAD, Odd Arne & QUINN-JUDGE, Sophie, eds., 2006, The Third Indochina War: Conflict between China, Vietnam and Cambodia, 1972-1979, London: Routledge.

YOUNG, Marilyn B., 1991, The Vietnam Wars 1945-1990, New York: Harper Perennial.

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Note de fin

1 Army of the Republic of Vietnam.

2 The Barsky Unit was created by the American plastic surgeon Arthur J. Barsky in 1969. Barsky was a renowned plastic surgeon who served as chief surgeon for the Hiroshima Maidens Project, which operated on Japanese burned by the atomic bomb during World War II. Till 1975, the Barsky Unit was the only plastic and reconstructive surgery unit for children in South Vietnam, largely funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Its mission was to provide free treatment to child victims of war and to train Vietnamese personnel. Phan Thị Kim Phúc, known for the famous photo of her running naked on a road with her back burned by napalm, was treated in the Barsky Unit.

3 Spiro Agnew was the vice president of Richard Nixon from 1969 to 1973. Accused of tax evasion and passive corruption, he resigned.

4 The Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam was created in June 1969, by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV). It was an armed underground government supported by the National Liberation Front (NLF) which contested the Nguyễn Văn Thiệu government (Republic of Vietnam).

5 Julie Forsythe, an American Quaker has worked as a civilian relief worker in Vietnam for the American Friends Service from 1972 to 1975. See her testimony in Marshall (1987).

6 The Vạn Hạnh Buddhist University was located in the northern part of Saigon on the road between Gò Vấp and Phú Nhuận districts.

7 Tôn Thất Dương Kỵ (1914-1987) comes from the imperial family. A teacher at the Khải Định school, he worked to mobilize intellectuals in Hue to support the Việt Minh during the French Indochina War. After 1954, he taught at the Marie Curie school and Vạn Hạnh University while being an activist in the Vietnam Peace Movement and a member of the NLF. His wife, Trần Xuân Huệ Phương was the daughter of Trần Xuân Soạn (1849-1923), admiral of the Nguyễn dynasty who fought the French with General Tôn Thất Thuyết at the Battle of the Hue Citadel and led the Cần Vương [Aid the King] movement in the Thanh Hóa Province.

8 Văn nghệ Quân đội [Army Literature and Arts Magazine] was a literary and artistic magazine created by the Vietnam People’s Army in 1957.

9 Lê Duẩn (1907-1986) was a founding member of the Indochinese Communist Party and was sent to the South to organise the Việt Minh during the French Vietnam War. He became the General Secretary of the Vietnamese Communist Party from 1960 to his death.

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Paul Quinn-Judge et Sophie Quinn-Judge, « Remembering the End of the Vietnam-American War: April-July, 1975 »Moussons, 46 | 2025, 193-208.

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Paul Quinn-Judge et Sophie Quinn-Judge, « Remembering the End of the Vietnam-American War: April-July, 1975 »Moussons [En ligne], 46 | 2025, mis en ligne le 03 décembre 2025, consulté le 15 janvier 2026. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/moussons/13700 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/159u7

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Auteurs

Paul Quinn-Judge



Paul Quinn-Judge read Russian Studies at Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating in 1971 (MA). Thereafter he was active in anti-war movements in Europe and USA, with the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC). After 1975, he moved to journalism: initially freelance, mostly in SE Asia and Philippines, including covering the overthrow of Ferdinand Marcos. Later he became Moscow correspondent for Christian Science Monitor and Boston Globe (1986-1992), then National Security correspondent, Washington DC (1992-1996) for Boston Globe. In 1996 he returned to Moscow as Time Magazine’s Moscow Bureau Chief (1996-2006), with spells in Iraq and Afghanistan. He joined International Crisis Group in 2007, as Central Asia Project Director, and later doing extensive work on Ukraine.

Sophie Quinn-Judge



Sophie (Sophia) Quinn-Judge is graduated from the University Michigan BA, Russian Studies and get her Ph.D. at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) – University of London in Vietnamese History. She is the author of Ho Chi Minh: The Missing Years (2001) and The Third Force in the Vietnam War: The Elusive Search for Peace (1954-75). She was also contributor to The Far Eastern Economic Review in Bangkok and Moscow. She was Associate Professor of History at Temple University (Philadelphia) from 2004-2015, while also working in the Center for Vietnamese Philosophy, Culture and Society. She first visited Vietnam as a volunteer in 1973-1975.

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