Aiello L. 1996. Terrestriality, Bipedalism and the Origin of Language. Proceedings of the British Academy 88: 269-289.
Alemseged Z, Spoor F, Kimbel WH, Bobe R, Geraads D, Reed D, Wynn JG. 2006. A juvenile early hominin skeleton from Dikika, Ethiopia. Nature 443: 296-301.
Backéus I, Pettersson B, Strömquist L, Ruffo C. 2006. Tree communities and structural dynamics in miombo (Brachystegia-Julbernadia) woodland, Tanzania. Forest ecology and Management 230: 171-178.
Bamford M, Senut B, Pickford M. 2013. The fossil leaves from Lukeino, a 6-million-year old Formation in the Baringo Basin, Kenya. Geobios 46: 253-272.
Bedaso ZK, Wynn J, Alemseged Z, Geraads D. 2013. Dietary and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction using stable isotopes of herbivore tooth enamel from middle Pliocene Dikika, Ethiopia: implication for Australopithecus afarensis habitat and food resources. Journal of Human Evolution 64: 21-38.
Berger LR, de Ruiter DJ, Churchill SE, Schmid P, Carlson KJ, Dirks PHGM, Kibii JM. 2010. Australopithecus sediba: A New Species of Homo-Like Australopith from South Africa. Science 328: 195-204.
Bonnefille R. 2010. Cenozoic vegetation, climate changes and hominid evolution in tropical Africa. Global Planet Changes 72: 390-411.
Bonnefille R, Vincens A. 1985. Apport de la palynologie à l’environnement des Hominidés d’Afrique orientale. In L’environnement des hominidés au Plio-Pléistocène Colloque international de la Fondation Singer Polignac (pp. 238-277). Paris, Masson.
Brain C, Mitchell D. 1999. Body Temperature Changes in Free-ranging Baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus) in the Namib Desert, Namibia. International Journal of Primatology 20(4): 585-598.
Brunet M, Guy F, Pilbeam D, Mackaye H. et al. 2002. A new hominid from the upper Miocene of Chad, central Africa. Nature 418: 145-151.
Carpenter CR. 1940. A field study in Siam of the behavior and social relations of the gibbon (Hylobates lar). Comparative Psychology Monographs 16 (5): 1-212.
Carrier DR. 2011. The Advantage of Standing Up to Fight and the Evolution of Habitual Bipedalism in Hominins. PLoS ONE 6(5): e19630.
van Casteren A, Oelze VM, Angedakin S, Kalan AK, Kambi M, Boesch C, Kühl HS. et al. 2018. Food mechanical properties and isotopic signatures in forest versus savannah dwelling eastern chimpanzees. Communications Biology 1: 1-10.
Cerling TE, Harris JM, MacFadden BJ, Leakey MG, Quade J, Eisenmann V, Ehleringer JR. 1997. Global vegetation changes through the Miocene–Pliocene boundary, Nature 289: 153-158.
Cerling TE, Wang Y, Quade J. 1993. Expansion of C4 ecosystems as an indicator of global ecological change in the Late Miocene, Nature 361: 344-345.
Cerling TE, Wynn JG, Andanje SA, Bird MI, Korir DK, Levin NE, Mace W. et al. 2011.Woody cover and hominin environments in the past 6 million years. Nature 476, 51-56.
Chedumayo E, Marunda C. 2010. Dry Forests and Woodlands in Sub-Saharan Africa: Context and Challenges. In EN Chidumayo & DJ Gumbo (Eds), The Dry Forests and Woodlands of Africa - Managing for Products and Service (pp. 1-9). London, Earthscan.
Chitayat AB, Wich SA, Lewis M, Stewart FA, Piel AK. 2021. Ecological correlates of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) density in Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. PLoS ONE 16(2): e0246628.
Clarke RJ. 2013. Australopithecus from Sterkfontein Caves, South Africa. In KE Reed, JG Fleagle, REF Leakey (Eds.), The Paleobiology of Australopithecus. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology (pp. 105-123). Dordrecht, Springer Science+Business Media.
Clarke RJ. 2019. Excavation, reconstruction and taphonomy of the StW 573 Australopithecus prometheus skeleton from Sterkfontein Caves, South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution 127: 41-53.
Coppens Y. 1983. Les plus anciens fossiles d’Hominidés. In Recent Advances in the Evolution of Primates. Rome,Vatican. PontificiaeAcademiae Scientiarium Scripta varia 50: 29-53.
Coppens Y. (Ed.) 1985. L’environnement des hominidés au Plio-Pléistocène. In 1982 Colloque International de la Fondation Singer Polignac. Paris, Masson.
Coppens Y. 1986. Evolution de l’homme. La Vie des Sciences, Comptes rendus 3(3): 227-243.
Coppens Y, Senut B. (Eds.) 1991. Origine (s) de la bipédie chez les hominidés. Paris, CNRS.
Crompton RH, Vereecke EE, Thorpe SKS. 2008. Locomotion and posture from the common hominoid ancestor to fully modern hominins, with special reference to the last common panin/hominin ancestor. Journal of Anatomy 212: 501-543.
Crompton RH, Yu L, Weijie W, Günther M, Savage R. 1998. The mechanical effectiveness of erect and ‘‘bent-hip, bent-knee’’ bipedal walking in Australopithecus afarensis. Journal of Human Evolution 35, 55-74.
Dart R. 1925. Australopithecus africanus: The Man-Ape of South Africa. Nature 115: 195-199.
Dart R. 1949. The predatory implemental technique of Australopithecus. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 7: 1-38.
Darwin C. 1871. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. London: Murray.
Dechamps R, Senut B, Pickford M. 1992. Fruits fossiles pliocènes et pléistocènes du Rift occidental ougandais. Signification paléoenvironnementale. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris série II 314: 325-331.
Dericquebourg P, Person A, Ségalen L, Pickford M, Senut B, Fagel N. 2015. Environmental significance of Upper Miocene phosphorites at hominid sites in the Lukeino Formation (Tugen Hills, Kenya). Sedimentary Geology 327: 43-54.
Dominguez-Rodrigo M. 2014. Is the “Savanna Hypothesis” a Dead Concept for Explaining the Emergence of the Earliest Hominins? Current Anthropology 55(1): 59-81.
Druelle F, Berillon G. 2014. Bipédie chez les primates non humains. Bilan croisé des recherches comportementales et expérimentales sur les catarrhiniens. Bulletin de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris 26: 1-10.
Druelle F, Özçelebi J, Marchal F, Berillon G. sous presse. Development of bipedal walking in olive baboons, Papio anubis: A kinematic analysis. American Journal of Biological Anthropology 16p
Elftman H. 1944. The bipedal walking of the chimpanzee. Journal of Mammalogy 25: 67-71.
Elftman H, Manter J. 1935. Chimpanzee and human feet in bipedal walking. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 20: 69-79.
Elton S. 2008. The environmental context of human evolutionary history in Eurasia and Africa. Journal of Anatomy 212(4) 377-393.
Falk D. 1990. Brain evolution in Homo: the “radiator theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13: 333-344.
Frost P. 1996. The ecology of miombo woodlands. In B Campbell (Ed.), The Miombo in Transition: Woodlands and Welfare in Africa (pp. 11-58). Bogor, CIFOR.
Fleagle JG, Lieberman DE. 2015. Major Transformations in the Evolution of Primate Locomotion. In KP Dial, N Shubin, EL Brainerd (Eds), Great Transformations in Vertebrate Evolution (pp. 257-278). Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Gambiza J, Chidumayo E, Prins H, Fritz H, Nyathi P. 2010. Livestock and Wildlife. In EN Chidumayo & DJ Gumbo (Eds.), The Dry Forests and Woodlands of Africa Managing for Products and Services (pp. 179-204). London, Earthscan.
Gommery D. 1998. Axe vertébral, Hominoidea fossiles et posture orthograde : préambule à la bipédie. Primatologie 1: 135-160.
Gommery D. 2006. Evolution of the vertebral column in Miocene hominoids and Plio-Pleistocene hominids. In H Ishida, R Tuttle, M Pickford, N Ogihara, M Nakatsukasa (Eds.), Human Origins and Environmental Backgrounds. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects (pp. 31-43). Boston, Springer.
Gommery D, Senut B. 2006. La phalange distale du pouce d’Orrorin tugenensis, Miocène supérieur des Tugen Hills, Kenya. Geobios 39: 372-384.
Goodall J. 1998. Through a window: my thirty years with the chimpanzees of Gombe. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
Gregory WK. 1930. The origins of man from a brachiating anthropoid stock. Science XXVIII (1-4): 22-56.
Haile-Selassie J. 2001. Late Miocene hominids from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature 412: 178-181.
Harcourt-Smith WEH. 2013. The origin of bipedal locomotion. In W Henke & I Tattersall (Eds.), Handbook of Paleoanthropology. Berlin Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag.
Harrison T. 2010. Apes among the tangled branches of human origins. Science 327: 532-534.
Hayama S, Nakatsukasa M, Kunimatsu Y. 1992. Monkey performance: the development of bipedalism in trained Japanese monkeys. Acta Anatomica Nipponica 67(3): 169-185.
Hewes GW. 1961. Food transport and the origins of hominid bipedalism. American Anthropologist 63: 687-710.
Hooton E. 1946. Up from the Ape. New York, The MacMillan Company.
Hotton F, Leguebe A, Louryan S. 1984. L'acquisition de la marche bipède, témoin de l'hominisation. Acta belgica medica physica 7(4): 121-126.
Howell FC. 1965. Early Man. Amsterdam, Time-Life International.
Hunt K. 1994. The evolution of human bipedality: ecology and functional morphology. Journal of Human Evolution 26: 183-202.
Hunt K. 1996. The postural feeding hypothesis: an ecological model for the evolution of bipedalism. South African Journal of Science 92: 77-90.
Hunt K. 2016. Why are we apes? Evidence for co-evolution of ape and monkey ecomorphology. Journal of Anatomy 228: 630-685.
Iida EG, Idani G, Ogawa H. 2012. Mammalian fauna of the miombo forest in the Ugalla area, Western Tanzania. African Study Monographs 33 (4): 253-270.
Ishida H. 1991. A strategy for long distance walking in the earliest hominids: Effect of posture on energy expenditure during bipedal walk. In Y Coppens & B Senut (Eds.), Origine (s) de la bipédie chez les hominidés (pp. 9-15). Paris, CNRS.
Ishida H, Kimura T, Okada M, Yamazaki N. 1984. Kinesiological aspects of bipedal walking in gibbons. In H Preuschoft, DJ Chivers, WY Brockelman & N Creel (Eds.), The Lesser Apes: Evolutionary and Behavioural Biology (pp. 135-145). Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press.
Jacobs B. 2004. Palaeobotanical studies from tropical Africa: relevance to the evolution of forest, woodland and savannah biomes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 359:1573-1583.
Jacques L, Ogle N, Moussa I, Kalin R, Vignaud P, Brunet M, Bocherens H. 2008. Implications of diagenesis for the isotopic analysis of Upper Miocene large mammalian herbivore tooth enamel from Chad. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 266 (3-4): 200-210.
Johanson DC, White TD, Coppens Y. 1978. A new species of the genus Australopithecus (Primates: Hominidae) from the Pliocene of eastern Africa. Kirtlandia 28: 1-14.
Jolly CF. 1970. The seed-eaters: a new model of hominid differentiation based on a baboon analogy. Man 5: 5-28.
Kalan AK, Kulik L, Arandjelovic M. et al. 2020. Environmental variability supports chimpanzee behavioural diversity. Nature Communications 11: 4451.
Keith A. 1923. Man’s posture: its evolution and disorders. British Medical Journal 1: 669-672.
Kimura T. 2019. How did humans acquire erect bipedal walking? Anthropological Science 127(1): 1-12.
Kimura T, Yaguramaki N. 2009. Development of bipedal walking in humans and chimpanzees: a comparative study. Folia Primatologica 80: 45-62.
King G, Bailey G. 2006. Tectonics and human evolution. Antiquity 80, 265-286.
Kondo S, Ishida H. 1971. Bipedalism in Japanese macaque. In Proceedings of the 1st Symposium on Posture (pp. 209-216), Tokyo, Shisei Kenkyusho.
Köppen W, Wegener A. 1924. Die Klimate der geologischen Vorzeit. Borntraeger, Berlin. (Jörn Thiede J, Lochte K, Dummermuth A. (eds) The Climates of the Geological Past. Die Klimate der geologischen Vorzeit-Reproduction of the original German edition and complete English translation. Faksimile-Nachdruck der deutschen Originalausgabe und komplette englische Neuübersetzung.
Kortlandt A. 1972. New Perspectives on Ape and Human Evolution. Amsterdam, Stichting voor Psychobiologie, 100 pp.
Kramer PA. 1999. Modelling the locomotor energetics of extinct hominids. Journal of Experimental Biology 202: 2807-2818.
Lamarck JB de. 1809. Philosophie zoologique. Dentu, Paris.
Lee-Thorp J, Likius A, Mackaye HT, Vignaud P, Sponheimer M, Brunet M. 2012. Isotopic evidence for an early shift to C₄ resources by Pliocene hominins in Chad. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 109(50): 20369-20372.
Lee-Thorp JA, Thackeray JF, van der Merwe NJ (2000). The hunters and the hunted
revisited. Journal of Human Evolution 39(6): 565–576.
Lieberman DE. 2015. Human Locomotion and Heat Loss: An evolutionary Perspective. Comprehensive Physiology 5: 99-117.
Lüdecke T, Kullmer O, Wacker U, Sandrock O, Fiebig J, Schrenk F, Mulch A. 2018 Dietary versatility of Early Pleistocene hominins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 115(52): 13330-13335.
Luyt CJ, Lee-Thorp JA. 2003. Carbon isotope ratios of Sterkfontein fossils indicate a marked shift to open environments c. 1.7 Myr ago. South -African Journal of Science 99: 271-273.
McHenry HM. 1974. Tempo and mode in human evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA 91(15): 6780-6.
MaquiaI CS, Pena AR, Brito DRA, Ribeiro NS, Romeiras MM, Ribeiro-Barros AI. 2019. Diversification of African Tree Legumes in Miombo–Mopane Woodlands Plants 8, 182.
Mbua E, Kusaka S, Kunimatsu Y, Geraads D, Sawada Y, Brown FH, Sakai T, Boisserie JR, Saneyoshii M, Omuombo C, Muteti S, Hirata T, Hayashida A, Iwano H, Danharan T, Bobe R, Jicha B, Nakatsukasa M. 2016. Kantis: A new Australopithecus site on the shoulders of the Rift Valley near Nairobi, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 94: 28-44.
Mitchell D, Fuller A, Maloney SK. 2009. Homeothermy and primate bipedalism: Is water shortage or solar radiation the main threat to baboon (Papio hamadryas) homeothermy? Journal of Human Evolution 56: 439-446.
Morton D. 1924. Evolution of the human foot. II. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 7: 1-52.
Nagano A, Umberger BR, Marzke MW, Gerritsen KGM. 2005. Neuromusculoskeletal Computer Modeling and Simulation of Upright, Straight-Legged, Bipedal Locomotion of Australopithecus afarensis (A.L. 288-1). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 126(1):2-13.
Nakatsukasa M. 2004. Acquisition of bipedalism: the Miocene hominoid record and modern analogues for bipedal protohominids. Journal of Anatomy 204: 385-402.
Napier JR. 1963. The locomotor functions of hominids. In SL Washburn (Ed.) Classification and Human Evolution (pp. 178-189). Londres, Methuen.
Napier JR. 1964. The evolution of bipedal walking in the hominids. Archives De Biologie (Liège) 75supp: 673-708.
Napier JH. 1967 The antiquity of the human walking. Scientific American 216(4): 56-67.
Nicolas G, Multon F, Berillon G, Marchal F. 2007. From bone to plausible bipedal locomotion using inverse kinematics. Journal of Human Evolution 40: 1048-1057.
Nicholson SE. 2017. Climate and climatic variability of rainfall over eastern Africa. Reviews of Geophysics 55: 590–635.
Oettli P, Camberlin P. 2005. Influence of the topography on monthly rainfall distribution over East Africa. Climate Research 28: 199-212.
Ogihara N, Yamazaki N. 2006. Computer Simulation of Bipedal Locomotion Toward Elucidating Correlations among Musculoskeletal Morphology, Energetics, and the Origin of Bipedalism. In H Ishida, R Tuttle, M Pickford, N Ogihara, M Nakatsukasa (Eds.), Human Origins and Environmental Backgrounds. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects (pp. 167-174). Boston, Springer.
Okada M, Kondo S 1980. Physical Strain of Bipedal versus Quadrupedal Gait in Primates. Journal of Human Ergology 9: 107-110.
Olson TR. 1978. Hominid Phylogenetics and the Existence of Homo in Member I of the Swartkrans Formation, South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution 7: 159-178.
Oxnard CE. 1975. The place of Australopithecines in human evolution: grounds for doubt? Nature 258: 389-395.
Pickford M. 1991. What caused the first steps toward the evolution of walkie-talkie primates? In Y Coppens, B Senut (Eds.), Origine (s) de la bipédie chez les hominidés (pp. 275-293). Paris, CNRS.
Pickford M, Senut B, Cheboi K. 2009. The Geology and Palaeontology of the Tugen Hills, Kenya: Rift tectonics, basin formation, volcanics and sediments. Geo-Pal Kenya 1: 4-133.
Pickford M, Senut B, Gommery D, Treil J. 2002. Concise review paper: Bipedalism in Orrorin tugenensis revealed by its femora. Palevol 1: 191-203.
Pickford M, Senut B, Hadoto D. 1993. The Geology and Palaeobiology of the Albertine Rift Valley, Uganda-Zaire. vol. 1: Geology, Publication Occasionnelle du CIFEG 24: 1-190.
Pontzer H, Brown MH, Wood BM, Raichlen DA, Mabulla AZ, Harris JA, Dunsworth H, Hare B, Walker K, Luke A. 2021. Evolution of water conservation in humans. Current Biology 31: 1804-1810. e1805.
Pontzer H, Raichlen DA, Sockol MD. 2009. The metabolic cost of walking in humans, chimpanzees, and early hominins. Journal of Human Evolution 56: 43-54.
Prost JH. 1967. Bipedalism of man and gibbon compared using estimates of joint motion. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 26: 135-148.
Prost JH. 1980. Origin of bipedalism. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 52: 175-189.
Rayner RJ, Moon BP, Masters JC. 1993. The Makapansgat australopithecine environment. Journal of Human Evolution 24(3):219-231.
Reed K. 1997 Early hominid evolution and ecological change through the African Plio-Pleistocene. Journal of Human Evolution 32(2–3): 289-322.
Richmond BG, Begun DR, Strait DS. 2001. Origin of human bipedalism: the knuckle-walking hypothesis revisited. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 44: 70-105.
Robinson JT. 1972. Early Hominid Posture and Locomotion. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.
Roche D, Ségalen L, Senut B, Pickford M. 2013. Stable isotope analyses of tooth enamel carbonate of large herbivores from the Tugen Hills deposits: palaeoenvironmental context of the earliest Kenyan hominids. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 381: 39-51.
Rodman PS, McHenry HM. 1980. Bioenergetics and the Origin of Hominid Bipedalism. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 52: 103-106.
Sarmiento E. 2010. Comment on the Paleobiology and Classification of Ardipithecus ramidus. Science 328: 1105-1106.
Schaller GB. 1963. The mountain gorilla. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Schmitt D. 2003. Insights into the evolution of human bipedalism from experimental studies of humans and other primates. The Journal of Experimental Biology 206: 1437-1448.
Schoeninger MJ, Moore J, Sept JM. 1999. Subsistence Strategies of Two “Savanna” Chimpanzee Populations: The Stable Isotope Evidence. American Journal of Primatology 49(4): 297-314.
Schwartz JH. 1984. On the evolutionary relationships of humans and orang-outans. Nature 308: 501-505.
Ségalen L, Lee-Thorp JA, Cerling T. 2007. Timing of C4 grass expansion across sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Human Evolution 53: 549-559.
Ségalen L., Renard M, Lee-Thorp, Emmanuel L, Le Callonnec L, de Rafélis M, Senut B, Pickford M, Melice JL. 2006. Neogene climate change and emergence of C4 grasses in the Namib, southwestern Africa, as reflected in ratite 13C and 18O, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 244: 725–734.
Senut B. 1981. L'humérus et ses articulations chez les Hominidés plio-pléistocènes. Cahiers de Paléontologie (Paléoanthropologie), Paris, Editions du C.N.R.S. 141p.
Senut B. 1989a. La locomotion des pré-Hominidés. In G. Giacobini (Ed.) Hominidae, Actes du 2ème Congrès de Paléontologie Humaine (pp. 53-60), Milan, Jaca Books.
Senut B. 1989b. Le coude des primates hominoïdes (Anatomie, fonction, taxonomie et évolution). Cahiers de Paléoanthropologie, Paris, Editions du C.N.R.S. 231 p.
Senut B. 2012. From hominid arboreality to hominid bipedalism. In SC. Reynolds, A. Gallagher (Eds) African genesis-Perspectives on hominin evolution, Cambridge (pp. 77-98), Cambridge University Press.
Senut B. 2016. Morphology and environment in some fossil Hominoids and Pedetids (Mammalia). Journal of Anatomy 228 (4): 700-715.
Senut B, Pickford M. (Eds.). 1994. The Geology and Palaeobiology of the Albertine Rift Valley, Uganda-Zaire. vol. 2: Palaeobiology, Publication Occasionnelle du CIFEG 29: 424 pages.
Senut B, Pickford M, Gommery D, Mein P, Cheboi K, Coppens Y. 2001. First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences Paris, sér IIa, 332: 137-144.
Senut B, Pickford M., Gommery G. Ségalen L. 2017. Palaeoenvironments and the origin of hominid bipedalism. Historical Biology 30(1-2), SI: Tribute to Percy Milton Butler, 284-296.
Senut B, Pickford M, Ségalen L. 2009. Neogene desertification of Africa. Comptes Rendus. Geoscience 341: 591-602.
Senut B, Ségalen L. 2014. Neogene palaeoenvironments of the Namib Desert: a brief synthesis. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 69 (3): 205-211.
Senut B, Tardieu C. 1985. Functional aspects of Plio-Pleistocene hominid limb bones: implications for taxonomy and phylogeny. In E Delson (Ed.), Ancestors: the Hard Evidence (pp. 193-201). New York, Alan R. Liss.
Shumba E, Chidumayo E, Gumbo D, Kambole C, Chishaleshale M. 2010. Biodiversity of Plants. In EN Chidumayo & DJ Gumbo (Eds.), The Dry Forests and Woodlands of Africa Managing for Products and Services (pp. 43-61). London, Earthscan.
Sockol MD, Raichlen DA, Pontzer H. 2007. Chimpanzee locomotor energetics and the origin of human bipedalism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104(30): 12265-12269.
Sponheimer M, Alemseged Z, Cerling TE, Grine FE, Kimbel WH, Leakey MG, Lee-Thorp JA. et al. 2013. Isotopic evidence of early hominin diets. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110: 10513-10518.
Sponheimer M., Lee-Thorp JA. 1999a. Oxygen Isotopes in Enamel Carbonate and their Ecological Significance. Journal of Archaeological Science 26: 723-728.
Sponheimer M, Lee-Thorp JA. 1999b. Isotopic evidence for the diet of an early hominid, Australopithecus africanus. Science 283: 368-369.
Sponheimer M, Lee-Thorp JA. 2006. Enamel diagenesis at South African Australopith sites: Implications for paleoecological reconstruction with trace elements. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70 : 1644-1654.
Sponheimer M, Leichliter JN, Paine OCC, De Ruiter DJ, Lee-Thorp JA. 2018. Paranthropus paleoenvironments in South Africa. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 165 (AAPA Annual Meeting Abstracts): 261.
Stanford CB. 2006. Arboreal Bipedalism in Wild Chimpanzees: Implications for the Evolution of Hominid Posture and Locomotion. American Journal of Physical anthropology 129: 225-231.
Stern JT Jr. 1976. Before bipedality. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 19: 59-68.
Stern JT. 2000. Climbing to the top: a personal memoir of Australopithecus afarensis. Evolutionary Anthropology 9: 113-133.
Stern JT Jr, Susman RL 1983. The locomotor anatomy of Australopithecus afarensis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 60: 279-317.
Steudel K. 1995. Limb Morphology, Bipedal Gait, and the Energetics of Hominid locomotion. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 99: 345-355.
Steudel-Numbers K, Tilkens MJ. 2004. The effect of lower limb length on the energetic cost of locomotion: implications for fossil hominins Journal of Human Evolution 47: 95-109.
Tagg N, Willie J, Petre CA, Haggis O. 2012. Ground Night Nesting in Chimpanzees: New Insights from Central Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in South-East Cameroon. Folia Primatologica 84: 362-383.
Tankard AJ, Rogers J. 1978. Late Cenozoic paleoenvironments on the west coast of Southern Africa. Journal of Biogeography 5: 319-337.
Tardieu C. 1983. L’articulation du genou. Analyse morpho-fonctionnelle chez les primates. Application aux hominidés fossiles. Cahiers de paléoanthropologie, Paris, Éditions du CNRS, Paris, 108 p.
Teodorides V, Mazouch P, Spicer RA, Uhl D. 2011. Refining CLAMP - Investigations towards improving the Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 299: 39-48.
Thorpe SKS, Holder RL, Crompton RH. 2010. Origin of Human Bipedalism as an Adaptation for Locomotion on Flexible Branches. Science 316: 1328-1331.
Timberlake J, Chidumayo E, Sawadogo L. 2010. Distribution and Characteristics of African Dry Forests and Woodlands. In EN Chidumayo & DJ Gumbo (Eds), The Dry Forests and Woodlands of Africa Managing for Products and Services (pp. 11-42). London, Earthscan.
Tuttle RH. 1969. Knuckle-Walking and the Problem of Human Origins. Science 166: 953-961.
Tuttle RH. 1975. Parallelism, brachiation and hominoid phylogeny. In WP Luckett, FS Szalay (Eds.). Phylogeny of the primates (pp. 447-480). New York, Plenum Press.
Tuttle RH. 1977. Naturalistic positional behaviour of apes and models of hominid evolution, 1929-1976. In Progress in Ape Research (pp. 277-296), New York, Academic Press.
Tuttle RH. 1981. Evolution of hominid bipedalism and prehensile capabilities. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 292: 89-94.
Tuttle RH, Cortright GW 1988. Positional Behavior, Adaptive Complexes, and Evolution. In JH Schwartz (Ed.) Orang-utan Biology (pp. 311-330). New York, Oxford University Press.
Ungar PS. 2015. Mammalian dental function and wear: A review. Biosurface and Biotribology 1: 25-41.
Van Zinderen Bakker EM. 1976. The evolution of late-Cenozoic palaeoclimates of southern Africa. Palaeoecology of Africa 9: 160-202.
Wackerly N. 2019. Thermo-imaging bipedalism on the savanna: Chimpanzee locomotion at Fongoli, Senegal and implications for the evolution of hominin bipedalism. Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 17594.
Washburn SL. 1967. Behaviour and the origin of man. Proceedings of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 1967: 21-27.
Wheeler PE. 1985. The loss of functional body hair in man: The influence of thermal environment, body form, and bipedality. Journal of Human Evolution 14: 23-28.
Wheeler PE. 1991. The thermoregulatory advantages of hominid bipedalism in open equatorial environments: the contribution of increased convective heat loss and cutaneous evaporative cooling. Journal of Human Evolution 21: 107-115.
White F. 1986. La végétation de l’Afrique (The vegetation of Africa). Paris: Orstom-UNESCO.
White TD, Asfaw B, Beyene Y, Haile-Selassie Y, Lovejoy CO, Suwa G, WoldeGabriel G. 2009. Ardipithecus ramidus and the Paleobiology of Early Hominids. Science 326: 17-27.
White TD, Lovejoy CO, Asfaw B, Carlson JP, Suwa G. 2015. Neither chimpanzee nor human, Ardipithecus reveals the surprising ancestry of both. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112: 4877-4884.
Winder IC. 2014. The Biogeography of the Papio Baboons: A GIS-Based Analysis of Range Characteristics and Variability. Folia Primatologica 85: 292-318.
Winder IC, King GCP, Deves M, Bailey GN. 2012. Complex topography and human evolution: the missing link. Antiquity 87(336): 1-17.
Wolfe JA. 1993. A method of obtaining climatic parameters from leaf assemblages. United States Geological Survey Bulletin 2040: 1-71.
Wrangham R, Cheney D, Seyfarth R, Sarmiento E. 2009. Shallow-water habitats as sources of fallbacks foods for hominins. American Journal of Physical anthropology 140: 630-642.
Yang J, Spicer RA, Spicer TEV, et al. 2015. Leaf form-climate relationships on the global stage: an ensemble of characters. Global Ecology and Biogeography 10: 1113–1125.
Yamazaki N. 1992. Biomechanical interrelationship among body proportions, posture, and bipedal walking, In S Matano, RH Tuttle, H Ishida & M Goodman (Eds.), Topics in Primatology vol. 3 (pp. 243-257). Tokyo, University of Tokyo Press.
Zihlman AL. 1984. Body build and tissue composition in Pan paniscus and Pan troglodytes with comparisons to other hominoids. In RL Suman (Ed.), The Pygmy Chimpanzee (pp. 179-200). New York, Plenum Press.
Zihlman AL, Cronin JE, Cramer DL, Sarich VM. 1978. Pygmy chimpanzee as a possible prototype for the common ancestor of humans, chimpanzees and gorillas. Nature 275: 744-746.