Bibliographie
BBC (2016), “EU referendum: Row over Turkey’s membership bid escalates”, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36353013
Betz, Henri (2008), “‘Green Totalitarianism’”: Anti-Islamic nativism in Contemporary Radical Rights Populism in Western Europe”, in C. Liang (ed.), Europe for the Europeans: The Foreign and Security Policy of the Populist Radical Right, Abingdon, Routledge.
Dawson, Michael C. (1995), Behind the Mule. Race and class in African-American politics, 1995, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 248 p.
Ford, Robert et Goodwin, Matthew (2015), Revolt on the Right: Explaining support for the Radical Right in Britain, London, Routledge.
Ker-Lindsay, James (2018) “Turkey’s EU accession as a factor in the 2016 Brexit referendum”, Turkish Studies, vol. 19, n°1, pp. 1-22.
Khan, Omar et Weekes-Bernard, Debbie (2015), “This is still about us: Why ethnic minorities see immigration differently”, Runnymede Report on Race and Immigration.
Kolpinskaya, Ekaterina et Fox, Stuart (2021), Religion and Euroscepticism in Brexit Britain, London: Routledge.
The Economist/Ipsos Issues index (2015), https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/economistipsos-august-2015-issues-index.
Economist/Ipsos Issues Index (May 2016), https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/economist-ipsos-may-2016-issues-index
European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (2006), “Muslims in the European Union. Discrimination and Islamophobia”, https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/49997affd.pdf
EU referendum: Conservative MP Nusrat Ghani makes the case for Leave, https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-politics-36389960
Frampton, Martyn, Goodhart, David et al. (2016), “Unsettled belonging: a survey of Britain’s Muslim communities”, Policy Exchange, https://policyexchange.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/PEXJ5037_Muslim_Communities_FINAL.pdf
Gani, Aisha (2016), “Here’s what Muslims who backed Brexit think now”, https://www.buzzfeed.com/aishagani/muslims-who-backed-brexit
Ipos Mori (2018), “A review of survey research on Muslims in Britain” https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/publication/documents/2018-03/a-review-of-survey-research-on-muslims-in-great-britain-ipsos_0.pdf
Labour (2016), “There is no doubt: ethnic minority Britons benefit from Britain’s EU membership”, open letter by 20 BME Labour MPs, http://www.rushanaraali.org/there-is-no-doubt-ethnic-minority-britons-benefit-from-britains-eu-membership/
Lord Ashcroft Polls (2016), “How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday… and why” https://lordashcroftpolls.com/2016/06/how-the-united-kingdom-voted-and-why/, accessed in August 2023.
Majeed, Naheed (2016), “Why British Muslims should vote to leave the EU”, The Telegraph, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/eureferendum/12150386/Why-British-Muslims-should-vote-to-leave-the-EU.html
Martin, Nicole S. et Khan (2019), “Ethnic Minorities at the 2017 British General Election”, London: Runnymede Trust.
Mayor of London (2018), “Inclusive London. The Mayor’s strategy for equality, diversity and inclusion”, https://www.london.gov.uk/programmes-strategies/communities-and-social-justice/mayors-strategy-equality-diversity-and-inclusion
McCann, Philip et Ortega-Argiles, Raquel (2021), “The UK ‘geography of discontent’: narratives, Brexit and inter-regional ‘levelling up’”, Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, vol. 14, n°13, pp. 545-564. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsab017
Ni Aolain, Fionnuala (2021), “Human Rights impact of counter-terrorism and countering (violent) extremism policies and practices on the rights of women, girls and the family”, Human Rights Council.
Parekh, Bhikhu (2008), “European Liberalism and ‘the Muslim Question’”, Leiden, Amsterdam University Press, retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/12641
Parveen, Nazia (2016), “Why do some ethnic minority voters want to leave the EU? The Guardian.
Pickard, Jim, (2016), “Vote leave woos British Asians with migration leaflets”, The Financial Times, https://www.ft.com/content/94adcefa-1dd5-11e6-a7bc-ee846770ec15
RightsWatchUK, (2016) Preventing education? Human Rights and UK counter-terrorism in schools. https://www.rightsandsecurity.org/
Sanders, David, Heath, Anthony et al. (2013), “The calculus of ethnic minority voting in Britain”, Political Studies, vol. 62, n°2, p.230-251.
Stevenson, Jacqueline, Demack, Sean et al. (2017), “The Social Mobility Challenges Faced by Young Muslims”, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/642220/Young_Muslims_SMC.pdf
Sobolewska, Maria et Ford, Robert (2020), Brexit land, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Schlipphak, Bernd et Ali Isani, Mujtaba (2019), Muslim attitudes towards the European Union, London, Routledge.
Tellmama Report (2023), “A decade of anti-Muslim hate”, https://tellmamauk.org/a-decade-of-anti-muslim-hate/
Versi, Miqdaad, (2016), “For British Muslims, there’s only one choice on Europe: vote remain”, The Guardian.
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Notes
Salam, Hamza Azhar (2020), 800,000 Muslims voted for Brexit, say Leave leaders”, TheNews, 6 February, https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/610230-800-000-muslims-voted-for-brexit-say-leave-leaders
Ford, Robert et Goodwin, Matthew (2015), Revolt on the Right: Explaining support for the Radical Right in Britain, London, Routledge.
Martin, Nicole S., Sobolewska, Maria et al. (2019) “Left out of the left behind? Ethnic minority support for Brexit”, Social Science Research Network, https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/left-out-of-the-left-behind-ethnic-minority-support-for-brexit
The use of the acronym BAME in reference to Black Asian Minority Ethnic groups has garnered much criticism. This led the government to stop using it following the recommendation of the Commission on Race and Ethnic Disparities’ Inclusive Britain, published in 2022. It was explained that the acronym has often been used as a proxy for non-White, thus having a divisive connotation.
Nicole S. Martin and Khan, “Ethnic Minorities at the 2017 British General Election”, London: Runnymede Trust, 2019.
This category includes Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, Chinese and other Asians (census 2021).
Begum, Neema (2018), “Minority ethnic attitudes and the 2016 EU referendum” in Brexit and Public Opinion, The UK in a changing Europe, https://ukandeu.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Public-Opinion.pdf
The question of religious affiliation has been included as a voluntary question in the census since 2001. Data show an increase in British Muslims’ diversity. While Asian Muslims form the majority of British Muslims at 67.6%, British Muslims also include ‘other ethnicities’ such as Arabs and other ethnic groups (10,7%), followed by Black Muslims (10,1 %) and White Muslims (7,8%). The Muslim Asian population is subdivided as follows: 38 % are Pakistanis, 14.9% are Bangladeshis and 7.3% are Indians. Being a ‘Muslim’ can have different meanings and realities. For the purposes of this article, we use it in its broader sense; that is anyone who identifies with the Islamic religion. It should also be noted that being a Pakistani person does not necessarily imply identification with Islam. Although the vast majority of Pakistani and Bangladeshi people describe themselves as Muslims, a small proportion identifies with other religions or atheism.
Lord Ashcroft Polls (2016), “How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday… and why” https://lordashcroftpolls.com/2016/06/how-the-united-kingdom-voted-and-why/, accessed in August 2023.
Kolpinskaya, Ekaterina et Fox, Stuart (2021), Religion and Euroscepticism in Brexit Britain, London, Routledge.
In this article, ‘Euroscepticism’ is understood in its broader sense as ‘a generalized hostility to the European Union, the principle of European integration, or some specific element of it, that manifests itself in either dissatisfaction with EC/EU membership or support for leaving the organization’, Kolpinskaya et Fox, ibid., p. 17.
Sobolewska, Maria et Ford, Robert (2020) Brexitland, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Dawson, Michael C. (1995), Behind the Mule. Race and class in African American politics, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Ibid.
Ibid., p. 6.
Sanders, David, Heath, Anthony et al. (2013), “The calculus of ethnic minority voting in Britain”, Political Studies, vol. 62, n°2, pp. 230-251.
Ibid., p. 6.
Ibid., p. 6.
Ibid, p. 45.
Dawson, Michael C. (1995), op. cit.
The word Umma has specifically been used to explain Muslims’ strong opposition to British foreign policy in Iraq. See, for instance, Archer, Toby (2009), “Welcome to the Umma: The British State and its Muslim citizens since 9/11”, Cooperation and Conflict, vol.44, n°3, pp. 329-347.
Tellmama Report (2023), “A decade of anti-Muslim hate”, https://tellmamauk.org/a-decade-of-anti-muslim-hate/
Sobolewska et Ford (2020), op. cit. p. 342.
James Ker-Lindsay (2018), “Turkey’s EU accession as a factor in the 2016 Brexit referendum”, Turkish Studies, vol. 19, n°1, pp. 1-22.
BBC (2016), “EU referendum: Row over Turkey’s membership bid escalates”, www.BBC.com
Omar Khan et Debbie Weekes-Bernard (2015), “This is still about us: Why ethnic minorities see immigration differently”, Runnymede Report on Race and Immigration, p. 20.
Ibid.
Begum, Neema, op. cit.
Khan, Omar et Weekes-Bernard, Debbie (2015), “This is till about us: Why ethnic minorities see immigration differently”, Runnymede Report on Race and Immigration, 2015, p. 3. https://www.runnymedetrust.org/publications/this-is-still-about-us-why-ethnic-minorities-see-immigration-differently
Parekh, Bhikhu (2008), “European Liberalism and ‘the Muslim Question’”, Leiden, Amsterdam University Press, , retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/12641
Betz, Henri (2008), “‘Green Totalitarianism’”: Anti-Islamic nativism in Contemporary Radical Rights Populism in Western Europe”, in C. Liang (ed.), Europe for the Europeans: The Foreign and Security Policy of the Radical Right, Abingdon, Routledge, pp. 33-54.
Although the use of the word ‘Islamophobia’ has attracted much criticism in France and has inspired heated and passionate debates, Britain and the EU have used the word in many contexts to refer to the discrimination and harassment experienced by Muslims. See, for instance, “Combating anti-Muslim hatred in the EU” https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2018/630305/EPRS_ATA(2018)630305_EN.pdf
Stevenson, Jacqueline et Demack, Sean et al. (2017), “The Social Mobility Challenges Faced by Young Muslims”, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/642220/Young_Muslims_SMC.pdf (accessed in August 2023)
Frampton, Martyn, Goodhart, David et al. (2016),“Unsettled belonging: a survey of Britain’s Muslim communities”, Policy Exchange, p. 8, https://policyexchange.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/PEXJ5037_Muslim_Communities_FINAL.pdf
European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (2006), “Muslims in the European Union. Discrimination and Islamophobia”, p. 3. https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/49997affd.pdf
Schlipphak, Bernd et Ali Isani, Mujtaba (2019), “Muslim attitudes towards the European Union”, London, Routledge.
The Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA) is an independent body of the EU, and was established to provide assistance and expertise on fundamental rights matters to the EU and its member states when implementing community law. The aim is to fully support fundamental rights when they take measures or formulate courses of action.
RightsWatchUK, (2016) Preventing education? Human Rights and UK counter-terrorism in schools. https://www.rightsandsecurity.org/ Accessed in August 2023.
Ni Aolain, Fionnuala (2021), “Human Rights impact of counter-terrorism and countering (violent) extremism policies and practices on the rights of women, girls and the family”, Human Rights Council, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3901287?ln=es. Last accessed in August 2023.
Gani, Aisha (2016), “Here’s what Muslims who backed Brexit think now”, www.buzzfeed.co.uk
Quoted in Begum, Neema (2023), op. cit.
Ipos Mori (2018), “A review of survey research on Muslims in Britain” https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/publication/documents/2018-03/a-review-of-survey-research-on-muslims-in-great-britain-ipsos_0.pdf (accessed in August 2023).
Economist/Ipsos Issues Index (May 2016), https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/economist-ipsos-may-2016-issues-index
The Economist/ Ipsos Issues index (2015), https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/economistipsos-august-2015-issues-index (Last accessed in August 2023).
Frampton, Martyn, Goodhart, David et al. “Unsettled belonging: a survey of Britain’s Muslim communities”, op. cit.
The Points-Based System was adopted completely in 2010 and was divided into five separate tiers. To be eligible for a visa, the applicant was required to score the necessary points-based threshold. A work visa was granted on the basis of many criteria including skills and ability, experience and age.
Khan, Omar et Weekes-Bernard, Debbie (2015), op. cit., p. 8.
Parveen, Nazia (2016) “Why do some ethnic minority voters want to leave the EU? The Guardian.
Pickard, Jim (2016), “Vote leave woos British Asians with migration leaflets”, The Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/94adcefa-1dd5-11e6-a7bc-ee846770ec15
Ibid., p. 3.
Majeed, Naheed (2016), “Why British Muslims should vote to leave the EU”, The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/eureferendum/12150386/Why-British-Muslims-should-vote-to-leave-the-EU.html
Labour In for Britain (2016) “There is no doubt: ethnic minority Britons benefit from Britain’s EU membership”, open letter by 20 BME Labour MPs, http://www.rushanaraali.org/there-is-no-doubt-ethnic-minority-britons-benefit-from-britains-eu-membership/
Ford, Robert et Goodwin, Matthew, (2015), op.cit.
ons.gov.uk accessed in August 2023
The religious affiliation is a voluntary question that was included in the Census for the first time in 2001.
Parveen, Nazia, op. cit.
McCann, Philip et Ortega-Argiles, Raquel (2021), “The UK ‘geography of discontent’: narratives, Brexit and inter-regional ‘levelling up’”, Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, vol. 14, n°13, pp. 545-564. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsab017
Martin, Nicole S., Sobolewska, Maria et al. “Left out of the left behind? Ethnic minority support for Brexit”, op. cit.
Mayor of London, (2018), “Inclusive London. The Mayor’s strategy for equality, diversity and inclusion”, https://www.london.gov.uk/programmes-strategies/communities-and-social-justice/mayors-strategy-equality-diversity-and-inclusion
Pickard, Jim,“Vote leave woos British Asians with migration leaflets”, op. cit.
Majeed, Naheed, (2016), “Why British Muslims should vote to leave the EU”, op. cit.
He organised many conferences on Islam and the free market to demonstrate that the EU was opposed to Islam’s economic principles. See, for instance, his blog “Islam has its own indigenous free-market tradition” https://conservativehome.com/2017/12/21/daniel-hannan-islam-has-its-own-indigenous-free-market-tradition/ accessed in August 2023.
Ibid.
EU referendum: Conservative MP Nusrat Ghani makes the case for Leave, https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-politics-36389960 accessed in August 2023.
Versi, Miqdaad (2016), “For British Muslims, there’s only one choice on Europe: vote remain”, 29 March 2016, The Guardian,
Labour In for Britain, op. cit.
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