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Morris Steven, “Welsh road building projects stopped after failing climate review”, The Guardian, 14-02-2023, available via https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/feb/14/welsh-road-building-projects-stopped-failing-climate-review, accessed in March 2023.
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Notes
Commission on the UK’s Future, A New Britain: Renewing our Democracy and Rebuilding our Economy, London, December 2022, p. 19.
Ibid., p. 6.
Theresa May, Speech on the Union, Stirling, 04-07-2019, available via https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-speech-on-the-union-4-july-2019, accessed in July 2019.
Philip Rycroft occupied such a position from October 2017 to March 2019, the date of original Brexit. He was recently an adviser to the Brown Commission.
Philip Rycroft, Brexit, Devolution and the General Election, Annual lecture to the Wales Governance Centre, 09-12-2019, p. 5, available via https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/wales-governance-centre/publications/governance-and-constitution, accessed in March 2020.
Boris Johnson, in Libby Brooks, Jessica Elgot & Simon Murphy, “Devolution ‘a disaster north of the border’, says Boris Johnson”, The Guardian, 16-11-2020, available via https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/nov/16/scotland-devolution-a-disaster-north-of-the-border-says-boris-johnson, accessed in November 2020.
See Levelling Up the United Kingdom, Policy Paper, 02-02-2022, available via https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/levelling-up-the-united-kingdom, accessed in March 2022.
HM Government, Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities, Levelling Up the United Kingdom: executive summary, White Paper, London, 2022, p. 5.
Ibid., p. 8.
Ibid., p. 9.
The application process, a source of “local pride” according to Neil O’Brien, the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Levelling Up, the Union and Constitution, entails competition between local authorities, not just in Wales, but all over the United Kingdom.
David Deans and Felicity Evans, “’Levelling up’: What does it mean for Wales?”, BBC Wales, 02-02-2022, available via https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-60218482, accessed in February 2022.
They also insist on the fact that the UK Government has not kept its promise that Wales would not see a cut in its funding when it could no longer receive EU funds of around £375 m a year. According to Dr Jack Watkins, the Foundational Economy Project Lead at the Institute of Welsh Affairs, 2022 will see a cut of around £260 m. See Jack Watkins, “’Levelling Up’ in Wales”, 2021 Virtual Economic Summit, IWA, 31-11-2021.
A Welsh Government spokesman, in BBC, “UK Treasury to control ‘levelling up’ cash for Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland”, 24-02-2021, available via https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-56181547, accessed in February 2022.
Levelling Up the United Kingdom: executive summary, op. cit., p. 13.
BBC, “New UK economic aid plan to give Wales £600m over three years”, 13-04-2022, available via https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-61080521, accessed in April 2022.
Loc. cit.
Michael Gove, in BBC, op. cit.
Vaughan Gething, “Written Statement: Confirmation of Welsh Government’s position on the UK Government’s Shared Prosperity Fund prospectus”, 07-06-2022, available via https://www.gov.wales/written-statement-confirmation-welsh-governments-position-uk-governments-shared-prosperity-fund, accessed in July 2022.
Levelling Up the United Kingdom: executive summary, op. cit., pp. 10-11.
Prime Minister Rishi Sunak announced the scrapping of the northern leg of HS2 from Birmingham to Manchester at the Conservative Party conference in the city on 4 October 2023.
See https://www.hs2.org.uk/what-is-hs2/hs2-project-update/.
The Barnett formula applies only to expenditure on issues for which the devolved administrations (as opposed to UK central government) are responsible. Its principle is that any increase (or reduction) in expenditure in England will automatically lead to a proportionate increase called consequentials (or reduction) in resources for the devolved governments in Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.
See The Independent Commission on the Constitutional Future of Wales, Interim Report, Table 1: The Departmental comparability factors, 2021 Spending Review, Cardiff, p. 105.
House of Commons Welsh Affairs Select Committee, Railway Infrastructure in Wales, London, House of Commons, HC 438, 14-07-2021, p. 5.
Wales Governance Centre, Written Evidence to the HC Welsh Affairs Select Committee, March 2021, RIWO0019, available via https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/23492/html/, accessed in March 2023.
Geraint Davies, MP for Swansea West, Transport Funding: Wales and HS2, UK Parliament, London, Hansard, Vol. 702, debated on 26 October 2021, available via https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2021-10-26/debates/B6E8A268-F11B-4711-8315-E4D36A0603BC/TransportFundingWalesAndHS2, accessed in May 2023.
See Wales Governance Centre, op. cit., in a part entitled “Where does responsibility lie for rail infrastructure in Wales?”: “While the devolved settlement over rail has changed immeasurably since the beginning of devolution in 1999, it remains the case that rail infrastructure is not devolved to Wales. Legislative competence for railway services (in this case including passenger and freight services, and network services covering infrastructure) is reserved by the UK government in the Government of Wales Act 2006 (as amended by the Wales Act 2017), and are further subject to the Railways Act 2005. However, the relevant reservation contains an exception that permits the Welsh Government to provide financial assistance to railway services, and this flexibility includes rail infrastructure.”
Iain McLean, “Can muscular unionism save the Union?”, The Constitution Unit, 03-11-2022, Constitution Unit blog, available via https://constitution-unit.com/2022/11/03/can-muscular-unionism-save-the-union/, accessed in March 2023.
Loc. cit.
The Sewel Convention was named after the Government Minister, Lord Sewel, who set out the terms of the UK Government’s stated policy on legislation concerning devolved matters during debates in the House of Lords for the passage of the Scotland Bill 1997-1998 on 21 July 1998. It was then applied to Wales and Northern Ireland.
This expression was coined by Ailsa Henderson, a Professor of Political Science at the University of Edinburgh. See Ailsa Henderson and Richard Wyn Jones, The Ambivalent Union, a report published by the Institute for Public Policy Research, September 2023.
This was well illustrated in the press conferences Boris Johnson held during the Covid-19 pandemic. He very often made announcements without specifying they only concerned England since health is a devolved matter. See Stéphanie Bory, “’I am sure Aneurin Bevan would be turning in his grave’, Covid-19 in Wales: highlighting a dysfunctional system”, in The British Isles, the Commonwealth and the Covid Epidemic – Political Divisions, Diplomatic, Economic and Societal Realignments, Philippe Brillet and Louise Dalingwater (eds), RFCB, to be published in 2024.
Iain McLean, “‘Muscular unionism’ is actually imperialism”, The Times, 13-09-2022, available via https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/muscular-unionism-is-actually-imperialism-ljscd5vrf, accessed in March 2023.
In 2014, Boris Johnson published his biography of Churchill entitled The Churchill Factor, How one man made history, London, Hodder&Stoughton, in which he celebrated Britain’s former leader and war hero.
Chris Deerin, “Boris Johnson’s ‘muscular unionism’ will only drive Scotland further towards independence”, The New Statesman, 10-06-2021, available via https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2021/06/boris-johnson-s-muscular-unionism-will-only-drive-scotland-further-towards, accessed in March 2023.
Oliver Dowden, in BBC, “UK Government buildings to fly union flag every day”, 25-03-2021, available via https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-56514501, accessed in March 2023.
Peter Mandelson, in Tim Adams, “Patriot games when flying the union jack has become so contentious”, The Guardian, 28-03-2021, available via https://www.theguardian.com/focus/2021/mar/28/patriot-games-why-flying-the-union-jack-has-become-so-contentious, accessed in March 2023.
Liz Saville Roberts, in BBC, op. cit.
Mabon ap Gwynfor, in Ben Summer, “All Wales’ political parties unite to call on the UK Government to reclassify HS2 as England-only”, WalesOnline, 27-04-2023, available via https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/senedd-unites-tell-uk-government-26789752?utm_source=wales_online_newsletter&utm_campaign=politics_newsletter2&utm_medium=email, accessed in April 2023.
Richard Wyn Jones, “Mark Drakeford – the anti-Boris Johnson who surprised us all”, The Guardian, 06-09-2021, available via https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/sep/06/mark-drakeford-boris-johnson-covid-welsh-first-minister, accessed in March 2023. Richard Wyn Jones, the Director of the Wales Governance Centre, presented Mark Drakeford as “a politician whose focus is almost exclusively on domestic politics”.
Welsh Government, Reforming our Union: shared governance in the United Kingdom, Cardiff, Welsh Government, 2019, p. 12.
Roger Awan-Scully, “The Citizen State: Identity and Power in Welsh Politics”, a podcast recorded on 8 February 2021 et broadcast on 4 March 2021, a few days before the Welsh elections, in the series Breaking Britain: A Podcast about the Politics of a Disunited Kingdom, produced by Europe’s Borderlands Research Group, King’s College London and presented by Russell Foster and Alex Clarkson, available via https://podtail.com/fr/podcast/breaking-britain-a-podcast-about-the-politics-of-a/the-citizen-state-identity-and-power-in-welsh-poli/, consulted in March 2023.
Mark Drakeford, Speech to the Welsh Labour conference in Llandudno, 11-03-2023, available via https://labourlist.org/2023/03/drakeford-to-welsh-labour-conference-2023-its-time-to-make-that-difference/, accessed in March 2023.
Loc. cit.
Loc. cit.
Mick Antoniw MS, Alun Burge, Sue Essex, Owen Gareth Hughes, David Hume and Alan Simpson, We, the People: The Case for Radical Federalism, Cardiff, March 2021.
Mark Drakeford, in BBC, “Mark Drakeford says UK must be radically redrawn to survive”, 14-01-2021, available via https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-55649017, accessed in March 2023.
Mark Drakeford, in Severin Carrell, “UK could break up unless it is rebuilt as ‘solidarity union’, says Mark Drakeford”, The Guardian, 29-05-2023, available via https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/may/29/uk-could-break-up-unless-it-is-rebuilt-as-solidarity-union-says-mark-drakeford, accessed in May 2023.
In a joint mission statement, the Alliance declared: “There is a UK-wide demand for change. We recognise the urgent need for working together – locally, regionally and nationally across the UK – to reform our constitution so we can deal with the current economic and social challenges faced in every area of our country. To that effect we are creating the Alliance for Radical Democratic Change to implement wide-ranging proposals for the reform of the UK – to end the centralisation of power in Whitehall and Westminster, to devolve effective economic and social powers to the regions and nations, to make our cities and regions centres of initiative for full employment and good jobs, and to ensure co-ordination between all levels of government to achieve a fairer, greener and wealthier Britain, in which each nation and region enjoys the respect it deserves.” See “Mark Drakeford joins group of Labour politicians to campaign for UK reform”, ITVx, 02-06-2023, available via https://www.itv.com/news/wales/2023-06-02/mark-drakeford-joins-group-of-labour-politicians-to-campaign-for-uk-reform, accessed in June 2023.
Liz Saville-Roberts, in “Sunak accused of carrying out ‘Great Welsh Train Robbery’”, Nation.cymru, 26-04-2023, available via https://nation.cymru/news/sunak-accused-of-carrying-out-great-welsh-train-robbery/, accessed in April 2023. She declared: “Incredibly any traveller wanting to go by train from north to south Wales has to go via England, linking Wales north to south would cost £2bn. Now the PM talks about running away with other people’s money but his Government is depriving Wales to the tune of £6bn by ruling that north-south England rail links, like HS2, somehow benefit Wales? Will he plead guilty to the Great Welsh Train Robbery?”. The very expression recalls the robbery of £2.3 million (about £38 million today) from a Royal Mail train heading from Glasgow to London on the West Coast Main Line in the early hours of 8 August 1963 at Bridego Railway Bridge, Ledburn, near Mentmore in Buckinghamshire, England.
In June 2021, the Welsh government announced the freezing of all new road building projects as part of its plans to tackle the climate emergency. More than 50 schemes were then reassessed by an expert roads review panel and, in February 2023, it was revealed that only 15 were to go ahead in their original form. See Steven Morris, “Welsh road building projects stopped after failing climate review”, The Guardian, 14-02-2023, available via https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/feb/14/welsh-road-building-projects-stopped-failing-climate-review, accessed in March 2023.
Luke Fletcher, in Ben Summer, op. cit.
Bannau means “peaks” and “Brycheiniog” refers to the old kingdom of Wales’s 5th century ruler Brychan, so the new name means “the peaks of Brychan’s kingdom”. The national park authorities added the new name was also a response to the climate crisis and the park’s concern for the environment, as opposed to the industrial heritage represented by the name “beacons”. The authority also ditched the image of a burning beacon from its logo. It was similarly decided in November 2022 to call the national park of Snowdonia by its Welsh name, Eryri National Park.
Rishi Sunak, in Will Hayward, “Rishi Sunak says the people of Wales are ‘guinea pigs in Labour’s socialist experiment’”, WalesOnline, 28-04-2023, available via https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/rishi-sunak-says-people-wales-26805487, accessed in April 2023.
Loc. cit.
Loc. cit.
Andrew RT Davies, in BBC, “Rishi Sunak: New PM a friend to Wales – top Welsh story”, 24-10-2022, available via https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-63377294, accessed in March 2023.
Ailsa Henderson & Richard Wyn Jones, op. cit., p. 7.
Iain McLean, “Can muscular unionism save the Union?”, op. cit.
Commission on the UK’s Future, op. cit., p. 6.
Ibid., p. 11.
Ibid., p. 7.
Ibid., p. 14.
Keir Starmer, in Will Hayward, “Keir Starmer refuses to commit to Wales getting share of HS2 funding”, WalesOnline, 11-03-2023, available via https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/kier-starmer-refuses-commit-wales-26448126, accessed in March 2023.
See Ailsa Henderson & Richard Wyn Jones, op. cit., p. 50.
Luke Fletcher, in Will Hayward, op. cit.
Iain McLean, “‘Muscular unionism’ is actually imperialism”, op. cit.
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