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Notes
Jacques, M., ‘The death of neoliberalism and the crisis in western politics’, The Observer, 21 August, 2016.
The Economist, ‘Britain’s election offers little respite for its woes’, 3 June, 2017.
Johnson, B., ‘Resignation letter to Theresa May’, 9 July, 2018, published by the BBC: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-44772804 [consulted 11 July 2018].
Bourdieu, P., ‘L’essence du néolibéralisme’, Le monde diplomatique, mars, 1998.
Pirie, M., ‘This is NOT a Conservative government’, Adam Smith Institute Blog, 15 April, 2016a: https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/this-is-not-a-conservative-government [consulted 11 July 2018].
Pirie, M., Rebooting Britain: Making the most of Brexit, London, Adam Smith Research Trust, 2016b, p. 2.
Wren-Lewis, S., ‘Brexit and Neoliberalism’, Mainly Macro Blog, 29 October, 2016: https://mainlymacro.blogspot.com/2016/10/brexit-and-neoliberalism.html [consulted 11 July 2018].
Smith, R., ‘The Liberal Case for Leave’, Adam Smith Institute, 2016: https://www.adamsmith.org/the-liberal-case-for-leave/ [consulted 12 July 2018].
Erik Olin Wright defines the notion of real utopia as follows: ‘utopian ideals… are grounded in the real potentials of humanity, utopian destinations that have accessible waystations, utopian designs of institutions that can inform our practical tasks of navigating a world of imperfect conditions for social change’ (Eric Olin Wright, Envisioning Real Utopias, 2009: p. 4). He explores the possibilities for the development of left-wing utopias, yet there is no reason why the notion of real utopia could not be applied to right-wing visions to the extent that their proponents believe that they can improve the human condition by applying an ideal of free and unconstrained markets on the ground.
Hermann, C., ‘Neoliberalism in the European Union’, Studies in Political Economy 79(1), 2007: 61-90.
Glyn, M., The Idea of a European Superstate: Public justification and European Integration, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2005, p. 74.
Hayek, F., ‘The Economic Conditions of Interstate Federalism’, 1939: https://fee.org/articles/the-economic-conditions-of-interstate-federalism/ [consulted 11 July 2018].
Margaret Thatcher, Speech to the College of Europe, Bruges, 21 September 1988.
David Cameron, Speech to the World Economic Forum, Davos, Switzerland, 26 January 2012.
House of Commons Exiting the European Union Committee, EU Exit Analysis: Cross Whitehall Briefing, 2018: https://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-committees/Exiting-the-European-Union/17-19/Cross-Whitehall-briefing/EU-Exit-Analysis-Cross-Whitehall-Briefing.pdf [consulted 11 July 2018].
The new rules were introduced in 2017 to regulate Europe’s financial industry in an attempt to increase transparency and restore investor confidence.
Bootle, R., Jessop, J., Lyons, G., & Minford, P., Alternative Brexit Economic Analysis, 2018, p. 14: https://www.economistsforfreetrade.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Alternative-Brexit-Economic-Analysis-Final-2-Mar-18.pdf [consulted 11 July 2018].
Singham, S., Tylecote, R., Plan A+: Creating a prosperous post-Brexit UK, IEA Discussion Paper 95, 2018: https://iea.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PLAN-A-FINAL.pdf [consulted 6 November 2018].
Theresa May, Speech at Mansion House, London, on future UK-EU relations’, 2 March 2018.
Farnsworth, K., ‘Taking back Control or Empowering Big Business? New Risks to the Welfare State in the post-Brexit Competition for Investment’, Social Policy 46(4), 2017: 699-718.
Theresa May, 2018, Mansion House Speech, op. cit.
HM Government, The Future Relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union, Cm 9593, 018, p. 49:: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/724982/The_future_relationship_between_the_United_Kingdom_and_the_European_Union_WEB_VERSION.pdf [consulted 12 July 2018].
Department for Exiting the European Union, Withdrawal Agreement and Political declaration, 25 November, 2018, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/withdrawal-agreement-and-political-declaration
Jacob Rees-Mogg, quoted by Tolhurst, A., ‘“That’s not Brexit”: Jacob Rees-Mogg blasts Theresa May’s new customs plan, saying it is “hard to think of a worse idea”’, The Sun, 4 July 2018.
Jessop, J., ‘The case for free trade – no ‘ifs’ or ‘buts’’, Institute for Economic Affairs Briefing, 29 September, 2017: https://iea.org.uk/publications/the-case-for-free-trade-no-ifs-or-buts/ [consulted 12 July 2018].
Pirie, M., The Neoliberal Mind: The ideology of the future. London, Adam Smith Institute, 2017.
HM Government, 2018, op. cit.
Donald Trump, cited by Tom Newton Dunn, ‘Tump’s Brexit Blast’, The Sun, 13 July 2018. Although he subsequently retracted this statement, reported in The Sun newspaper, describing it as ‘fake news’ and declaring that he is favourable to a UK-US trade deal would be ‘a tremendous opportunity to double, triple, quadruple’ trade between the two nations: Donald Trump, video of press statement, 13 July, 2018 available on Politics Home: https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/conservative-party/theresa-may/news/96823/watch-donald-trump-accuses-sun [consulted 16 July 2018].
‘Passporting’ rights at present apply to the European Economic Area (EEA), allowing authorised firms in member states to carry out their activities unrestricted in any other member state. Brexit risks the withdrawal of passporting rights from UK financial institutions, making the obtention of passporting rights in other nations particularly pressing.
Spence, P., ‘Chlorinated Chicken: Why you shouldn’t give a cluck’, Adam Smith Institute Briefing Paper, 2017: https://www.adamsmith.org/research/chlorinated-chicken [consulted 12 July 2018].
Twenty-five member states formally adopted the pact as an international treaty in March 2012: the Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance in the Economic and Monetary Union (TSCG) stipulates that national budgets must be in balance or in surplus by ensuring that the annual structural deficit does not exceed 0.5% of GDP.
An FTT would be a tax of between 0.1 and 0.01% on financial transactions between financial institutions. The EU proposed introducing such a tax in September 2011 but member states have, at the time of writing, failed to reach agreement.
Singham, S., McBride, C., Improving Global Financial Services Regulation, IEA Discussion Paper 88, 2018: https://iea.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/GLOBAL-FINANCE-REGS-PAPER_WEB_FINAL.pdf [consulted 12 July 2018].
Ibid., p. 42.
Singham and McBride suggest that ‘the UK is by far the most interconnected financial market to the EU and the continuing flow of capital from the UK banking system is important to EU businesses (ibid.: 19).
Ibid., pp. 16-17.
European Commission, ‘CETA explained’, 2018 http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/in-focus/ceta/ceta-explained/index_en.htm [consulted 12 July 2018].
Corporate Europe, Gold-digging with Investor State Lawsuits, 2017: https://corporateeurope.org/sites/default/files/attachments/gold_digging_with_investor_state_lawsuits.pdf [consulted 12 July 2018].
Bootle et al., op. cit., p. 15.
OECD, OECD Indicators of Employment Protection, 2018: http://www.oecd.org/els/emp/oecdindicatorsofemploymentprotection.htm [consulted 11 July 2018].
Coulter, S., Hancké, B., ‘A Bonfire of the Regulations, or Business as Usual? The UK labour market and the political economy of Brexit’, Political Quarterly 87(2), 2016: 148-156.
Theresa May, 2018, Mansion House Speech, op. cit.
HM Government, op. cit., p. 40.
Ramsay, A., Geoghegan, P., ‘Dominic Raab: Is he the IEA’s man in government?’, OpenDemocracy, 10 July, 2018: https://www.opendemocracy.net/uk/brexitinc/adam-ramsay-peter-geoghegan/dominic-raab-is-he-iea-s-man-in-government [consulted 12 July 2018].
Kwarteng, K., Patel, P., Raab, D., Skidmore, C., & Truss, E., Britannia Unchained: Global lessons for growth and prosperity, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
Raab, D., Escaping the Strait Jacket: The regulatory reforms to protect jobs, Centre for Policy Studies, 2011: https://www.cps.org.uk/files/reports/original/111114155257-escapingthestraitjacket.pdf [consulted 11 July 2018].
Theresa May, Speech on the NHS, Royal Free Hospital, London, 18 June 2018.
See, for example, Guinan and Hanna, 2017 (Guinan, J., Hanna, T., ‘Lexit: The EU is a neoliberal project, so let’s do something different when we leave it’, The New Statesman, 20 July, 2017) who argue that the ECJ’s interpretation of article 106 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (the Lisbon Treaty) prejudices public ownership. The article (art.106 (2)) states:
Undertakings entrusted with the operation of services of general economic interest or having the character of a revenue-producing monopoly shall be subject to the rules contained in the Treaties, in particular to the rules on competition, in so far as the application of such rules does not obstruct the performance, in law or in fact, of the particular tasks assigned to them. The development of trade must not be affected to such an extent as would be contrary to the interests of the Union.
Furthermore, article 107 (1) states:
Save as otherwise provided in the Treaties, any aid granted by a Member State or through State resources in any form whatsoever which distorts or threatens to distort competition by favouring certain undertakings or the production of certain goods shall, in so far as it affects trade between Member States, be incompatible with the internal market.
These articles certainly allow for public services to be opened up to competition. The EU does protect Services of General Interest (SGI), defined as ‘services that public authorities of the EU member countries classify as being of general interest and, therefore, subject to specific public service obligations’ although these ‘can be provided by the state or by the private sector’ (European Commission, ‘Services of general interest’, 2018: https://ec.europa.eu/info/topics/single-market/services-general-interest_en [consulted 12 July 2018]). Furthermore, EU directives explicitly favour opening up certain public services to the private sector. Directive 2012/34/EU, for example, encourages such practices with regard to the railways:
In order to render railway transport efficient and competitive with other modes of transport, Member States should ensure that railway undertakings have the status of independent operators behaving in a commercial manner and adapting to market needs.
This would suggest that EU membership is to some extent a hindrance to (re)nationalisation projects and that it certainly does not preclude privatisation provided that certain service standards are upheld.
Spence, op. cit., p. 2.
HM Government, op. cit., para.49(a): 25.
Theresa May, Answer to Prime Minister’s Questions, 7 February, Hansard, 2018c: https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2018-02-07/debates/B3EF2D42-D1CF-4293-BCB1-FE3086EB84AD/Engagements [consulted 11 July 2018].
This assumes that the NHS constitutes an attractive market for US investors. Yet, The Economist calls this assertion into doubt on account of the financial difficulties in which many existing NHS trusts find themselves and the extreme complexity of the service: see The Economist, ‘An American trade deal raises the prospect of more private involvement in British healthcare’, 9 February 2017.
Pirie, op. cit., 2016b, pp. 7-8.
The Prime Minister has promised to reduce this rate further to 17% by 2020. See Gemma Parker and Gemma Tetlow, ‘Theresa May pledges to push on with cuts to corporation tax’, 22 June 2017.
Farnsworth, op. cit., p. 713.
Farnsworth, K., Cole, L., & Conn, M., Oiling the Wheels: Nissan, private investment and British corporate welfare, Corporate Welfare Watch, 2017, p. 10: http://www.corporate-welfare-watch.org.uk/wp/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/170927-nissan-report-final.pdf [consulted 12 July 2018].
Ibid.
Pirie, 2017, op. cit., p. 32.
See Dardot P. & Laval, C., La nouvelle raison du monde : essai sur la société néolibérale. Paris, La Découverte/Poche, 2009 ; Peck, J., Theodore, N., & Brenner, N., ‘Postneoliberalism and its Malcontents’, Antipode, vol. 41, n°S.1, 2009: 94-116 ; Harcourt, B., The Illusion of Free Markets: Punishment and the Myth of Natural Order. Cambridge MA, Harvard University Press, 2012; Crouch, C., Can Neoliberalism be Saved from Itself? Social Europe Edition, 2017: https://www.socialeurope.eu/book/can-neoliberalism-saved [consulted 26 February 2018]; Bell, E., & Christoph, G., ‘The Slow Retreat of Neoliberalism in Contemporary Britain’, in Dawes, S., & Lenormand, M., (eds.), Neoliberalism in Context, Basingstoke, Palgrave, 2019.
Brenner, N., & Theodore, N., ‘Cities and the Geographies of “Actually Exisitng Neoliberalism”’, Antipode 34(3), 2002: 349-379.
Brexitcentral, ‘House of Lords defeats Government 14 Times on the ET Withdrawal Bill at Report Stage’, 8 May, 2018: https://brexitcentral.com/house-lords-voted-amendments-eu-withdrawal-bill-report-stage/
The UK in a Changing Europe, ‘Survey of MPs reveals Theresa May and Jeremy Corbyn face significant political challenges over Brexit’, 22 January, 2018: http://ukandeu.ac.uk/survey-of-mps-reveals-theresa-may-and-jeremy-corbyn-face-significant-political-challenges-over-brexit/ [consulted 11 July 2018].
This means allowing MPs to vote to either accept or reject the final Brexit deal negotiated between the UK and the EU.
Curtice, J., ‘Have Voters Changed their Minds about Brexit?’, BBC News, 12 March, 2018: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-43336351 [consulted 12 July 2018].
NatCen, ‘What UK Thinks: EU’, 2018: https://whatukthinks.org/eu/questions/do-you-think-theresa-may-is-aiming-for-too-soft-a-brexit-too-hard-a-brexit-or-that-she-is-getting-the-balance-between-a-soft-and-a-hard-brexit-about-right/ [consulted 11 July 2018].
Ibid.
Yet, it would be difficult for an extreme Brexiter to win the support of the Conservative Party. The failure of the 12th December 2018 no-confidence vote in Theresa May by 200 votes to 117 suggests that the hard Brexiters are in an (albeit significant) minority.
Springford, J Brexit and EU Regulation: A Bonfire of the Vanities?, Centre for European Reform, 2016, p. 6: https://www.cer.eu/publications/archive/policy-brief/2016/brexit-and-eu-regulation-bonfire-vanities [consulted 12 July 2018].
HM Government, op. cit., p. 20.
CBI, The Room where it Happens: A guide to the EU bodies and regulators that matter to business in the Brexit negotiations, 2017: http://www.cbi.org.uk/index.cfm/_api/render/file/?method=inline&fileID=AC1BA892-B623-4250-A976B8CAAC833DC0 [consulted 12 July 2018].
Smith, op. cit.
Ibid.
Peck, J., Constructions of Neoliberal Reason, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 7.
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