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Justice in Slavic Memory: The Legal and Philosophical Debatewithin the Institut d’études Slaves

Justice dans la mémoire des Slaves : le débat juridique et philosophique au sein de l’Institut d’études slaves
Caio Henrique Dias Duarte
p. 131-149

Résumés

L’article entend établir une cartographie commentée du débat juridique au cours des 100 ans d’activité de l’Institut d’études slaves à travers la Revue des études slaves. Prenant acte du rôle à la fois philosophique et pratique que l’Institut et la Revue ont joué en instaurant un espace de dialogue entre divers cadres légaux et perspectives juridiques, l’auteur analyse la discussion des questions juridiques dans toutes les parutions de la Revue. Étudiant le droit comme un enjeu linguistique, il souligne le lien qui unit les questions juridiques aux questions littéraires et linguistiques mises en débat dans les publications de la Revue. Aussi cet article donnera-t-il aux futurs chercheurs une analyse de la façon dont le débat juridique s’est développé dans la Revue.

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Introduction

1In 1919, Ernest Denis founded the Institut d’études slaves. The Slavic world it sought to study and discuss was a radically-changing one. After the Russian Revolution and the fall of the German and Austrian monarchies, centuries old-traditions in these empires collapsed with them, but the customs of the people that inhabited those lands remained. In the emerging nations, from the new model of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics to the construction of Nation-States such as Poland, new institutions were crafted, sometimes in explicit dialogue with old traditions, as it was the case for countries like Hungary, that retained a monarchy although without an heir; sometimes with strong apparent ruptures, as it was the case with Soviet Russia.

  • 1 Pierre Nora, Entre Mémoire et Histoire, Paris, Gallimard, 1984, p. 24-25.
  • 2 See Hannah Arendt’s concept of vita activa in : Hannah Arendt, « Labor, Work, Action », 1987, in :  (...)
  • 3 Various references can be used to understand this perspective of law as a linguistic game and of th (...)

2In 1921, under André Mazon, Antoine Meillet and Paul Boyer, the Revue of the Institut d’études slaves starts to be published. Discussing matters of all sorts in the Slavic world, from Linguistics to History and sometimes even Economics, and because of the relevance Eastern Europe achieved after the Russian Revolution, the Revue, alongside the Institut, starts to become a global Place of Memory, or Lieu de Mémoire, as defined by Pierre Nora,1 in the field of Slavic studies. The customs, the forms of speech, the institutions of the Slavic world, all come under this place of debate that is the Revue. So does Law, in the Arendtian definition,2 as something capable of altering our surroundings and changing life in society. Memory, as a living and changing construct, relates to the human condition. Memory of language, of laws constructed by language and of the institutions constructed collectively by each society, which makes the Revue a receptacle of the legal discussions, not only when it explicitly deals with these questions in articles, but also in the publications it lists or even in its obituaries, that in one way allow us to see what is deemed relevant, what is considered and debated in the construction of law. From studies of the psyche of autocrats and the cultural influences of their aristocrats to the relation of given-names to property among peasants in the farthest corners of the Slavic world, those that wrote in the Revue give us detailed accounts of what constitutes the legal constructs institutions and customs as a linguistic game, telling us about the actors that construct, operate and are conditioned by legal norms, the performance of discourse and the usages of law.3

3With this in mind, this article will look at all the editions of the Revue that mention relevant legal aspects, trying to provide the reader with a history of how the legally-related discussions unfolded in its pages over the decades. It will mention the articles and editions using the following selection criteria: (i) articles that are explicitly about legal topics, (ii) articles that discuss the nature of the State, (iii) articles that encompass discussions on customs that are related to legal topics, such as naming customs, (iii) articles that discuss intellectual influences that are also relevant to the legal performance, such as literature. It will also apply these criteria to explore the publications of the Institut, so as to complement the debate with relevant books that were either a product of or an inspiration to the discussions in the Revue.

4This article hopes to be a guide, drawing a scenario of the legal discussions in the Revue. Considering it is a brief article, it will not be possible to comment on the “Chronique bibliographique” nor to conduct a deep analysis of each article.

  • 4 OBS. The choice of such mentions from the Revue is done so as to demonstrate its institutional cons (...)
  • 5 Avis aux lecteurs, in RES, t. XXVIII, 1951, fasc. 1-4, p. 154.

5To make it easier for the reader to follow the development of the Revue, we will divide time into five periods. The early Revue, 1921-1939, from the start of the edition to the beginning of the Second World War, marked by a note4 by M. Mazon on the changes the Revue would face because of the start of hostilities; 1939-1946, the War period up to the definitive reestablishment of the Revue, with a rather remarkable interbellum effort; 1946-1951, the reconsolidation of the Revue; 1951-1991, the Revue under the Cold War, marked by an editorial note to the readers, mentioning the difficulties of obtaining information from Eastern Europe;5 1991-today, the Revue following the end of the Cold War and the fall of the USSR up to our day.

I – Law in the First Years of the Revue (1921-1939)

  • 6 Pierre Chasles, « La famille paysanne russe d’après le droit coutumier », in RES, t. I, 1921, fasc. (...)

6Already in the first year of the Revue can we see a discussion on law. In an article that follows the pattern of most of the other ones that are in the legal sphere during this period, focusing on legal history, “La famille paysanne russe d’après le droit coutumier,” Pierre Chasles discusses the construction of the institution of property under peasants after the abolition of Serfdom in Russia in 1861, speaking about the division of land, titles and land-rights.6

  • 7 M. Rostovtzeff, « Les origines de la Russie kiévienne », in RES, t. II, 1922, fasc. 1-2, p. 5-18.
  • 8 G. Vernadskij, « Le césarévitch Paul et les francs-maçons de Moscou », in RES, t. III, 1923, fasc. (...)
  • 9 Paul Boyer, « Louis Leger (13 janvier 1844 - 30 avril 1923) », in RES, t. III, 1923, fasc. 1-2, p.  (...)

7In 1922 Rostovtzeff discusses the origins of the Kievan Rus′,7 speaking of the difference between the organization of the institutions in Russian and Western-European cities. This is followed in the next year by Vernadskij’s article on the turbulent relations between Tsarevich Paul and the Freemasons,8 an article whose legal relevance lies in demonstrating the importance of legal certainty for the Russian aristocracy, thrilled with Alexander I’s announcement that he would follow his Grandmother’s laws. It is worth mentioning that in the same year, Louis Leger dies. Having started his studies in Law, he became an exponent of slavophile discussions in his time with Souvenirs d’un slavophile.9

  • 10 Inna Lubimenko, « Les étrangers en Russie avant Pierre le Grand : diplomates, militaires, intellect (...)
  • 11 Tihomir R. Dordević, « La polyandrie chez les Slaves du Sud », in RES, t. IV, 1924, fasc. 1-2, p.  (...)

8In 1924, three articles take on different aspects of the legal discourse, the first two, by Lubimenko, focus on foreigners in Russia under Peter the Great, from diplomats, military men and intellectuals to merchants and artisans,10 allowing us to trace foreign influence on the Russian élite, their ideas and institutional organization. “La polyandrie chez les Slaves du Sud”11 takes on a peculiar aspect of family organization among the southern Slavs, that of the institute of a polyandric family for the maintenance of traditional communities.

  • 12 Nicolas Iorga, « Les plus anciens états slavo-roumains sur la rive gauche du Danube (viie siècle) » (...)
  • 13 Georges Dumézil, « Les bylines de Michajlo Potyk et les légendes indo-européennes de l’ambroisie », (...)
  • 14 Grégoire Lozinskij, « Le prince Antioche Cantemir, poète français », in RES, t. V, 1925, fasc. 3-4, (...)

9Going a few centuries back in the focus of analysis, in 1925 Iorga analyses the organization of the first Slavic-Romanian states in the Danube.12 Two articles, by Dumézil and Tille, allow us to glimpse at the moral and sense of justice through folk tales and legends,13 but the most interesting one is certainly “Le prince Antioche Cantemir, poète français,” because of its description of the discussion between the father of Russian poetry with magistrates.14

  • 15 G. Vernadskij, « Alexandre Ier et le problème slave pendant la première moitié de son règne », in R (...)
  • 16 Jan Dąbrowski, « La Pologne et l’expédition de Varna en 1444 », in RES, t. X, 1930, fasc. 1-2, p.  (...)
  • 17 Antoine Meillet, André Mazon, Antoine Martel, Henri Grappin, Lucien Tesnière, André Vaillant, Léon (...)
  • 18 Meillet, Mazon, Grappin, Vaillant, Tesnière, Beaulieux, Unbegaun, « Publications », in RES, t. XI, (...)
  • 19 Id., « Publications », in RES, t. XIV, 1934, fasc. 1-2, p. 85-165.
  • 20 Id., « Publications », in RES, t. XIII, 1933, fasc. 3-4, p. 246-308.
  • 21 Ladislas Konopczyński, le Liberum veto, étude sur le développement du principe majoritaire, Paris, (...)

10In 1927, we see the contradictions of Enlightenment principles and Slavic ambitions in Alexander I’s foreign policy,15 and three years later, balance of power is again discussed, but in the case of 15th century Poland under pre-Westphalian catholic and orthodox visions of dynastic legitimacy.16 In the following years, law, that had ascended as a title category in the Publications section in 1929,17 oscillates as a subject category18 and then, stabilized, starts branching into divisions such as ancient law19 or history of law.20 In 1930, the Institut publishes “Le liberum veto, étude sur le développement du principe majoritaire,”21 by Ladislas Konopczyński, a study on the famous parliamentary mechanism of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth that allowed any noble to halt business in the Sejm if he did not agree with it.

  • 22 Mentioned in : Meillet, Vaillant, Mazon, Grappin, Tesnière, Beaulieux, Unbegaun,» Publications », i (...)

111933 sees the publication, in the section of Manuals of the IES, of Kadlec’s “Introduction à l’étude comparative de l’histoire du droit public des peuples.”22 This central work by a polyglot jurist allows a comprehension of the legal history of Slavic peoples from a Slavic perspective. We can consider this to be an important focus point in both legal history and international law, in a time when different perspectives worked on building an international legal framework in the post-war context.

  • 23 N. P. Popov, « L’Izbornik de 1076, dit de Svjatoslav, comme monument littéraire », in RES, t. XIV, (...)
  • 24 E. Drougard, « Une réplique française de la Légende du Grand Inquisiteur », in RES, t. XIV, 1934, f (...)
  • 25 Beaulieux, « Des noms de famille en bulgare », in RES, t. XIX, 1939, fasc. 1-2, p. 17-39.
  • 26 Joseph Gagnaire, « Les pays Tchèques au début de “l’époque des Lumières” », in RES, t. XVIII, 1938, (...)
  • 27 Mazon, « Chronique », in RES, t. XIX, 1939, fasc. 3-4, p. 330.

12In 1934, relations between law, religion and literature become central, with a study on the Izbornik of 107623 and another on the Legend of the Grand Inquisitor.24 In 1938, the discussion is broadened, from a discussion on customs on family names in Bulgaria25 to the influence of Enlightenment in reforms in the Czech lands.26 In 1939, André Mazon writes to the readers of the Revue, telling that the war imposed by Germany would hinder its work,27 and a hiatus will follow until edition resumes its course.

13This period of the Revue is marked by articles and publications that are explicitly but not exclusively about law –mostly categories iii and iv, but also i–, as we are led to speculate on the influence of a culture that valued legal scholars of the XIXth century model still in existence, but fading into decline. What predominates are articles relating State rule and law and articles that relate other fields, such as history, to law and legal ramifications of social interactions. The legal scholar as polymath that speaks of literature or philosophy, for example, loses space to the specialist, that is, the sociologist, the political scientist, the anthropologist, somewhat in part also products of the XIXthcentury, but with their respective area growing and evolving.

14It is also possible to speculate on the focus of the majority of the studies that are related to law in the Revue and the IES: a historical focus, rather than ample discussions on the construction of the revolutionary law in the Soviet Union, for example, possibly has to do with the large influx of émigrés that circulated within the Institut at that time and the relative –not absolute– isolation of the soviet system from the rest of world. This consolidated a focus of publication that, with the contact with other Slavic nations, more intense as their academies worked on consolidating institutions in recently independent countries, looked back on their pasts, possibly for an analysis for a national identity. This contact is shown in the publications noticed by the Revue in those countries during the period, aside from the articles and publications made by the IES. This also shows in the multiplicity of the countries and societies discussed, as there is not a specific focus in one nation, but rather a diverse set of themes in the articles.

II – Law and The Revue During the Second World War (1939-1946)

  • 28 Jacqueline Prévost, « Puškin et le nationalisme russe », in RES, t. XX, 1942, fasc. 1-4, p. 134-147 (...)
  • 29 Georges Luciani, « Dostoevskij et les décabristes », in RES, t. XX, 1942, fasc. 1-4, p. 121-133.
  • 30 For the influence of concepts such as Volksgeist in Russia during the XIXthcentury, see Andrej Wali (...)

15During the War and with France occupied by the Germans, very diverse publications come to light in 1942, with articles that discuss aspects that Law and Literature consider most relevant, such as Pushkin’s relation with Russian nationalism28 and Dostoievski’s relations with the Decembrists.29 Such articles are important if we consider how both of them influenced russian elites through their art. For example, just as German poets influenced the Decembrists, romantic concepts of nation were widely disseminated through Pushkin’s poetry.30

  • 31 Joseph Neustaedter, le Ban Jellačić et les événements en Croatie depuis l’an 1848, 2 t., Paris, IE (...)

16An interesting publication appears in two volumes in 1940 and 1942, Joseph Neustaedter’s wide study le Ban Jellačić et les événements en Croatie depuis l’an 1848.31 This publication carries relevance to this day for the role the General played in abolishing serfdom and granting civil rights in Croatia in the context of the Spring of Nations.

  • 32 Jean Lorentowicz, A. M. Chmurski, la Pologne en France : essai d’une bibliographie raisonnée. III G (...)

17In another effort, 1941 sees the publication of the third volume of la Pologne en France : bibliographie raisonnée.32 Organized by Jean Lorentowicz and A. M. Chmurski, this volume encompasses law, among others subjects and allows for a continuous dialogue with the Polish debate on the matter. In a way, considering the limitations of the time, those publishing choices carry a symbolic value under occupation.

  • 33 RES, t. XX, 1942, fasc. 1-4.

18In 1944, the year of the Liberation, another type of publications surfaces, with a bigger focus on theological discussions, allowing for a deeper understanding of the Synod of Gangra, amongst other issues.33 This is relevant due to the influence canon law and patristic played in the construction of Russian Orthodoxy, which in turn is a major factor in the consolidation of institutions in the Russian Empire as heir to the Byzantine institutions.

19With the war drawing to a close, it is possible to affirm that the Slavic world that the Revue was connected with would change in the most drastic ways. This period, although small in comparison with the others, has a political weight of maintenance of the work of the Institut. Discussions where not specifically about law, but rather cultural aspects that had enormous influence on its construction.

20Its prevailing themes, those of intellectual influences that constructed legal orders –falling under category iv–, resonate with the political moment, trying to discuss examples of changes in political order and preserving the legacy of liberal institutions that were being destroyed by totalitarian rule. The Law, or purely legal discussions, understandably have no place in this period, as the legal order of the first years of the Revue and the Institut had vanished.

III – The Legal Discussions in the Reconsolidation of the Revue (1946-1951)

  • 34 Roger Portal, « Les Bachkirs et le gouvernement russe au xviiie siècle », in RES, t. XXII, 1946, fa (...)

21Tasked with reestablishing the yearly publications and contacts with scholars from Eastern Europe, the first issue of a new period in the Revue is published in 1946, already with a publication that discusses aspects of legal history. Portal’s “Les Bachkirs et le gouvernement russe au XVIIIe siècle”34 offers a window into how Russia dealt with property rights into the land and cultural assimilation disputes, a recurring topic to this day in the region.

  • 35 Élie Denissoff, « Aux origines de l’Église russe autocéphale », in RES, t. XXIII, 1947, fasc. 1-4, (...)
  • 36 Jean Mousset, « Le socialisme serbe à la croisée des chemins : bakuninisme ou marxisme ? », in RES (...)

22Also in the subject of up to date discussions, in 1947 Élie Denissof writes “Aux origines de l’Église russe autocéphale,” which is legally relevant in understanding the nuances of the decay of byzantine caesaropapism models in Russia.35 In the same edition, a theoretical discussion with practical implications shows how the political scenario is changing in the Slavic world – “Le socialisme serbe à la croisée des chemins : bakuninisme ou marxisme.”36 This article alludes to the changes of the time in issues such as institution-building in its more contemporary aspects, although not explicitly – during the following year Tito’s Yugoslavia would change its form of socialism.

  • 37 Jacques Le Goff, « Un étudiant tchèque à l’Université de Paris au xive siècle, in RES, t. XXIV, 19 (...)
  • 38 André Frolow, « Le Znamenie de Novgorod : évolution de la légende », in RES, t. XXIV, 1948, fasc. 1 (...)
  • 39 D. M. Lang, « Some Western Sources of Radiščev’s Political Thought », in RES, t. XXV, 1949, fasc. 1 (...)

23In 1948, two articles speak of cultural influence in institutions, one through soft power –Le Goff speaks of a Czech law student in XIVthCentury France37– and the other through hard power –Novgorod’s fight for sovereignty and its relation with the Znamenie as a symbol or legend.38 In 1949, cultural influence appears again, as D. M. Lang discusses the western influences on Radishchev, the former legal councilor turned theoretical disruptive force to Catherine’s institutions.39

  • 40 Vaillant, « Cyrille de Turov et Grégoire de Nazianze », in RES, t. XXVI, 1950, fasc. 1-4, p. 34-50.
  • 41 Élie Borschak, « La lettre des Zaporogues au Sultan », in RES, t. XXVI, 1950, fasc. 1-4, p. 99-105.
  • 42 Stanisław Kot, « Le rayonnement de Strasbourg en Pologne à l’époque de l’Humanisme », in RES, t. X (...)
  • 43 André Blanc, « Les confins militaires croates au xixe siècle », in RES, t. XXVIII, 1951, fasc. 1-4, (...)

241950 sees articles on theological debates that encompass canon law interpretations40 and also an interesting example of affirmation of sovereignty in the Cossack manner41 towards the Ottoman Sultan. In the following year, in the themed edition on Mazon, two articles talk about western influences on Poland, with several implications on the teaching of Law.42 It is also relevant to mention André Blanc’s work that discusses legal aspects of property and exploration of the military organization of the land in XIXth century Croatia.43

25During this period, the Revue is more influenced by the perspective of the École des Annales, with articles focusing on intellectual influences and customs that shaped laws –categories iii and iv–, although with some other articles focused specifically on legal topics –category i–, but in a smaller number than the others. A prevalence of historical topics in the legal field does not mean that the IES was disconnected from the larger political discussions, as its debate on Yugoslav socialism shows, but rather that aforementioned influences of that time allowed for historical topics to gain more focus in the legal debate.

IV – Law and The Revue During The Cold War (1951-1991)

  • 44 « Avis aux lecteurs », in RES, t. XXVIII, 1951, fasc. 1-4, p. 154.
  • 45 Marc Raeff, « Georges Samarin et la commune paysanne après 1861 », in RES, t. XXIX, 1952, fasc. 1-4 (...)
  • 46 Boris Nolde, la Formation de l’Empire russe, 2 t., Paris, IES, 1952-1953.
  • 47 Mazon, « Nécrologie : Boris Nolde (1877-1949) », in RES, t. XXV, 1949, fasc. 1-4, p. 256-257.

26In 1951, we see M. Mazon’s warning to the readers44 on the difficulties of maintaining contact with the bibliographical production in Slavic countries, demonstrating the hardening of the Cold War and its divisions in Europe. A year later, an article on Samarin’s vision of the rights of former serfs to the land offers a portrait of the political debate in Russia during that time.45 1952 and 1953 are the years in which the Institut publishes Boris Nolde’s two volumes on the formation of the Russian Empire,46 a most-relevant work for understanding the legal construction of the imperial apparatus that gave Russia its sui generis legal nature: an autocracy with institutions both of Asian-despotic and European-enlightened influences, and of continental proportions. It is also relevant due to its author being a relevant representative of the émigré contribution to the Russian studies field in France, an intellectual formed by the czarist institutions and an expert in diplomacy and international law.47

  • 48 Unbegaun, « Russe et slavon dans la terminologie juridique », in RES, t. XXXIV, 1957, fasc. 1-4, p. (...)
  • 49 Henri Granjard, « Du romantisme politique : slavophiles et populistes », in RES, t. XXXIV, 1957, fa (...)
  • 50 Unbegaun, « Le “crime” et le “criminel” dans la terminologie juridique russe », in RES, t. XXXVI, 1 (...)

27In 1957, B. Unbegaun delivers a valuable article on the evolution and influences of legal terminology in Slavonic and Russian, speaking of its roots, ruptures, continuities and peculiarities.48 In the same year, H. Granjard writes about the romantic aspects and influences in XIXth Century Russian Politics, speaking of conceptions of Justice from thinkers such as Rousseau and their influence on Russian thinkers.49 Two years later, Unbegaun continues his work on legal terminology with “Le ‘crime’ et le ‘criminel’ dans la terminologie juridique russe.”50

  • 51 Michael Confino, « La politique de tutelle des seigneurs russes envers leurs paysans vers la fin du (...)
  • 52 Id., « Le paysan russe jugé par la noblesse au xviiie siècle », in RES, t. XXXVIII, Mélanges Pierre (...)
  • 53 Confino, « Seigneurs et intendants en Russie aux xviiie-xixe siècles », in RES, t. XLI, 1962, fasc. (...)
  • 54 Id., Domaines et seigneurs en Russie vers la fin du xviiiesiècle, Paris, IES, 1963.
  • 55 José Johannet, « Remarques sur l’évolution de la langue administrative au xviiie siècle », in RES, (...)
  • 56 P. N. Berkov, « Histoire de l’Encyclopédie dans la Russie du xviiie siècle, in RES, t. XLIV, 1965, (...)

28In 1960, M. Confino writes on the aspects of guardianship of serfs in XVIIIthCentury Russia51 and in the following year his work is followed by another article on the same subject, but with another focus.52 Confino goes on writing on the same subject with “Seigneurs et intendants en Russie aux XVIIIe-XIXesiècles.”53 and ends up publishing, through the Institute, his Domaines et seigneurs en Russie vers la fin du XVIIIe siècle,54 a comprehensive analysis of land property and the economical thinking behind it. J. Johannet follows on the subject of the XVIIIth Century, writing on the administrative language, the structure of the documents and the construction of the sentences.55 In the next two years, articles discuss the influence of Enlightenment ideas in Russia.56 For the comprehension of the legal practice and discourse in the XVIIIthCentury, the 1960s are a rich period in the Revue.

29Confino’s work is an example of the possibility to analyze legal practice not only in terms of institutions and laws, that is, positivism, but how actors exercise certain concepts in their social interactions. This is a trend that permeates the publications at that time and will continue to grow, as we will see in the following years, examined ahead.

  • 57 Marin Pundeff, « Les racines du nationalisme bulgare », in RES, t. XLVI, 1967, fasc. 1-4, p. 127-13 (...)
  • 58 Luciani, « Du congrès de Prague (1848) au congrès de Moscou (1867) », in RES, t. LXVII, Communicati (...)

30The late 60s bring different perspectives that are useful for understanding several legal aspects: In 1967, Pundeff mentions the birth of a Slavic culture of law in Bulgaria,57 Luciani in 1968 writes on the ambitions of Slavic nationalism in the XIXthCongresses, which include a vision of isonomy of nations,58 and in 69 Smilyanich proposes an analysis of the personality of Ivan the Terrible, which can be considered the legislating force as Sovereign.

  • 59 Jean-Louis Van Regemorter, « Pouvoir et profit : la gestion d’un domaine moyen à la fin du servage (...)
  • 60 Stefan Kieniewicz, « Travaux en cours concernant les structures sociales et la conscience nationale (...)
  • 61 Vladimir Claude Fišera, « La dimension régionale : slavisme, fédéralisme et communisme de la Fédéra (...)
  • 62 Kaléna Uhryn, « Citoyenneté et nationalité dans la constitution de la Rada centrale en Ukraine (191 (...)
  • 63 RES, t. LII, Munich 1938 : mythes et réalités, Antoine Marès (dir.),1979, fasc. 1-2.

31In the 1970s, Van Regemorter’s case study of the management of a property at the end of serfdom59 and Kieniewicz’s mapping of studies on social structure in XIXth Century Poland60 are valuable assets for a social or even anthropological perspective to legal studies. In 1978, Fišera mentions the discussions on the right to self-determination of the People in the Comité interslave61 and Uhryn writes on aspects of citizenship and nationality under the Ukrainian Rada of 1917-18.62 1979 sees a special edition that discusses several aspects of the 1938 Munich Accords, with special attention to the Revue’s connections to Tchecoslovaquia at that time.63

  • 64 RES, t. LIV, 1982, fasc. 3.
  • 65 RES, t. LV, Communications de la délégation française au IXe Congrès international des slavistes (K (...)
  • 66 RES, t. LVI, l’Utopie dans le monde slave, Jacques Catteau (dir.), 1984, fasc. 1.
  • 67 RES, t. LVI, la Yougoslavie, sous la direction de Michel Aubin (dir.), 1984, fasc. 3.
  • 68 André Monnier, « Diderot et la leçon de Saint-Pétersbourg », in RES, t. LVI, 1984, fasc. 4, p. 573- (...)
  • 69 David M.Goldfrank, Élisabeth de Fontenay, « L’utopisme dans la Russie d’Ivan le Terrible : une inte (...)
  • 70 Robert Best, « Les slavophiles et le problème du pouvoir », in RES, t. LVI, 1984, fasc. 4, p. 609-6 (...)
  • 71 Georges Plekhanov, Histoire de la pensée sociale russe, Paris, IES, 1984.

32In 1982, a special issue64 explores both European Politics and Soviet Ideology, allowing for an analysis of values in diplomacy and international law and also of soviet institutions in issues such as militarism. In the following year, another issue gives us several articles on the Kievan Rus’ diplomacy.65 A themed edition on utopia66 in 1984 allows for several discussions on visions of justice, and in the same year a special issue on Yugoslavia brings articles complementary to the discussion of the self determination of the people of the region.67 1984 also sees Monnier article on Diderot’s time teaching in Russia, discussing his vision of law as well,68 a discussion of Russian state-theory under Ivan the Terrible69 and writings on the slavophiles vision of power.70 In the same year, following a focus on Russia, the IES publishes Plekhanov’s classic, Histoire de la pensée sociale russe.71

  • 72 RES, t. LVII, Trois décennies de sciences sociales en Union soviétique, 1953-1983, Marguerite Aymar (...)
  • 73 RES, t. LVII, Aspects des relations intellectuelles entre la France, la Russie et l’U.R.S.S., Rober (...)
  • 74 Basile Kerblay, Du mir aux agrovilles, Paris (coll. « Cultures et Sociétés de l’Est », 1), IES, 198 (...)
  • 75 Patrick Sériot, Analyse du discours politique soviétique, Paris (coll. « Cultures et Sociétés de l’ (...)

331985 brings two relevant editions to the legal discussion, one on social sciences in the USSR72 and the other on intellectual exchange between France, Russia and the USSR.73 Each of those issues comprises articles relevant for understanding the formative influences and the practice of discourse of the legal actors. It is in this same year that the publication series Cultures et sociétés de l’Est begins, the first volume being Basile Kerblay’s Du mir aux agrovilles,74 and the second Sériot’s analysis of soviet political discourse,75 making 1985 a special year for the broad understanding of soviet life, and therefore of the political and institutional culture that constructs and operates its legal system and conditions social interactions.

34It is important that we focus our analysis of this new publication series by the Institut and its value for legal discussions. By discussing culture and its relations with society, in this series the institute expands the path of discussion of law as linguistic game or performance, as it publishes volumes on how Stalinism affected language, or the Petite histoire themed publications. How meaning is given collectively, how legal institutes, such as the property of land or marriage, are consolidated both among the common folk and under authorities of princes and later the modern state, or even how foreign policy, that is, the projection of a nation’s identity, is affected by cultural relations are, not without importance, subjects that help us greatly to understand the legal constructs in the Slavic world.

  • 76 François Bafoil, « Y a-t-il une grève de type socialiste ? », in RES, t. LX, 1988, fasc. 4, p. 855- (...)
  • 77 Kerblay (ed.), l’Évolution des modèles familiaux dans les pays de l’Est européen et en U.R.S.S., Pa (...)
  • 78 RES, t. LXI, les Slaves et la Révolution française, Michel Mervaud (dir.), 1989, fasc. 1-2.
  • 79 Salomoni Antonella. « “Industrialisme” contre “sabotage” : le salaire en Russie à l’époque du comm (...)
  • 80 Marie-Karine Schaub, « Le couronnement des tsars, xvie-xviie siècles : état de la question et persp (...)

35Returning to the Revue, we see Bafoil discuss the possibility of a socialist strike in 1988,76 and the Institute publishes a study on the evolution of family models in the USSR and Eastern Europe,77 allowing for an interesting scenario, where two institutes, the first a recent one, dating from the XIXthcentury and the second one of the oldest in human history, to be discussed in the same year. A themed edition is published in 1989 on Slavs and the French Revolution, which allows for a deepening in the understanding of the reception of the revolutionary ideals in those regions, their élites, bureaucracy and institutions.78 In the same year, Salomoni discusses salaries in the beginning of the Soviet Union and the Soviet State’s vision of the workers’ rights,79 while Schaub explores the symbology in a ritual of legitimacy and political force of an institution, the coronation of the Tsars.80

  • 81 RES, t. LXIII, Rus′ de Kiev et Russie moscovite, Vladimir Vodoff (dir.), 1991, fasc. 1.

36After an issue on glasnost and press, it is ironic that in the final year of the Soviet Union the Revue publishes an edition on the Kievan Rus’, with valuable articles for a legal analysis of its society’s administrative divisions, hierarchy and ideology during that period.81 After the fall of the USSR, new topics would emerge, as well as new perspectives on old ones. It is relevant to note the focus on identity in a moment where, after the end of socialist models, nations will seek to consolidate and/or establish national identities, allowing for many publications in this field.

37This being the biggest period in our analysis, we would expect it to be the most balanced in relation to the categories that permeate the legal debate in the IES, but what happens is the opposite, the articles focusing on legal topics –category i– dominate the discussion, with articles in the other three categories still appearing, especially those about nature of state and intellectual influences in law, but now in the same number. This leads us to a discussion on why that is the case.

38After 1951, with the Cold War consolidating political spheres of influence, it also consolidated political orders, which rely largely on law for legitimacy and running of its institutions. So legal paradigms became more central to the discussion of state theory, customs and cultural aspects of the countries in the soviet-influenced space. One can imagine that the central role of the state in those countries made the researchers of the time question the historical, cultural, political, social and even economical roots of this centrality, and that is why the legal discussion focuses largely on the law, its constructions and effects. Understanding the laws and codes became a way of understanding the rule of law that shaped those societies.

39This would also explain the debate on the nature of the state and on intellectual influences in lawmaking –categories ii and iv– also surpassing that of customs and law –category iii– : by focusing on the state rather than on the individual, the discussions at the time are led to those fields. Nonetheless, it is relevant to notice that the legal discussion in this period, unlike in the previous ones, focuses more on Russia than on the other countries of the region, possibly because of the centralizing effect that the USSR had in the debates at the time.

V – Legal Discussions in the Revue from the Fall of the USSR to Today (1991-2019)

  • 82 Jean Gueit, « La recherche d’un état de droit par la société soviétique », in la Revue russe, no 1, (...)

40With that in mind, in 1991 the Institut starts the publication of the Revue Russe, whose many subsequent numbers will encompass a broad range of subjects that relate to the legal world in Russia, as it discusses its society, politics, history and the interactions that help shape its institutions to this day. Gueit’s essay82 on a Soviet rule of law (état de droit) in its first issue is an example of this, while topcis ranging from workers organization to political conduction of the Gorbachev reforms allow for an ever broader discussion on the legal interactions in the last days of the Soviet Union.

  • 83 Robert Philippot, Société civile et État bureaucratique dans la Russie tsariste : les zemstvos, Par (...)
  • 84 Confino, Société et mentalités collectives en Russie sous l’Ancien Régime, Paris, IES (coll. « Cult (...)

41Seminal works also appear in 1991 through the series Culture et Sociétés de l’Est. Among those are Société civile et État bureaucratique dans la Russie tsariste : les zemstvos,83 by Robert Philippot, and Société et mentalités collectives en Russie sous l’Ancien Régime, by Michael Confino.84

  • 85 John Arch Getty, « Les bureaucrates bolcheviques et l’État stalinien », in RES, t. LXIV, 1992, fasc (...)
  • 86 Nadia Stangé-Zhirovova, « Народная и книжная традиция почитания св. Георгия на Руси : oпыт историко (...)
  • 87 La Revue russe, no 4, la Crise de l’identité russe et soviétique, Paris, IES, 1993.
  • 88 Denise Eeckaute, « Les systèmes monétaires russes du xe au xviie siècle et les influences étrangère (...)
  • 89 Marie Sémon, « En relisant Une journée d’Ivan Denissovitch trente ans après », in RES, t. LXV, 1993 (...)

42In 1992, an edition of the Revue des études slaves focuses on Stalinism, with an article on the functioning of its bureaucracy standing out for the understanding how the legal machine of repression worked.85 In the same year, with a new Russia in search of symbols to give it meaning, Saint George86 is discussed as well Russian identity,87 considering the collapse of the USSR and the need to understand the meaning of being Russian. In the following year, different aspects of the human condition emerge with Eeckaute’s “Les systèmes monétaires russes du xe au xviie siècle et les influences étrangères”88 discussing regulation of money flow and Sémon’s “En relisant Une journée d’Ivan Denissovitch trente ans après”89 the human aspect of the punishment, its portrayal in art and its impact in our perception of punishment.

  • 90 RES, t. LV, 1993, fasc. 4.

431993 sees a special edition that discusses the perception of myths, representations and political history, with articles that analyze the penal system of the USSR through testimonies of its victims and on the construction of the soviet collective myth90.

  • 91 Denis Peschanski, « Justice, histoire et sciences sociales », in RES, t. LXVI, 1994, fasc. 1, p. 10 (...)
  • 92 RES, t. LXVI, 1994, fasc. 1.
  • 93 V. F. Zima, « Голод и преступность в СССР 1946-1947 гг.. » in RES, t. LXVI, 1994, fasc. 4, p. 757-7 (...)
  • 94 Francis Conte, « Traditions russes et prénoms bolcheviks », in RES, t. LXVI, 1994, fasc. 2, p. 347- (...)
  • 95 La Revue russe, no 6, la Russie et la France, Paris, IES, 1994.
  • 96 I. S. Luria, l’État moscovite au xve siècle, Paris, IES, 1994.

44With an article on “Justice, History and Social Sciences” by Peschanski,91 the following edition brings to 1994 several articles on the nature of the State, national identity and centre and peripheries,92 one of the most dense editions in the matter of legal aspects in this period. 1994 also sees discussions on topics such as crime and hunger in the USSR93 and bolshevik naming traditions in the early years of the Soviet Union,94 an indication of the conflict between the institution of family, the customs and values associated with it and their political ambitions. In a broad analysis, the Revue Russe focuses its first edition95 of that year on the history of Russian-French relations, an intellectual influence that has long shaped Russian institutions and legal practice. This same year sees the publication of Luria’s analysis of the Muscovite state in the XVth century.96

  • 97 La Revue russe, no 9, 1996, Paris, IES.
  • 98 Masłowski Michel (dir.), Identité(s) de l’Europe centrale, Paris, IES (coll. « Cultures et sociétés (...)
  • 99 For an example, Andreas Kappeler, Petite Histoire de l’Ukraine, Paris, IES, 1997. It is a continuat (...)

45In 1996, the focus on understanding Russia remains, with the Revue Russe discussing its future.97 A year before, the same focus was given to Central Europe, with a publication98 about its identity. Later years see a series of books, Petite histoire, from Poland to Slovenia.99

  • 100 RES, t. LXX, 1998, fasc. 2.
  • 101 Gonneau, « Les relations entre le temporel et le spirituel dans la Russie moscovite : pistes de rec (...)
  • 102 Zofia Mitosek, « Mickiewicz, Napoléon et les Français », in RES, t. LXX, 1998, fasc. 4, p. 739-750.

46A themed edition of the Revue des études slaves in 1998 discusses the relations between the Latin christendom and Slavs,100 with relevant articles to understand the relation between Church and State in the Slavic world, with Gonneau’s “Les relations entre le temporel et le spirituel dans la Russie moscovite : pistes de recherche”101 serving as guiding point to this discussion. Another article in the same year sheds light to the impact of Napoleon, an important disruptive legal force in the institutions of the Ancien Régime in Mickiewicz and his vision of Poland.102

  • 103 Christophe Laforest, « Arrière-pensées et illusions : les tentatives de renouvellement de l’allianc (...)
  • 104 Sabine Breuillard, « L’affaire Kaspé revisitée » in RES, t. LXXIII, 2001, fasc. 2-3, p. 337-372.
  • 105 Martine Roty, « Le rite du mariage en Russie aux xixe et xxe siècles : terminologie et symbolique » (...)
  • 106 Stéphane Viellard, « Le proverbe en Russie (xviiie siècle) : espace discursif et enjeu idéologique  (...)
  • 107 RES, t. LXXVI, les Proverbes en Russie. Trois siècles de parémiographie, Stéphane Viellard (dir.), (...)

47Other interesting articles in the legal aspect in the late 1990s include an analysis of the attempt of the renovation of the French-Polish alliance after WWII,103 a study on documents of the Kaspé Affair in Harbin.104 In the early 2000s, Roty writes about the marriage rites and symbolism in XIXth -XXth Centuries in Russia, an institution that withstood several political changes, allowing it to become a book,105 and Viellard develops an analysis of the proverb in XVIIIth Century Russia,106 a form of moral norm as strong as the roman brocardo. The subject is so relevant that later on a whole edition is dedicated to it.107

  • 108 La Pologne multiculturelle, M. Delaperrière et F. Ziejka (dir.), Paris, IES, 2010.
  • 109 La culture et l’Europe : du rêve européen à la réalité, Antoine Marès (dir.), Paris, IES, 2005.
  • 110 Vladimir Vodoff, Autour du Moyen Âge russe : trente années de recherches, Paris, IES (coll. « Cult (...)
  • 111 Roty, « Le mythe et le rite : quelques correspondances dans le rituel de mariage populaire russe », (...)
  • 112 Pierre Gonneau, « Pierre le Grand, lecteur de la Stepennaja kniga : à la recherche de précédents h (...)

48The 2000s are a period of themed publications in the IES. Large compendia surface on many themes, such as Poland108 and European culture,109 but for the legal studies, Vodoff’s works110 stands out for their analysis of diplomacy, land property and relations between the Church, society and State in the Slavic world. Meanwhile, the Revue Russe follows the publication of valuable articles in cultural aspects of law, such as marriage folk rites in Russia.111 On a themed edition on medieval orthodoxy, Gonneau’s “Pierre le Grand, lecteur de la Stepennaja kniga : à la recherche de précédents historiques à la déchéance du tsarévitch Alexis”112 stands out as a form of interpretation of legal sources of that time, secular or not.

  • 113 RES, t. LXXVIII, les Noblesses dans l’empire des Habsbourg, Bernard Michel, Catherine Horel (dir.), (...)
  • 114 Culture et politique étrangère des démocraties populaires, 2007. Paris, IES coll. « Cultures et soc (...)

49In 2007, another themed edition focuses on the relations and bonds between aristocrats in the Habsburg Empire113, taking on aspects such as marriage and political influence in institutions. In this same year, the IES publishes Culture et politique étrangère des démocraties populaires,114 allowing for an analysis of how the eastern bloc countries shaped their respective foreign policies according to Moscow’s demands, an interesting insight on their performance as actors in the international legal stage, advocating for values or specific interests in accordance to the needs of the bloc.

  • 115 Mervaud, « Voltaire et l’Académie des sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg », in RES, t. LXXX, 2009, fasc. (...)
  • 116 Raïssa Gorbounova, « L’enthymème entre la philosophie et le style dans la Rhétorique de Mixail Spe (...)
  • 117 Marés, Lieux de mémoire en Europe centrale, Paris, IES, 2009.

50In 2009, Mervaud writes on Voltaire’s influence in the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences115 and Gorbounova analyses the Rhetoric of Speranskij.116 The same year sees the publication of Lieux de mémoire en Europe centrale, organized by Marès.117

  • 118 RES, t. LXXXIII, 1812, la Campagne de Russie : histoire et représentations, Marie-Pierre Rey (dir.) (...)
  • 119 Florent Mouchard, la Maison de Smolensk, Paris, IES, 2015.

51In the 200th anniversary of Napoleon’s campaign in Russia, a special edition tries to measure his impact and influence in the transformations that followed in the country.118 In 2015, the IES publishes Mouchard’s la Maison de Smolensk, a profound insight on how princedoms in medieval Russia organized themselves.119

  • 120 Michel Niqueux, l’Occident vu de Russie, anthologie de la pensée russe de Karamzine à Poutine, Par (...)

522017 sees the publication of a monumental work by Niqueux, l’Occident vu de Russie : anthologie de la pensée russe de Karamzine à Poutine.120 A panorama of vast proportions, it allows for a better understanding of Russia’s views on the West, something that shapes the very notion of the Russian Self and how Russia organizes its society.

53If we are to look back on this period of the Revue and of the IES and its publications, we can count it as one of ebullition of perspectives, approaches and subjects. The fall of the USSR allowed for fresher attempts at understanding societies east of the Iron Curtain at the same time that those societies started trying to understand themselves, build new institutions or even restore old ones.

54The subject of law and customs -category iii- became once again prominent, in a balance with the other categories that represent a prolific time in publications, both by the variety of countries and regions and of subjects studied. While it is not possible to mention every article and publication in this period, it should be noted that they range from literature and society’s relation to law to specific events and their legal implications. It is possible to relate this to the greater contact between academic communities after the end of the USSR, but also to the possibilities of changes in approach in those countries and greater availability of sources, giving new possibilities of research and discussion that helped foster the debate in the IES and its publications.

V. Conclusion

55Having analyzed all the numbers of the Revue, it is possible to understand why it is a place of memory for legal thinking: it does more than just convene articles on specific issues, as the several themed editions and analyses help to re-construct scenarios of debates of all kinds in all historical realities it seeks to examine. If Memory is a living construct, as we proposed before, the Revue is part of it in the Slavic realities it examines, in permanent evolution through dialogical processes. The linguistic game that is law, a changing-one by essence, can only be understood through these lenses, the ones of memory, that allow for contradictions to be explored: instead of crystallizing representations of the past, identifying lines of thinking, debates and the ideas that drive the actors in the legal discourse in the Slavic world, which is connected to the past, but always living and changing.

56With this in mind, we have analyzed our temporal periods, so as to have a better glimpse on how each category of article prevails or fades, and the subjects that are dominant in each period. As previously said, there are four categories of articles: (i) articles that are explicitly about legal topics, (ii) articles that discuss the nature of the State, (iii) articles that encompass discussions on customs that are related to legal topics, such as naming customs, (iv) articles that discuss intellectual influences that are also relevant to the legal performance, such as literature.

57In review, in the early years of the IES and the Revue, 1921-1939, what predominates are legal topics, but with also with relation to customs and intellectual influences, possibly due to an influence of the classical liberal formation of the authors of the time. It is also worth noting the variety of countries encompassed in the publications. In 1939-1946, the period of the War to the definitive reestablishment of the Revue, we see articles focusing on the intellectual influences of legal thinking, with legal topics as a hermetic subject losing focus. The interest in subjects that relate to the contestation of the authoritarian rule, for example the choice of discussing Polish-French relations, is what symbolizes this time of resistance.

58During, 1946-1951, the reconsolidation of the Revue, the influence of the Annales grows stronger, favoring articles that are interdisciplinary in their methodological approach, especially historical ones, and with a variety of countries and regions as a subject of study. This changes in the period 1951-1991, with the Revue and the IES under the Cold War, with a greater focus both on Russia and purely legal topics, possibly due to the relevance that law played in the construction of a state-oriented centralizing order in the East at the time. Understanding the origins of the rule of law, its impacts on society, economy and culture prevailed.

59It is only with the change in the political scenario after the fall of the USSR, in the period of 1991 to today, that we see the return of a focus on customs and its relation to law, and also intellectual influences to the construction of law, in a time when newborn states crafted their narratives and sought a better understanding of their societies, but also of their institutions, law being a mediator and product of these relations. Books and themed-issues on countries, regions and even cultural events allowed for a myriad of subjects in this period, possibly the most diverse under our aforementioned categories.

60If we are to then return to our subjects of analysis, that is, the Revue and the IES as places of memory, we will be able to understand not only the politics of each period, but also the formation of the intellectuals that wrote in the publications, the dilemmas they faced and their changes in focus of interest. In this, we are allowed to understand the scenario of each decade in the academic community and how it was and still is shaped by the IES, a centre of debate and constructor of memory through each new edition of books and journals, academic meetings, each book acquired, each topic chosen for discussion.

61The legal debate and its historical retrospective show us those lines, especially because of the role laws play as fabric of society, both cultural product and shaper of it. Changes in meaning of justice, seen through Art, Language and Law, the raison d’être of institutions and the transposition of customs through time in the Slavic world are what, through the Revue and its many publications, allow the Institut d’études slaves to become not only an institution that constructs the paths of the debate in the field, but also a historian of its time.

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Notes

1 Pierre Nora, Entre Mémoire et Histoire, Paris, Gallimard, 1984, p. 24-25.

2 See Hannah Arendt’s concept of vita activa in : Hannah Arendt, « Labor, Work, Action », 1987, in : S. J. J. W. Bernauer (eds), Amor Mundi, Explorations in the Faith and Thought of Hannah Arendt, Boston, College Studies in Philosophy, vol 26. Springer, Dordrecht. 

3 Various references can be used to understand this perspective of law as a linguistic game and of the importance of discourse, such as Ricœur and Pocock. See Paul Ricœur, Histoire et vérité, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1964 [1955] ; Iain Hampsher-Monk, “Political Languages in Time – The Work of J. G. A. Pocock.,” British Journal of Political Science, vol. 14, no. 1, 1984, p. 89-116.

4 OBS. The choice of such mentions from the Revue is done so as to demonstrate its institutional consensus on the difficulties faced. André Mazon, « Chronique », in Revue des études slaves [RES], t. XIX, 1939, fasc. 3-4, p. 330.

5 Avis aux lecteurs, in RES, t. XXVIII, 1951, fasc. 1-4, p. 154.

6 Pierre Chasles, « La famille paysanne russe d’après le droit coutumier », in RES, t. I, 1921, fasc. 3-4, p. 240-254.

7 M. Rostovtzeff, « Les origines de la Russie kiévienne », in RES, t. II, 1922, fasc. 1-2, p. 5-18.

8 G. Vernadskij, « Le césarévitch Paul et les francs-maçons de Moscou », in RES, t. III, 1923, fasc. 3-4, p. 268-285.

9 Paul Boyer, « Louis Leger (13 janvier 1844 - 30 avril 1923) », in RES, t. III, 1923, fasc. 1-2, p. 127-132.

10 Inna Lubimenko, « Les étrangers en Russie avant Pierre le Grand : diplomates, militaires, intellectuels », in RES, t. IV, 1924, fasc. 1-2, p. 84-100. Id., « Les étrangers en Russie avant Pierre le Grand : marchands, travailleurs techniques, artisans, agriculteurs », in RES, t. IV, 1924, fasc. 1-2, p. 264-281.

11 Tihomir R. Dordević, « La polyandrie chez les Slaves du Sud », in RES, t. IV, 1924, fasc. 1-2, p. 101-112.

12 Nicolas Iorga, « Les plus anciens états slavo-roumains sur la rive gauche du Danube (viie siècle) », in RES, t. V, 1925, fasc. 3-4, p. 171-176.

13 Georges Dumézil, « Les bylines de Michajlo Potyk et les légendes indo-européennes de l’ambroisie », in RES, t. V, 1925, fasc. 3-4, p. 205-237. V. Tille, « Svatopluk et la parabole du vieillard et de ses enfants », in RES, t. V, 1925, fasc. 1-2, p. 82-84.

14 Grégoire Lozinskij, « Le prince Antioche Cantemir, poète français », in RES, t. V, 1925, fasc. 3-4, p. 238-243.

15 G. Vernadskij, « Alexandre Ier et le problème slave pendant la première moitié de son règne », in RES, t. VII, 1927, fasc. 1-2, p. 94-111.

16 Jan Dąbrowski, « La Pologne et l’expédition de Varna en 1444 », in RES, t. X, 1930, fasc. 1-2, p. 57-75.

17 Antoine Meillet, André Mazon, Antoine Martel, Henri Grappin, Lucien Tesnière, André Vaillant, Léon Beaulieux, Boris Unbegaun, « Publications », in RES, t. IX, 1929, fasc. 1-2, p. 126-209.

18 Meillet, Mazon, Grappin, Vaillant, Tesnière, Beaulieux, Unbegaun, « Publications », in RES, t. XI, 1931, fasc. 3-4, p. 207-283.

19 Id., « Publications », in RES, t. XIV, 1934, fasc. 1-2, p. 85-165.

20 Id., « Publications », in RES, t. XIII, 1933, fasc. 3-4, p. 246-308.

21 Ladislas Konopczyński, le Liberum veto, étude sur le développement du principe majoritaire, Paris, IES, 1930.

22 Mentioned in : Meillet, Vaillant, Mazon, Grappin, Tesnière, Beaulieux, Unbegaun,» Publications », in RES, t. XIII, 1933, fasc. 1-2, p. 114-186.

23 N. P. Popov, « L’Izbornik de 1076, dit de Svjatoslav, comme monument littéraire », in RES, t. XIV, 1934, fasc. 1-2, p. 5-25.

24 E. Drougard, « Une réplique française de la Légende du Grand Inquisiteur », in RES, t. XIV, 1934, fasc. 1-2, p. 51-71.

25 Beaulieux, « Des noms de famille en bulgare », in RES, t. XIX, 1939, fasc. 1-2, p. 17-39.

26 Joseph Gagnaire, « Les pays Tchèques au début de “l’époque des Lumières” », in RES, t. XVIII, 1938, fasc. 3-4, p. 224-243.

27 Mazon, « Chronique », in RES, t. XIX, 1939, fasc. 3-4, p. 330.

28 Jacqueline Prévost, « Puškin et le nationalisme russe », in RES, t. XX, 1942, fasc. 1-4, p. 134-147.

29 Georges Luciani, « Dostoevskij et les décabristes », in RES, t. XX, 1942, fasc. 1-4, p. 121-133.

30 For the influence of concepts such as Volksgeist in Russia during the XIXth century, see Andrej Walicki, A History of Russian Thought from the Enlightenment to Marxism, Stanford, Stanford Uni. Press, 1979.

31 Joseph Neustaedter, le Ban Jellačić et les événements en Croatie depuis l’an 1848, 2 t., Paris, IES, 1940-1942.

32 Jean Lorentowicz, A. M. Chmurski, la Pologne en France : essai d’une bibliographie raisonnée. III Géographie, sciences, droit, suppléments, Paris, IES – Librairie polonaise, 1941.

33 RES, t. XX, 1942, fasc. 1-4.

34 Roger Portal, « Les Bachkirs et le gouvernement russe au xviiie siècle », in RES, t. XXII, 1946, fasc. 1-4, p. 82-104.

35 Élie Denissoff, « Aux origines de l’Église russe autocéphale », in RES, t. XXIII, 1947, fasc. 1-4, p. 66-88.

36 Jean Mousset, « Le socialisme serbe à la croisée des chemins : bakuninisme ou marxisme ? », in RES, t. XXIII, 1947, fasc. 1-4, p. 102-119.

37 Jacques Le Goff, « Un étudiant tchèque à l’Université de Paris au xive siècle, in RES, t. XXIV, 1948, fasc. 1-4, p. 143-170.

38 André Frolow, « Le Znamenie de Novgorod : évolution de la légende », in RES, t. XXIV, 1948, fasc. 1-4, p. 67-81.

39 D. M. Lang, « Some Western Sources of Radiščev’s Political Thought », in RES, t. XXV, 1949, fasc. 1-4, p. 73-86.

40 Vaillant, « Cyrille de Turov et Grégoire de Nazianze », in RES, t. XXVI, 1950, fasc. 1-4, p. 34-50.

41 Élie Borschak, « La lettre des Zaporogues au Sultan », in RES, t. XXVI, 1950, fasc. 1-4, p. 99-105.

42 Stanisław Kot, « Le rayonnement de Strasbourg en Pologne à l’époque de l’Humanisme », in RES, t. XXVII, Mélanges André Mazon, 1951, p. 184-200. Ambroise Jobert, « Les Polonais et le rayonnement intellectuel de Rome au temps de la Renaissance et de la Contre-Réforme, in RES, t. XXVII, Mélanges André Mazon, 1951, p. 168-183.

43 André Blanc, « Les confins militaires croates au xixe siècle », in RES, t. XXVIII, 1951, fasc. 1-4, p. 111-128.

44 « Avis aux lecteurs », in RES, t. XXVIII, 1951, fasc. 1-4, p. 154.

45 Marc Raeff, « Georges Samarin et la commune paysanne après 1861 », in RES, t. XXIX, 1952, fasc. 1-4, p. 71-81.

46 Boris Nolde, la Formation de l’Empire russe, 2 t., Paris, IES, 1952-1953.

47 Mazon, « Nécrologie : Boris Nolde (1877-1949) », in RES, t. XXV, 1949, fasc. 1-4, p. 256-257.

48 Unbegaun, « Russe et slavon dans la terminologie juridique », in RES, t. XXXIV, 1957, fasc. 1-4, p. 129-135.

49 Henri Granjard, « Du romantisme politique : slavophiles et populistes », in RES, t. XXXIV, 1957, fasc. 1-4, p. 73-80.

50 Unbegaun, « Le “crime” et le “criminel” dans la terminologie juridique russe », in RES, t. XXXVI, 1959, fasc. 1-4, p. 47-58.

51 Michael Confino, « La politique de tutelle des seigneurs russes envers leurs paysans vers la fin du XVIIIe siècle », in RES, t. XXXVII, 1960, fasc. 1-4, p. 39-69.

52 Id., « Le paysan russe jugé par la noblesse au xviiie siècle », in RES, t. XXXVIII, Mélanges Pierre Pascal, 1961, p. 51-63.

53 Confino, « Seigneurs et intendants en Russie aux xviiie-xixe siècles », in RES, t. XLI, 1962, fasc. 1-4, p. 61-91.

54 Id., Domaines et seigneurs en Russie vers la fin du xviiie siècle, Paris, IES, 1963.

55 José Johannet, « Remarques sur l’évolution de la langue administrative au xviiie siècle », in RES, t. XL, Mélanges André Vaillant, 1964, p. 102-113.

56 P. N. Berkov, « Histoire de l’Encyclopédie dans la Russie du xviiie siècle, in RES, t. XLIV, 1965, fasc. 1-4, p. 47-58. François de Labriolle, « Le prosveščenie russe et les “Lumières” en France (1760-1798) », in RES, t. XLV, 1966, fasc. 1-4, p. 75-91.

57 Marin Pundeff, « Les racines du nationalisme bulgare », in RES, t. XLVI, 1967, fasc. 1-4, p. 127-138.

58 Luciani, « Du congrès de Prague (1848) au congrès de Moscou (1867) », in RES, t. LXVII, Communications de la délégation française au VIe Congrès international des slavistes (Prague, 1968), 1968, fasc. 1-4, p. 85-93.

59 Jean-Louis Van Regemorter, « Pouvoir et profit : la gestion d’un domaine moyen à la fin du servage d’après Saltykov-Ščedrin », in RES, t. L, 1977, fasc. 4, p. 627-652.

60 Stefan Kieniewicz, « Travaux en cours concernant les structures sociales et la conscience nationale en Pologne au xixe siècle », in RES, t. L, 1977, fasc. 4, p. 653-667.

61 Vladimir Claude Fišera, « La dimension régionale : slavisme, fédéralisme et communisme de la Fédération communiste balkanique au Comité interslave (1920-1946) », in RES, t. LI, Communications de la délégation française au VIIIe Congrès international des slavistes (Zagreb, 3-9 septembre 1978), 1978, fasc. 1-2, p. 85-96.

62 Kaléna Uhryn, « Citoyenneté et nationalité dans la constitution de la Rada centrale en Ukraine (1917-1918) », in RES, t. LI, Communications de la délégation française au VIIIe Congrès international des slavistes (Zagreb, 3-9 septembre 1978), 1978, fasc. 1-2, p. 233-240.

63 RES, t. LII, Munich 1938 : mythes et réalités, Antoine Marès (dir.),1979, fasc. 1-2.

64 RES, t. LIV, 1982, fasc. 3.

65 RES, t. LV, Communications de la délégation française au IXe Congrès international des slavistes (Kiev, 7-14 septembre 1983), 1983, fasc. 1.

66 RES, t. LVI, l’Utopie dans le monde slave, Jacques Catteau (dir.), 1984, fasc. 1.

67 RES, t. LVI, la Yougoslavie, sous la direction de Michel Aubin (dir.), 1984, fasc. 3.

68 André Monnier, « Diderot et la leçon de Saint-Pétersbourg », in RES, t. LVI, 1984, fasc. 4, p. 573-589.

69 David M.Goldfrank, Élisabeth de Fontenay, « L’utopisme dans la Russie d’Ivan le Terrible : une interprétation de la pensée russe au seizième siècle », in RES, t. LVI, 1984, fasc. 4, p. 591-598.

70 Robert Best, « Les slavophiles et le problème du pouvoir », in RES, t. LVI, 1984, fasc. 4, p. 609-612.

71 Georges Plekhanov, Histoire de la pensée sociale russe, Paris, IES, 1984.

72 RES, t. LVII, Trois décennies de sciences sociales en Union soviétique, 1953-1983, Marguerite Aymard, Jean Bonamour (dir.), 1985, fasc. 2.

73 RES, t. LVII, Aspects des relations intellectuelles entre la France, la Russie et l’U.R.S.S., Robert-Henri Bautier (dir.), 1985, fasc. 4.

74 Basile Kerblay, Du mir aux agrovilles, Paris (coll. « Cultures et Sociétés de l’Est », 1), IES, 1985.

75 Patrick Sériot, Analyse du discours politique soviétique, Paris (coll. « Cultures et Sociétés de l’Est », 1), IES, 1985.

76 François Bafoil, « Y a-t-il une grève de type socialiste ? », in RES, t. LX, 1988, fasc. 4, p. 855-870.

77 Kerblay (ed.), l’Évolution des modèles familiaux dans les pays de l’Est européen et en U.R.S.S., Paris, (coll. « Cultures et Sociétés de l’Est », 9), IES, 1988.

78 RES, t. LXI, les Slaves et la Révolution française, Michel Mervaud (dir.), 1989, fasc. 1-2.

79 Salomoni Antonella. « “Industrialisme” contre “sabotage” : le salaire en Russie à l’époque du communisme de guerre », in RES, t. LXI, 1989, fasc. 4, p. 403-418.

80 Marie-Karine Schaub, « Le couronnement des tsars, xvie-xviie siècles : état de la question et perspectives de la recherche », in RES, t. LXI, fasc. 4, 1989, p. 391-401.

81 RES, t. LXIII, Rus′ de Kiev et Russie moscovite, Vladimir Vodoff (dir.), 1991, fasc. 1.

82 Jean Gueit, « La recherche d’un état de droit par la société soviétique », in la Revue russe, no 1, la Société soviétique d’aujourd’hui, 1991, Paris, IES.

83 Robert Philippot, Société civile et État bureaucratique dans la Russie tsariste : les zemstvos, Paris IES (coll. « Cultures et sociétés de l’Est », 14), 1991.

84 Confino, Société et mentalités collectives en Russie sous l’Ancien Régime, Paris, IES (coll. « Cultures et sociétés de l’Est », 13), 1991.

85 John Arch Getty, « Les bureaucrates bolcheviques et l’État stalinien », in RES, t. LXIV, 1992, fasc. 1, p. 27-51.

86 Nadia Stangé-Zhirovova, « Народная и книжная традиция почитания св. Георгия на Руси : oпыт историко-этнографического анализа », in RES, t. LXIV, 1992, fasc. 2, p. 323-330.

87 La Revue russe, no 4, la Crise de l’identité russe et soviétique, Paris, IES, 1993.

88 Denise Eeckaute, « Les systèmes monétaires russes du xe au xviie siècle et les influences étrangères », in RES, t. LXV, Communications de la délégation française au XIe Congrès international des slavistes (Bratislava, septembre 1993), 1993, fasc. 1, p. 21-39.

89 Marie Sémon, « En relisant Une journée d’Ivan Denissovitch trente ans après », in RES, t. LXV, 1993, fasc. 3, p. 499-509.

90 RES, t. LV, 1993, fasc. 4.

91 Denis Peschanski, « Justice, histoire et sciences sociales », in RES, t. LXVI, 1994, fasc. 1, p. 103-109.

92 RES, t. LXVI, 1994, fasc. 1.

93 V. F. Zima, « Голод и преступность в СССР 1946-1947 гг.. » in RES, t. LXVI, 1994, fasc. 4, p. 757-776.

94 Francis Conte, « Traditions russes et prénoms bolcheviks », in RES, t. LXVI, 1994, fasc. 2, p. 347-358.

95 La Revue russe, no 6, la Russie et la France, Paris, IES, 1994.

96 I. S. Luria, l’État moscovite au xve siècle, Paris, IES, 1994.

97 La Revue russe, no 9, 1996, Paris, IES.

98 Masłowski Michel (dir.), Identité(s) de l’Europe centrale, Paris, IES (coll. « Cultures et sociétés de l’Est », 21), 1995.

99 For an example, Andreas Kappeler, Petite Histoire de l’Ukraine, Paris, IES, 1997. It is a continuation of the publication series Cultures et Sociétés de l’Est of the Institut. 

100 RES, t. LXX, 1998, fasc. 2.

101 Gonneau, « Les relations entre le temporel et le spirituel dans la Russie moscovite : pistes de recherche », in RES, t. LXX, la Chrétienté latine et les Slaves orientaux, Vladimir Vodoff (dir.), 1998, fasc. 2, p. 485-495.

102 Zofia Mitosek, « Mickiewicz, Napoléon et les Français », in RES, t. LXX, 1998, fasc. 4, p. 739-750.

103 Christophe Laforest, « Arrière-pensées et illusions : les tentatives de renouvellement de l’alliance franco-polonaise, 1945-1947 », in RES, t. LXXI, 1999, fasc. 2, p. 263-278.

104 Sabine Breuillard, « L’affaire Kaspé revisitée » in RES, t. LXXIII, 2001, fasc. 2-3, p. 337-372.

105 Martine Roty, « Le rite du mariage en Russie aux xixe et xxe siècles : terminologie et symbolique », in RES, t. LXXIII, 2001, fasc. 2-3, p. 503-509. Id., Mariages paysans en Russie aux xixe et xxe siècles, Terminologie et symbolique, Paris, IES (coll. « Cultures et Sociétés de l’Est » 43), 2005.

106 Stéphane Viellard, « Le proverbe en Russie (xviiie siècle) : espace discursif et enjeu idéologique », in RES, t. LXXIII, la Littérature soviétique aujourd’hui, Catherine Depretto (dir.), 2001, fasc. 4, p. 799-803. Id., « En suivant le fil d’Ariane ou Arachnée et les lois », in RES, t. LXXV, fasc. 1, 2004. p. 81-86.

107 RES, t. LXXVI, les Proverbes en Russie. Trois siècles de parémiographie, Stéphane Viellard (dir.), 2005, fasc. 2-3,

108 La Pologne multiculturelle, M. Delaperrière et F. Ziejka (dir.), Paris, IES, 2010.

109 La culture et l’Europe : du rêve européen à la réalité, Antoine Marès (dir.), Paris, IES, 2005.

110 Vladimir Vodoff, Autour du Moyen Âge russe : trente années de recherches, Paris, IES (coll. « Cultures et sociétés de l’Est, 38 »), 2003 ; Id., Autour du mythe de la Sainte Russie. Christianisme, pouvoir et société chez les Slaves orientaux (xe-xviie siècles), Paris, IES (coll. « Cultures et sociétés de l’Est », 37), 2003.

111 Roty, « Le mythe et le rite : quelques correspondances dans le rituel de mariage populaire russe », la Revue russe, no 20, 2001, Paris, IES.

112 Pierre Gonneau, « Pierre le Grand, lecteur de la Stepennaja kniga : à la recherche de précédents historiques à la déchéance du tsarévitch Alexis », in RES, t. LXXVI, Liturgie et histoire dans l’Église russe médiévale, Pierre Gonneau (dir.), 2005, fasc. 1, p. 51-59.

113 RES, t. LXXVIII, les Noblesses dans l’empire des Habsbourg, Bernard Michel, Catherine Horel (dir.), 2007, fasc. 4.

114 Culture et politique étrangère des démocraties populaires, 2007. Paris, IES coll. « Cultures et sociétés de l’Est, 45 », Antoine Marès (dir.).

115 Mervaud, « Voltaire et l’Académie des sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg », in RES, t. LXXX, 2009, fasc. 4, p. 459-471.

116 Raïssa Gorbounova, « L’enthymème entre la philosophie et le style dans la Rhétorique de Mixail Speranskij », in RES, t. LXXX, fasc. 4, 2009. p. 443-457.

117 Marés, Lieux de mémoire en Europe centrale, Paris, IES, 2009.

118 RES, t. LXXXIII, 1812, la Campagne de Russie : histoire et représentations, Marie-Pierre Rey (dir.), 2012, fasc. 4, .

119 Florent Mouchard, la Maison de Smolensk, Paris, IES, 2015.

120 Michel Niqueux, l’Occident vu de Russie, anthologie de la pensée russe de Karamzine à Poutine, Paris, IES, 2017.

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Caio Henrique Dias Duarte, « Justice in Slavic Memory: The Legal and Philosophical Debatewithin the Institut d’études Slaves  »Revue des études slaves, XCI 1-2 | 2020, 131-149.

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Caio Henrique Dias Duarte, « Justice in Slavic Memory: The Legal and Philosophical Debatewithin the Institut d’études Slaves  »Revue des études slaves [En ligne], XCI 1-2 | 2020, mis en ligne le 15 juillet 2021, consulté le 24 mars 2023. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/res/3537 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/res.3537

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Caio Henrique Dias Duarte

Faculté de Droit – Université de São Paulo

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