Bibliographie
Akarlı Deniz, Engin, The Long Peace: Ottoman Lebanon, 1861-1920, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1993.
Alfaro-Velcamp, Theresa, So far from Allah, So close to Mexico : Middle Eastern Immigrants in Modern Mexico, University of Texas Press, Austin, 2007.
Andrade García, Jorge, La Migración árabe y el otomanismo en México (1874-1918), Mexico, Bachelor's thesis, UNAM, 2014.
Arslan, Andrew; John Karam; & Akram Khater, “On Forgotten Shores: Migration in Middle East Studies, and the Middle East in Migration Studies”, Mashriq & Mahjar 1, 2013, no 1, p. 1-8.
Bailony, Reem, Transnational Rebellion: The Syrian Revolt of 1925-1927, Santa Barbara, PhD diss., University of California, 2015.
“Transnationalism and the Syrian Migrant Public: The Case of the 1925 Syrian Revolt”, Mashriq & Mahjar 1, 2013, no 1, p. 9-33.
Balloffet Pearl, Lilly; Fernando Camacho Padilla; & Jessica Stites Mor, “Pushing Boundaries. New Directions in Contemporary Latin America-Middle East History”, 2019, Jahrbuch für Geschichte Lateinamerikas 59, p. 1-14.
Benzion, Jonathan, “Mexico and the Qhājār Empire: The Genesis of a Diplomatic Friendship”, Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina, 2022, vol. 33, no 22, p. 91-117.
Brégain, Gildas, Syriens et Libanais d’Amérique du Sud, 1819-1945. Paris, L’Harmattan, 2008.
Bustos Rodríguez, Manuel, Los comerciantes de la Carrera de Indias en el Cádiz del siglo XVIII (1713-1775). Cadiz, Universidad de Cádiz, 1995.
Del Amo Hernández, Mercedes, “Periódicos árabes en Iberoamérica: una propuesta de recuperación y estudio”, Infodiversidad, 2001, no 3, p. 61-80.
Deringil, Selim, “‘They Live in a State of Nomadism and Savagery’: The Late Ottoman Empire and the Post-Colonial Debate”, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 2003, no 45, p. 311-342.
Díaz de Kuri, Martha; & Lourdes Macluf, De Líbano a México: Crónica de un pueblo migrante, Mexico, N.P., 1999.
Fahrenthold, Stacy, “Transnational Modes and Media: Syrian Press in the Mahjar and Emigrant Activism during World War I”, Mashriq & Mahjar 1, 2013, no 1, p. 34-63.
González Navarro, Moisés, “Xenofobia y xenofilia en la Revolución mexicana”, Historia mexicana, 1969, vol. 18, no 4 (72), 569-614.
Hanley, Will, “What Ottoman Nationality Was and Was not”, Journal of Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association, 2016, vol. 3, no 2, p. 278-285.
Heyberger, Bernard, « Les nouveaux horizons méditerranéens des chrétiens du Bīlād al-Šām (XVIIe-XVIIIe siècle)”, Arabica, 2004, t.LI, no 4, p. 435-461.
Kayalı, Hasan, Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism, in the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1918, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1997.
Karpat, Kemal, “The Ottoman Emigration to America, 1860-1914”, International Journey of Middle East Studies, 1984, vol. 17, no 2, p. 175-209.
Khater, Akram, Inventing Home: Emigration, Gender, and the Middle Class in Lebanon, 1820-1920, Berkeley, University of California Press, 2001.
Logroño Narbona, María del Mar; Paulo G. Pinto; & John Tofik Karam (eds.), Crescent Over Another Horizon: Islam in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Latino USA, Austin, University of Texas Press, 2015.
The Development of Nationalist Identities in French Syria and Lebanon: A Transnational Dialogue with Arab Immigrants to Argentina and Brazil, 1915-1929, 1915-1929, Santa Barbara, PhD diss., University of California, 2007.
Martínez Assad, Carlos, Libaneses: hechos e imaginarios de los inmigrantes en México, México, UNAM, 2022.
Mays, Devi, Forging Ties, Forging Passports. Migration and the Modern Sephardi Diaspora, Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press, 2020.
Novo, Salvador, Cocina mexicana o historia gastronómica de la Ciudad de México. Mexico, Editorial Porrúa, 1979.
Outrey, Georges, Études pratiques sur le protectorat religieux de la France en Orient, Istanbul, The ISIS Press, 2014.
Pastor, Camila, “The Great Arab Revolt, Palestine and a Phoenicianist Civilizing Mission: Transregional Debates in the Mexican Mahjar Press”, Revue des Mondes Musulmanes et de la Méditerranée, no 152, 2022. p. 85-114.
The Mexican Mahjar: Transnational Maronites, Jews, and Arabs Under the French Mandate, Austin, University of Texas Press, 2017.
“The Mashriq Unbound: Arab Nationalism, Criollo Nationalism, and the Discovery of America by the Turks”, Mashriq & Mahjar 2, 2014, no 2, p. 28-58.
Petit, Lorenza, El mahyar mexicano. Producción literaria y periodística de los inmigrantes árabes y sus descendientes. Madrid, PhD diss., Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 2017.
Pillaut, Julien, Manuel de droit consulaire. Paris, Berger-Levrault & Cie, Éditeurs, 1910.
Ramírez Carrillo, Luis Alfonso …De cómo los libaneses conquistaron la península de Yucatán: Migración, identidad étnica y cultura empresarial, Mexico, UNAM, 2014.
Ruiz Bravo-Villasante, Carmen, La controversia ideológica. Nacionalismo árabe/nacionalismos locales: Oriente 1918-1952. Estudios y textos. Prólogo de PedroMartínez Montávez, Madrid, Gráfica Internacional, 1976.
Şerif, Mardin, The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought. A study in the Modernization of Turkish Political Ideas, New York, Syracuse University Press, 2000 edition, 1962.
Schemonti A., Joseph, État des Ottomans au Mexique: Devoirs de l’Empire à leur égard, remèdes, Constantinople, Moderne Imprimeries Française, 1909.
Spagnolo, John, France and Ottoman Lebanon, 1861-1914, London, Ithaca Press, 1977.
Taboada, Hernán, Extrañas presencias en nuestra América. Mexico, UNAM, 2017.
“Aliados y enemigos en América latina: Otomanistas, arabistas y francófilos”, Rubio Navarro, José Fernando (ed.), 1915: El año más largo del Imperio otomano, 2015, Bogota, Bogota, Universidad Externado/Ankara Üniversitesi, p. 403-418.
Verzijl, J.H.W., International Law in Historical Perspective. Vol. V: Nationality and Other Matters Relating to Individuals, Leiden, A.W. Sijthoff, 1972.
Wolf M., Caroline “Olivia”, “Marking Time, Marking Movement: Mexico City's Ottoman Clock Tower as a Transnational Expression of Immigrant Identity”, Hemisphere. Visual Cultures of the Americas, 2016, vol. 9, no 1, p. 24-43.
Zéraoui, Zidane, “Los árabes en México: entre la integración y el arabismo”, Revista Estudios, 1995-1996, no 12 y 13, p. 13-39.
Archives
Archivo Histórico del Distrito Federal, Mexico.
Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Istanbul.
Centre de Archives Diplomatiques Nantes, France
Chambre de Commerce et d’Industrie Aix-Marseille-Provence, France.
Maronite Patriarchate of Antioch Archive, Lebanon.
Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, Mexico.
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Notes
Ruiz Bravo-Villasante, Carmen, La controversia ideológica. Nacionalismo árabe/nacionalismos locales: Oriente 1918-1952. Estudios y textos. Prólogo de Pedro Martínez Montávez, Madrid, Gráfica Internacional, 1976, p. 42.
See, as an example of this remarkable theoretic and methodologic contributions of the las two decades, Arslan, Andrew; John Karam; & Akram Khater, “On Forgotten Shores: Migration in Middle East Studies, and the Middle East in Migration Studies”, Mashriq & Mahjar 1, 2013, no 1, p. 1-8; Brégain, Gildas, Syriens et Libanais d’Amérique du Sud, 1819-1945. Paris, L’Harmattan, 2008; Logroño Narbona, María del Mar; Paulo G. Pinto; & John Tofik Karam (eds.), Crescent Over Another Horizon: Islam in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Latino USA, Austin, University of Texas Press, 2015.
See, as an example of this conceptual effort, Bailony, Reem, “Transnationalism and the Syrian Migrant Public: The Case of the 1925 Syrian Revolt”, Mashriq & Mahjar 1, 2013, no 1, p. 9-33; Fahrenthold, Stacy, “Transnational Modes and Media: Syrian Press in the Mahjar and Emigrant Activism during World War I”, Mashriq & Mahjar 1, 2013, no 1, p. 34-63; Pastor, Camila, “The Mashriq Unbound: Arab Nationalism, Criollo Nationalism, and the Discovery of America by the Turks”, Mashriq & Mahjar 2, 2014, no 2, p. 28-58.
See, Balloffet Pearl, Lilly; Fernando Camacho Padilla; & Jessica Stites Mor, “Pushing Boundaries. New Directions in Contemporary Latin America-Middle East History”, 2019, Jahrbuch für Geschichte Lateinamerikas 59, p. 1-14.
The term Uniate refers to the hierarchical links of the Christian Churches with the Roman Pontifical, preserving their ritual particularities and autonomy from the canonical legislation of the Catholic Papacy. This article refers mainly to the alignment of the Chaldean (1553), Greek-Melkite (1701), and Maronite (1736) churches since these religious communities were the ones that had a notorious presence in America during the period studied.
Bustos Rodríguez, Manuel, Los comerciantes de la Carrera de Indias en el Cádiz del siglo XVIII (1713-1775), Cadiz, Universidad de Cádiz, 1995, p. 106-110; Heyberger, Bernard, « Les nouveaux horizons méditerranéens des chrétiens du Bīlād al-Šām (XVIIe-XVIIIe siècle) », Arabica, 2004, t.LI, no 4, p. 456-461; and Taboada, Hernán, Extrañas presencias en nuestra América. Mexico, UNAM, 2017, p. 89-132.
Alfaro-Velcamp, Theresa, So far from Allah, So Close to Mexico Middle Eastern Immigrants in Modern Mexico, Austin, University of Texas Press, 2007, p. 66-67; Pastor, Camila, The Mexican Mahjar: Transnational Maronites, Jews, and Arabs Under the French Mandate, Austin, University of Texas Press, 2017, 37-38; Zéraoui, Zidane, “Los árabes en México: entre la integración y el arabismo”, Revista Estudios, 1995-1996, no 12-13, p. 25-26.
Outrey, Georges, Études pratiques sur le protectorat religieux de la France en Orient, Istanbul, 2014, p. 538-564.
Verzijl, J.H.W., International Law in Historical Perspective. Part V. Nationality and Other Matters Relating to Individuals, Leiden, A.W. Sijthoff, 1972, p. 106.
Chambre de Commerce et d’Industrie Aix-Marseille-Provence (from now on CCIAMP). ML4.2.7.3.1/01. Droit et législation. Réglementation du Commerce et de l’industrie. Étrangers (Commerçants et travailleurs immigrés). Travailleurs étrangers á Marseille et dans les Bouches du Rhône (1857-1921), folder prohibition de l'immigration des Syriens et libanais 1892-1893.
Devi Mays draws a similar perspective on the capitalization of Francophilia by Ottoman Sephardi Jews in Mexico to mark themselves and their sell wares as desirables by the Porfirian authorities. See, Mays, Devi, Forging Ties, Forging Passports. Migration and the Modern Sephardi Diaspora, Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press, 2020, p. 21-52.
Khater, Akram, Inventing Home: Emigration, Gender, and the Middle Class in Lebanon, 1820-1920, Berkeley, University of California Press, 2001, p. 49-63.
Maronite Patriarchate of Antioch Archive, file 86. Elías Hoyek, no 79, “Carta dirigida al Arzobispo de Michoacán”, Morelia, Michoacán, October 20, 1902.
Akarlı Deniz, Engin, The Long Peace: Ottoman Lebanon, 1861-1920, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1993, p. 120-121.
CCIAMP. ML4.2.7.3.1/10, folder passage á Marseille de l’émigration Syrienne vers l’Amérique (13.04.1901).
Pastor, Camila, The Mexican Mahjar, p. 25.
Martínez Assad, Carlos, Libaneses: hechos e imaginarios de los inmigrantes en México, Mexico, UNAM, 2022, p. 23-24.
On the attempts to establish Mexican-Ottoman commercial and amity relations before the late Ottoman mobility, see, Benzion, Jonathan, “Mexico and the Qhājār Empire: The Genesis of a Diplomatic Friendship”, Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina, 2022, vol. 33, no 22, p. 95-98.
Karpat, Kemal, “The Ottoman Emigration to America, 1860-1914”, International Journey of Middle East Studies, 1984, vol. 17, no 2, p. 184.
Ministère d’Affaires Étrangères. Centre de Archives Diplomatiques Nantes (from now on, MAE. CADN). 432PO/C/1-138, no 267 Réclamations des Syro-Libanais, folder protection de syriens en Amérique, December 14, 1901.
Pillaut, Julien, Manuel de droit consulaire. París, Berger-Levrault & Cie, Éditeurs, 1910, p. 74.
MAE. CADN. 432PO/C/1-138, no 267 Réclamations des Syro-Libanais, folder Protection de Syriens en Amérique, January 30, 1902.
Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores (from now on SRE), file 7-19-12, “Reporte de Gonzalo Esteva a la Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores”, July 14, 1904.
SRE, file 7-9-12, “Carta para la Legación”, January 22, 1905.
Diario Oficial de la Federación, December 22, 1908, Tome XCIX, no 44, p. 645.
Şerif, Mardin, The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought. A study in the Modernization of Turkish Political Ideas, New York, Syracuse University Press, 2000 edition, 1962, p. 3-11.
See, Hanley, Will, “What Ottoman Nationality Was and Was not”, Journal of Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association, 2016, vol. 3, no 2, p. 278-285.
On the political debates held during the pre-World War I period, see, Bailony, Reem, Transnational Rebellion: The Syrian Revolt of 1925-1927, Santa Barbara, PhD diss., University of California, 2015, p. 23-35.
MAE. CADN. 432PO/C/1-318, no 135 Syro-Libanais (1915-1945), folder Sociedad Jóvenes Sirios.
Ramírez Carrillo, Luis Carrillo, …De cómo los libaneses conquistaron la península de Yucatán: Migración, identidad étnica y cultura empresarial, Mexico, UNAM, 2014, p. 157.
Contrary to the notion of these categories being politically timeless, their use has continually evolved in historical context and political significance. García Andrade points out the pragmatical imprecision that led to the dismissal of the flexible use of terms such as "Turkish," "Syrian," "Arab," or "Ottoman" by Arab Mexicans as a relevant fact. Andrade García, Jorge, La Migración árabe y el otomanismo en México (1874-1918), Mexico, Bachelor’s thesis, UNAM, 2014, p. 33. On the use of these categories mobilized by some Arab Mexicans to claim their alignment with Mexican political projects and racialization discourses see, Pastor, Camila, The Mexican Mahjar, chap. 3.
Antonio Letayf was one of the first Ottomans naturalized as Mexican. Petit, Lorenza, El mahyar mexicano. Producción literaria y periodística de los inmigrantes árabes y sus descendientes. Madrid, PhD diss., Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 2017, p. 226.
Wolf M., Caroline “Olivia”, “Marking Time, Marking Movement: Mexico City's Ottoman Clock Tower as a Transnational Expression of Immigrant Identity”, Hemisphere. Visual Cultures of the Americas, 2016, vol. 9, no 1, p. 38-39.
Deringil, Selim, “‘They Live in a State of Nomadism and Savagery’: The Late Ottoman Empire and the Post-Colonial Debate”, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 2003, no 45, p. 311-312.
Andrade García, Jorge, La Migración árabe y el otomanismo en México (1874-1918), p. 50-52.
“El presente de la colonia otomana”, El Diario, September 23, 1910, no 1415, p. 1.
For Salvador Novo, the Frenchification of Mexican gastronomic customs at the time aimed at “raising the level of elegance” of the restaurants through a menu in French. In theory, this would’ve conferred a clear superiority to those who could decipher it as well as extending a patent of aristocracy, distinction, and worldliness. Novo, Salvador, Cocina mexicana o historia gastronómica de la Ciudad de México, Mexico, Editorial Porrúa, 1979, p. 125-131.
On the Mahjar press at large, see Logroño Narbona, María del Mar, The Development of Nationalist Identities in French Syria and Lebanon: A Transnational Dialogue with Arab Immigrants to Argentina and Brazil, 1915-1929, 1915-1929, Santa Barbara, PhD diss., University of California, 2007, p. 55-77; and Fahrenthold, Stacy, “Transnational Modes and Media”.
Del Amo Hernández, Mercedes, “Periódicos árabes en Iberoamérica: una propuesta de recuperación y estudio”, Infodiversidad, 2001, no 3, p. 14-15.
On the consequences of the transition from the Ottoman Mexican press to the Mahjar Mandate Press, see, Pastor, Camila, “The Great Arab Revolt, Palestine and a Phoenicianist Civilizing Mission: Transregional Debates in the Mexican Mahjar Press”, Revue des Mondes Musulmanes et de la Méditerranée, no 152, 2022. p. 85-114.
The editors may have circulated the reproduction of small fragments of the parliamentary debates published in Paris, London, and Cairo not only in the Arab provinces but also in the southern Mahjar Press. See, Kayalı, Hasan, Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism, in the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1918, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1997, p. 76-77.
Bechara, Juan, “Historia de la primera prensa árabe en México”, Revista El Emir, May, 1938, no 12, p. 15.
Bechara, Juan, “Historia de la primera prensa árabe en México.”, Revista El Emir, July, 1938, no 14, p. 10.
Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, no 11, file 77.
On the role of the dragomans in the Southern Mahjar during the French Mandate, see, Logroño Narbona, The Development of Nationalist Identities in French Syria and Lebanon, p. 51-54.
Joseph A. Schemonti was born on March 18, 1880 in Batroun, Ottoman Mount Lebanon, and settled in Mexico at the beginning of the 20th century after spending several years in Egypt, Tunisia, and South America. He worked for several Mexican newspapers, writing from medical recommendations to analyses of the economic and political performance of his host nation. At the upheaval of the Mexican Revolution, he became an active supporter of the Constitutionalist government. He even wrote a text dedicated to Venustiano Carranza entitled: Psicología del Congreso Constituyente (Psychology of the Constitutional Congress) in which he noted his impressions of the work done by the Constitutional Congress of Querétaro. On Schemonti's political trajectory in the post-revolutionary Mexican period and the cause of his expulsion in May 1927, see, Pastor, Camila, The Mexican Mahjar, p. 46-47.
Schemonti A., Joseph, État des Ottomans au Mexique: Devoirs de l’Empire à leur égard, remèdes, Constantinopla, 1909, p. 19.
Andrade García, Jorge, La Migración árabe y el otomanismo en México (1874-1918), p. 98.
MAE. CADN. 432PO/C/1-138. Légation puis Ambassade, no 267 Réclamations des Syro-Libanais, folder dates extrêmes du carton 1890-1930.
I thank deeply the bright comments of the anonymous reviewer to pay attention on the logics of support and alignment mobilized by the protagonist under study.
MAE. CADN. 432PO/C/1-318, no 136 Protection de non nationaux.
SRE, fond Manuel de Zamacona e Inclán, file 16-4-4, “Carta al Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores”, May 28, 1911.
SRE, fond Manuel de Zamacona e Inclán, file 16-4-4, “Carta de Victoriano Salado Álvarez”, May 30, 1911.
On the effects of the revolutionary violence within the Mexican Mahjar and the Postrevolutionary Reparations Committees, see, Pastor, Camila, The Mexican Mahjar, p. 122-132.
Alfaro-Velcamp, Theresa, So far from Allah, So Close to Mexico, p. 76; González Navarro, Moisés, “Xenofobia y xenofilia en la Revolución mexicana”, Historia mexicana, 1969, vol. 18, no 4 (72), p. 575.
Díaz de Kuri, Martha; & Lourdes Macluf, De Líbano a México: Crónica de un pueblo migrante, México, N.P., 1999, p. 92.
González Navarro, Moisés, “Xenofobia y xenofilia en la Revolución mexicana”, p. 612.
See, Taboada, Hernán, “Aliados y enemigos en América latina: Otomanistas, arabistas y francófilos”, Rubio Navarro, José Fernando (ed.), 1915: El año más largo del Imperio otomano, Bogota, Universidad Externado/Ankara Üniversitesi, 2015, p. 411-412.
“El reto de un general metafísico”, El imparcial: diario ilustrado de la mañana, no 6433, November 12, 1911.
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