Bibliographie
Ashworth, Andrew and Hough, Michael, “Sentencing and the Climate of Opinion”, Criminal Law Review, 1996: 776–787.
Bale, Tim, “Demos : Populism, Eclecticism and Equidistance in the Post-Modern World”, in Kandiah, Michael and Seldon, Anthony (eds.), Ideas and Think Tanks in Contemporary Britain : Volume 2, London, Frank Cass, 1996 : 22-34.
Blair, Tony, Speech on the launch of the new five-year crime strategy, A new consensus on law and order, 19 July 2004.
Blair, Tony, “Crime and Society”, Fabian Society, What Price a Safe Society?, Fabian Pamphlet 562, Proceedings of the 1994 Fabian New Year School, London, Fabian Society, 1994.
Blunkett, David, “Renewing Democracy and Civil Society”, Lecture presented to CIVITAS, October 2001.
Bright, Jon, Turning the Tide - crime, community and prevention, Demos, 1997.
Cavadino, M., Dignan, J., Penal Systems : A Comparative Approach, London, Sage, 2006.
Chadwick, A., Heffernan, R., “Introduction : The New Labour Phenomenon”, in Chadwick, A., Heffernan, R., (eds.), The New Labour Reader, Cambridge, Polity Press, 2003 : 1-27.
Downes, D., Morgan, R., “The British General Election 2001 : The centre right consensus”, Punishment and Society 2002 : 81-96.
Downes, D., Morgan, R., “Dumping the ‘Hostages to Fortune’ ? The Politics of Law and Order in Post-War Britain”, Maguire, M., Morgan, R., Reiner, R. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1997 : 87-134.
Elcock, Howard, “Law, Order and the Labour Party”, in Norton, Philip (ed.), Law and Order and British Politics, Aldershot, Gower, 1984 : 149-164.
Faulkner, David, Darkness and Light : Justice, Crime and Management for Today, Howard League, 1996.
Fox, Lionel W., The English Prison and Borstal Systems, London, Routledge & Keegan Paul, 1952.
Gamble, Andrew, “The Meaning of the Third Way”, in Seldon, A., Kavanagh, D., (eds.), The Blair Effect 2001-5, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Gould, Philip, The Unfinished Revolution : How the Modernisers Saved the Labour Party, London, Abacus, 2001.
Hall, Stuart, “The Great Moving Nowhere Show”, Marxism Today, November/December 1998.
Home Office, No More Excuses : A new approach to tackling youth crime in England and Wales, November 1997.
Home Office, Crime, Justice and Protecting the Public,Cm 965, London, HMSO, 1990.
Hough, M., Roberts, J. V., “Sentencing trends in Britain : Public knowledge and public opinion”, Punishment and Society 1999 : 11-26.
Irwin, J., Austin, J., Baird, C., “Fanning the Flames of Fear”, Crime and Delinquency 44/1, 1998 : 32-48.
Loader, Ian, “Fall of the ‘Platonic Guardians’ : Liberalism, Criminology and Political Responses to Crime in England and Wales”, British Journal of Criminology 46, 2006 : 561-586.
Martinson, Robert “What Works ? Questions and Answers About Prison Reform”, The Public Interest, 1974.
Michael, Alun, “Responding to the Challenge of Crime”, in Michael, Alun (ed.), Tough on crime, tough on the causes – a collection of essays, Discussion Paper 33, London, Fabian Society, 1997 : 1-6.
Morgan, Rod, Formulating Penal Policy : The Future of the Advisory Council on the Penal System, London, NACRO, 1979.
Murray, Charles, Simple Justice, London, CIVITAS, 2005.
Pitts, John, in The New Politics of Youth Crime : Discipline or Solidarity ?, Basingstoke, Palgrave, 2001.
Radzinowicz, L., Hood, R., The Emergence of Penal Policy in Victorian and Edwardian England, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1990.
Rentoul, John, Tony Blair : Prime Minister, London, Time Warner, 2002.
Rethinking Crime and Punishment, Rethinking Crime and Punishment : The Report, 2004.
Ryan, Mick, “Engaging with punitive attitudes toward crime and punishment. Some strategic lessons from England and Wales”, Pratt, J., Brown, D., Brown, M., Hallsworth, S., Morrison, W., The New Punitiveness : Trends, theories, perspectives, Cullompton, Willan Publishing, 2005 : 139-149.
Ryan, Mick, Penal Policy and Political Culture in England and Wales, Winchester, Waterside Press, 2003.
Ryan, Mick, The Acceptable Pressure Group : Inequality in the penal lobby, Farnborough, Saxon House, 1978.
Seldon, Anthony, Blair, London, The Free Press, 2005.
Thoresby, Robert, “The Criminal Justice Act 1972”, The Modern Law Review, 1973 : 417-423.
Tonry, Michael, Punishment and Politics : Evidence and Emulation in the Making of English Crime Control Policy, Cullompton, Willan Publishing, 2004.
Webb, Sidney and Webb, Beatrice, with Shaw, Bernard, English Prisons Under Local Government, London, Longmans, Green & Co., 1922.
Wilson, James Q. and Kelling, George L., “The police and neighbourhood safety : Broken Windows”, Atlantic Monthly, 1982.
Websites :
www.civitas.org.uk
www.demos.co.uk
www.homeoffice.gov.uk
www.margaretthatcher.org/speeches/
www.number10.gov.uk
www.publications.parliament.uk
www.rethinking.org.uk
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Notes
Blair, Tony, Speech on the launch of the new five-year crime strategy, A new consensus on law and order, 19 July 2004. Available at http://www.number10.gov.uk/output/Page6129.asp. Consulted on 28 April, 2007.
Ryan, Mick, “Engaging with punitive attitudes toward crime and punishment. Some strategic lessons from England and Wales”, Pratt, John, Brown, David, Brown, Mark, Hallsworth, Simon and Morrison, Wayne, The New Punitiveness : Trends, theories, perspectives, Cullompton, Willan Publishing, 2005, p. 140.
Ryan, Mick, Penal Policy and Political Culture in England and Wales, Winchester, Waterside Press, 2003, p. 16.
Radzinowicz, Leon and Hood, Roger, The Emergence of Penal Policy in Victorian and Edwardian England, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1990, p. 582.
Webb, Sidney and Webb, Beatrice, with Shaw, Bernard, English Prisons Under Local Government, London, Longmans, Green & Co., 1922, p. 217.
The Prison Commission, created by the Prisons Act 1877, was responsible for the entire prison system of England and Wales until it was abolished by the Criminal Justice Act of 1961.
Fox, Lionel W., The English Prison and Borstal Systems, London, Routledge & Keegan Paul, 1952, pp. 83-84.
Morgan, Rod, Formulating Penal Policy : The Future of the Advisory Council on the Penal System, London, NACRO, 1979, p. 2.
Ibid.
Ryan, Mick, Penal Policy and Political Culture, op. cit., p. 19.
Loader, Ian, “Fall of the ‘Platonic Guardians’ : Liberalism, Criminology and Political Responses to Crime in England and Wales”, British Journal of Criminology, 2006, no. 46, pp. 563-564.
Ryan, Mick, Penal Policy and Political Culture, op. cit., p. 18.
Morgan, Rod,, op. cit., p. 2.
Ryan, Mick, Penal Policy and Political Culture, op. cit., p. 14.
Ibid., p. 16.
The term was coined by a retired Home Office official, cited by Loader, Ian, op. cit., p. 563.
Ibid., p. 564.
Ibid., p. 565.
Martinson, Robert, “What Works ? Questions and Answers About Prison Reform”, The Public Interest, 1974.
Community service and the deferred sentence were adopted by ss.15-19 and s.22 of the CJA 1972.
Morgan, Rod, op. cit., p. 10. Ryan, Mick, The Acceptable Pressure Group : Inequality in the penal lobby, Farnborough, Saxon House, 1978, p. 36.
Thoresby, Robert, “The Criminal Justice Act 1972”, The Modern Law Review, 1973, p. 420.
Morgan, Rod, op. cit., p. 12.
Downes, David and Morgan, Rod, “Dumping the ‘Hostages to Fortune’ ? The Politics of Law and Order in Post-War Britain”, Maguire, M., Morgan, R., and Reiner, R. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 88.
Elcock, Howard, “Law, Order and the Labour Party”, in Norton, Philip (ed.), Law and Order and British Politics, Aldershot, Gower, 1984, p. 153.
In 1979 the daily average prison population stood at 42,220, compared to 39,820 in 1975. It continued to rise until 1988 when it temporarily fell. Source : Cavadino, Michael and Dignan, James, Penal Systems : A Comparative Approach, London, Sage, 2006, p. 63.
Ibid., p. 64.
Faulkner, David, Darkness and Light : Justice, Crime and Management for Today, Howard League, 1996, p. 15.
Downes, David and Morgan, Rod, “The British General Election 2001 : The centre right consensus”, Punishment and Society 2002 : 85-86.
Home Office, Crime, Justice and Protecting the Public,Cm 965, London, HMSO, 1990, para.2.7, p. 6.
Conservative Party, Election Manifesto 1979.
Thatcher, Margaret, Speech to Conservative Party Conference : Confrontation with Reality, 14 October 1977.
The Labour Party, Election Manifesto 1979 : The Labour Way is the Better Way.
Thatcher, Margaret, Speech to Conservative Party Conference, 14 October 1988.
Cited by Ashworth, Andrew and Hough, Michael, “Sentencing and the Climate of Opinion”, Criminal Law Review, 1996, p. 783.
Blair, Tony, Speech on the launch of the new five-year crime strategy, op. cit.
Hall, Stuart, “The Great Moving Nowhere Show”, Marxism Today, November/December 1998, p. 14.
White, Michael, “Straw attacks woolly liberals”, The Guardian, 10 January 2000.
Cited by Loader, Ian, op. cit., p. 580.
Loader, Ian, op. cit., p. 581.
Ibid.
Tonry, Michael, Punishment and Politics : Evidence and Emulation in the Making of English Crime Control Policy, Cullompton, Willan Publishing, 2004, p. 3.
Gould, Philip, The Unfinished Revolution : How the Modernisers Saved the Labour Party, London, Abacus, 2001, p. 328.
White, Michael and Wintour, Patrick, “Clarke breaks silence with attack on Reid”, The Guardian, 27 June 2006.
Leader, “We demand real justice”, The Sun.
Reid, John, Hansard Debates, 14 June 2006, col. 763.
Travis, Alan, “Courts shakeup to end automatic early release”, The Guardian, 6 November 2006.
Rethinking Crime and Punishment, Rethinking Crime and Punishment : The Report, 2004, p. 23.
Hough, Mike and Roberts, Julian, V., “Sentencing trends in Britain : Public knowledge and public opinion”, Punishment and Society 1999 : 11-26.
The theory of broken windows was elaborated by James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling in their 1982 article, “The police and neighbourhood safety : Broken Windows”, published in Atlantic Monthly. It states that criminality thrives when society turns a blind eye on petty crime and low-level disorder. To illustrate their theory, they used the metaphor of a broken window which, when left unrepaired, will send out a signal that no-one cares, thus encouraging other windows to be broken.
Irwin, John, Austin, James and Baird, Chris, “Fanning the Flames of Fear”, Crime and Delinquency 44/1, 1998, p. 35.
Home Office, No More Excuses : A new approach to tackling youth crime in England and Wales, November 1997.
The term was coined by Pitts, John, in The New Politics of Youth Crime : Discipline or Solidarity ?, Basingstoke, Palgrave, 2001, p. 48.
Norton-Taylor, Richard, “Tony Blair and the case of the disappearing cabinet”, The Guardian, 30 May 2007.
Ibid.
Chadwick, Andrew and Heffernan, Richard, “Introduction : The New Labour Phenomenon”, in Chadwick, Andrew and Heffernan, Richard (eds.), The New Labour Reader, Cambridge, Polity Press, 2003, p. 4.
Cf. David Downes et Rod Morgan, “The British General Election 2001 : The centre right consensus”, op. cit.
Although the slogan has often been attributed to Tony Blair himself, it seems it was actually originally formulated by Gordon Brown, cf. Seldon, Anthony, Blair, London, The Free Press, 2005, p. 150.
Bale, Tim, “Demos : Populism, Eclecticism and Equidistance in the Post-Modern World”, in Kandiah, Michael and Seldon, Anthony (eds.), Ideas and Think Tanks in Contemporary Britain : Volume 2, London, Frank Cass, 1996, p. 26.
Hinsliff, Gaby, “London crime SOS to New York”, The Observer, 10 February 2002.
Ibid.
Michael, Alun, “Responding to the Challenge of Crime”, in Michael, Alun (ed.), Tough on crime, tough on the causes – a collection of essays, Discussion Paper 33, London, Fabian Society, 1997, p. 5.
Blair, Tony, “Crime and Society”, Fabian Society, What Price a Safe Society ?, Fabian Pamphlet 562, Proceedings of the 1994 Fabian New Year School, London, Fabian Society, 1994, p. 3.
Gamble, Andrew, “The Meaning of the Third Way”, in Seldon, Anthony and Kavanagh, Dennis (eds.), The Blair Effect 2001-5, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 431.
Bright, Jon, Turning the Tide - crime, community and prevention, Demos, 1997, p. 111.
Cf., http://www.crimereduction.gov.uk/learningzone/reading.htm. Consulted on 1 August 2007.
Murray, Charles, Simple Justice, London, CIVITAS, 2005, p. 5.
Blunkett, David, “Renewing Democracy and Civil Society”, Lecture presented to CIVITAS, October 2001.
Blair, Tony, Speech at Westminster Central Hall, 5 November 1998, cited in Rentoul, John, Tony Blair : Prime Minister, London, Time Warner, 2002, p. 436.
Seldon, Antony, op. cit., p. 126.
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