Introduction
Since Marine Le Pen became the leader of the French Rassemblement National (RN) in 2011, she has managed to overcome the reluctance of the female electorate, unlike her father. In the three presidential elections in which she ran between 2012 and 2022, women voted for her as much as men did, regardless of their age, level of education, religious practices, political stance, or social class (Mayer, 2015; Amengay, Durovic and Mayer, 2017; Durovic and Mayer, 2022). In this respect, France remains a rather unique case in Europe, where a Radical Right Gender Gap (RRGG), defined as a lower propensity of women to support these parties, persists to varying degrees (Givens, 2004). Conversely, while a modern gender gap, i.e. a greater tendency among women (especially younger ones), to support the left, is (re-)emerging in many European countries, this tendency is almost non-existent among French women. The most notable exception concerns a brief socialist overvote between 1986 and...



